short-paper

A psychophysical model to control the brightness and key-to-fill ratio in CG cartoon character lighting

Authors:

Pisut Wisessing,

Douglas W. Cunningham,

Rachel McdonnellAuthors Info & Claims

SAP '19: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2019

Article No.: 2, Pages 1 - 7

https://doi.org/10.1145/3343036.3343127

Published: 19 September 2019 Publication History

Abstract

Lighting is a commonly used tool to manipulate the appearance of virtual characters in a range of applications. However, there are few studies which systematically examine the effect of lighting changes on complex dynamic stimuli. Our study presents several perceptual experiments, designed to investigate the ability of participants to discriminate lighting levels and the ratio of light intensity projected on the two sides of a cartoon character’s face (key-to-fill ratio) in portrait lighting design. We used a standard psychophysical method for measuring discrimination, typical in low-level perceptual studies but not frequently considered for evaluating complex stimuli. We found that people can easily differentiate lighting intensities, and distinguish between shadow strength and scene brightness under bright conditions but not under dark conditions. We provide a model of the results, and empirically validate the predictions of the model. We discuss the practical implications of our results and how they can be exploited to make the process of portrait lighting for CG cartoon characters more consistent, such as a tool for manipulating shadow while maintaining the level of perceived brightness.

References

[1]

Ansel Adams. 1948. The Negative: Exposure and Development Basic Photo 2. Morgan and Lester 98(1948).

[2]

Edward H Adelson. 2000. Lightness Perception and Lightness Illusions. New Cogn. Neurosci 339(2000).

[3]

Edward H. Adelson. 2011. Checkershadow Illusion. http://persci.mit.edu/gallery/checkershadow. (2011). Retrieved July 8, 2019.

[4]

Wenyan Bi and Bei Xiao. 2016. Perceptual Constancy of Mechanical Properties of Cloth Under Variation of External Forces. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception(SAP ’16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 19–23.

Digital Library

[5]

Ingwer Borg and James Lingoes. 2012. Multidimensional similarity structure analysis. Springer Science & Business Media.

Digital Library

[6]

David H Brainard. 2003. Color appearance and color difference specification. The science of color 2(2003), 191–216.

[7]

Alfred M Bruckstein. 1988. On shape from shading. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 44, 2(1988), 139–154.

Digital Library

[8]

Trevor F. Cox and Michael A. A. Cox. 2001. Multidimensional scaling, 2nd Ed.Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2001.

[9]

Douglas W. Cunningham and Christian Wallraven. 2011. Experimental design: From user studies to psychophysics. AK Peters/CRC Press.

Digital Library

[10]

Douglas W Cunningham, Christian Wallraven, Roland W Fleming, and Wolfgang Straßer. 2007. Perceptual reparameterization of material properties. In Proceedings of the Third Eurographics conference on Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging. Eurographics Association, 89–96.

Digital Library

[11]

Katja Doerschner, Roland W Fleming, Ozgur Yilmaz, Paul R Schrater, Bruce Hartung, and Daniel Kersten. 2011. Visual motion and the perception of surface material. Current Biology 21, 23 (2011), 2010–2016.

[12]

Ian L Dryden and Kanti V Mardia. 1998. Statistical shape analysis. Vol. 4. Wiley Chichester.

[13]

GT Fechner. 1966. Elements of Psychophysics. Adler HE, translator; Howes DH, Boring EG, editors. (1966).

[14]

David H. Foster. 2011. Color constancy. Vision Research 51, 7 (2011), 674 – 700. Vision Research 50th Anniversary Issue: Part 1.

[15]

Alan Gilchrist, Christos Kossyfidis, Frederick Bonato, Tiziano Agostini, Joseph Cataliotti, Xiaojun Li, Branka Spehar, Vidal Annan, and Elias Economou. 1999. An anchoring theory of lightness perception.Psychological review 106, 4 (1999), 795.

[16]

Alan L Gilchrist. 2013. Lightness, brightness and transparency. Psychology Press.

[17]

Harold Hill and Vicki Bruce. 1996. The effects of lighting on the perception of facial surfaces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 22, 4(1996), 986–1004.

[18]

Alan Johnston, Harold Hill, and Nicole Carman. 1992. Recognising Faces: Effects of Lighting Direction, Inversion, and Brightness Reversal. Perception 42, 11 (1992), 1227–1237.

[19]

Ludwig Kardos. 1934. Ding und Schatten. Eine experimentelle Untersuchung über die Grundlagen des Farbensehens.Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane. Abt. 1. Zeitschrift für Psychologie(1934).

[20]

Frederick AA Kingdom. 2011. Lightness, brightness and transparency: A quarter century of new ideas, captivating demonstrations and unrelenting controversy. Vision Research 51, 7 (2011), 652–673.

[21]

Manuel Lagunas, Sandra Malpica, Ana Serrano, Elena Garces, Diego Gutierrez, and Belen Masia. 2019. A Similarity Measure for Material Appearance. ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH 2019) 38, 4 (2019).

Digital Library

[22]

Alexander D Logvinenko and Laurence T Maloney. 2006. The proximity structure of achromatic surface colors and the impossibility of asymmetric lightness matching. Perception & Psychophysics 68, 1 (2006), 76–83.

[23]

Gerald Millerson. 1991. The Technique of Lighting for Telivision and Film. Focus Press.

[24]

Ennio Mingolla. 1983. Perception of surface curvature and direction of illumination from patterns of shading. Journal of Experimental Psychology 9, 4 (1983), 583–595.

[25]

Fred E Nicodemus, Joseph C Richmond, Jack J Hsia, IW Ginsberg, and T Limperis. 1992. Geometrical considerations and nomenclature for reflectance. NBS monograph 160(1992), 4.

[26]

Zahide Pamir and Huseyin Boyaci. 2016. Context-dependent lightness affects perceived contrast. Vision research 124(2016), 24–33.

[27]

Eli Peli, Jian Yang, Robert Goldstein, and Adam Reeves. 1991. Effect of luminance on suprathreshold contrast perception. JOSA A 8, 8 (1991), 1352–1359.

[28]

Marion Webster Richardson. 1938. Multidimensional psychophysics. Psychological Bulletin 35 (1938), 659–660.

[29]

Szymon Rusinkiewicz, Michael Burns, and Doug DeCarlo. 2006. Exaggerated Shading for Depicting Shape and Detail. ACM Transactions on Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH) 25, 3 (July 2006).

Digital Library

[30]

Stanley S Stevens. 1957. On the psychophysical law.Psychological review 64, 3 (1957), 153.

[31]

Maureen C Stone. 2003. A field guide to digital color. (2003).

Digital Library

[32]

Warren S Torgerson. 1952. Multidimensional scaling: I. Theory and method. Psychometrika 17, 4 (1952), 401–419.

[33]

Jan Jaap R. van Assen and Roland W. Fleming. 2016. Influence of optical material properties on the perception of liquids. Journal of Vision 16, 15 (12 2016), 12–12.

[34]

Floris L Van Nes and Maarten A Bouman. 1967. Spatial modulation transfer in the human eye. JOSA 57, 3 (1967), 401–406.

[35]

Peter Vangorp, Jurgen Laurijssen, and Philip Dutré. 2007. The Influence of Shape on the Perception of Material Reflectance. ACM Trans. Graph. 26, 3, Article 77 (July 2007).

Digital Library

[36]

Peter Vangorp, Karol Myszkowski, Erich W. Graf, and Rafał K. Mantiuk. 2015. A Model of Local Adaptation. ACM Transactions on Graphics 34, 6, Article 166 (Oct. 2015), 13 pages.

Digital Library

[37]

Veronika Šoltészová, Daniel Patel, and Ivan Viola. 2011. Chromatic Shadows for Improved Perception. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering(NPAR ’11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 105–116.

Digital Library

[38]

Annette Werner. 2007. Color constancy improves, when an object moves: High-level motion influences color perception. Journal of Vision 7, 14 (2007), 19–19.

[39]

Pisut Wisessing, John Dingliana, and Rachel McDonnell. 2016. Perception of Lighting and Shading for Animated Virtual Characters. In ACM Symposium on Applied Perception. ACM, 25–29.

Digital Library

[40]

Ling Xia, Sylvia C Pont, and Ingrid Heynderickx. 2017a. Light diffuseness metric part 1: Theory. Lighting Research & Technology 49, 4 (2017), 411–427.

[41]

Ling Xia, Sylvia C Pont, and Ingrid Heynderickx. 2017b. Light diffuseness metric, Part 2: Describing, measuring and visualising the light flow and diffuseness in three-dimensional spaces. Lighting Research & Technology 49, 4 (2017), 428–445.

Cited By

Wisessing PMcDonnell R(2020)Evalu-light: A practical approach for evaluating character lighting in real-timeACM Symposium on Applied Perception 202010.1145/3385955.3407937(1-6)Online publication date: 12-Sep-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3385955.3407937
Wisessing PZibrek KCunningham DDingliana JMcDonnell R(2020)Enlighten MeACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/338319539:3(1-12)Online publication date: 17-Apr-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3383195
Cui MLu SWang MYang YLai YRosin P(2020)3D computational modeling and perceptual analysis of kinetic depth effectsComputational Visual Media10.1007/s41095-020-0180-x6:3(265-277)Online publication date: 13-Aug-2020
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41095-020-0180-x

A psychophysical model to control the brightness and key-to-fill ratio in CG cartoon character lighting
1. Computing methodologies
  1. Computer graphics

Recommendations

Perception of lighting and shading for animated virtual characters
SAP '16: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception

The design of lighting in Computer Graphics is directly derived from cinematography, and many digital artists follow the conventional wisdom on how lighting is set up to convey drama, appeal, or emotion. In this paper, we are interested in investigating ...
A fast relighting engine for interactive cinematic lighting design
SIGGRAPH '00: Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques

We present new techniques for interactive cinematic lighting design of complex scenes that use procedural shaders. Deep-framebuffers are used to store the geometric and optical information of the visible surfaces of an image. The geometric information ...
Stylized lighting for cartoon shader
CASA' 2009 Special Issue

In the context of non-photorealistic imaging, such as digital cel animation, lighting is symbolic and stylized to depict the scene's mood and the geometric or physical features of the objects in the scene. Stylized light and shade should therefore be ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

SAP '19: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2019

September 2019

188 pages

ISBN:9781450368902

DOI:10.1145/3343036

Copyright © 2019 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 19 September 2019

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Short-paper
Research
Refereed limited

Funding Sources

Science Foundation Ireland (Game Face)
Science Foudation Ireland (Adapt Centre)

Conference

SAP '19

SAP '19: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2019

September 19 - 20, 2019

Barcelona, Spain

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 43 of 94 submissions, 46%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

3
Total Citations
View Citations
161
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)19
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0

Reflects downloads up to 03 Sep 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Wisessing PMcDonnell R(2020)Evalu-light: A practical approach for evaluating character lighting in real-timeACM Symposium on Applied Perception 202010.1145/3385955.3407937(1-6)Online publication date: 12-Sep-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3385955.3407937
Wisessing PZibrek KCunningham DDingliana JMcDonnell R(2020)Enlighten MeACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/338319539:3(1-12)Online publication date: 17-Apr-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3383195
Cui MLu SWang MYang YLai YRosin P(2020)3D computational modeling and perceptual analysis of kinetic depth effectsComputational Visual Media10.1007/s41095-020-0180-x6:3(265-277)Online publication date: 13-Aug-2020
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41095-020-0180-x

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents