research-article

Is it Real? Measuring the Effect of Resolution, Latency, Frame rate and Jitter on the Presence of Virtual Entities

Authors:

Thibault Louis,

Jocelyne Troccaz,

Amélie Rochet-Capellan,

François BérardAuthors Info & Claims

ISS '19: Proceedings of the 2019 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces

Pages 5 - 16

https://doi.org/10.1145/3343055.3359710

Published: 10 November 2019 Publication History

Abstract

The feeling of presence of virtual entities is an important objective in virtual reality, teleconferencing, augmented reality, exposure therapy and video games. Presence creates emotional involvement and supports intuitive and efficient interactions. As a feeling, presence is mostly measured via subjective questionnaire, but its validity is disputed. We introduce a new method to measure the contribution of several technical parameters toward presence. Its robustness stems from asking participant to rank contrasts rather than asking absolute values, and from the statistical analysis of repeated answers. We implemented this method in a user study where virtual entities were created with a handheld perspective corrected display. We evaluated the impact on two virtual entities' presence of four important parameters of digital visual stimuli: resolution, latency, frame rate and jitter. Results suggest that jitter and frame rate are critical for presence but not latency, and resolution depends on the explored entity.

Supplementary Material

MP4 File (iss1062.mp4)

Supplemental video

Download
33.23 MB

MP4 File (p5-louis.mp4)

Download
203.46 MB

References

[1]

Valentin Amrhein, Sander Greenland, and Blake McShane. 2019. Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Nature 567 (2019), 305--307. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00857--9

[2]

Jeremy N. Bailenson, Nick Yee, Dan Merget, and Ralph Schroeder. 2006. The effect of behavioral realism and form realism of real-time avatar faces on verbal disclosure, nonverbal disclosure, emotion recognition, and copresence in dyadic interaction. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15, 4 (2006), 359--372.

Digital Library

[3]

Ilias Bergström, Sérgio Azevedo, Panos Papiotis, Nuno Saldanha, and Mel Slater. 2017. The plausibility of a string quartet performance in virtual reality. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 23, 4 (2017), 1352--1359.

Digital Library

[4]

Lonni Besanccon and Pierre Dragicevic. 2019. The Continued Prevalence of Dichotomous Inferences at CHI. In ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) Extended Abstracts. ACM, alt14:1--alt14:11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3310432

Digital Library

[5]

François Bérard and Thibault Louis. 2017. The Object Inside: Assessing 3D Examination with a Spherical Handheld Perspective-Corrected Display. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.

Digital Library

[6]

François Bérard and Amélie Rochet-Capellan. 2015. The Transfer of Learning as HCI Similarity: Towards an Objective Assessment of the Sensory-Motor Basis of Naturalness. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '15. ACM Press, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 1315--1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702359

Digital Library

[7]

Elie Cattan, Amélie Rochet-Capellan, Pascal Perrier, and Francc ois Bérard. 2015. Reducing latency with a continuous prediction: Effects on users' performance in direct-touch target acquisitions. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Interactive Tabletops & Surfaces. ACM, 205--214.

Digital Library

[8]

Yu-Chien Chen, Sheng-Jo Wang, and Ya-Ling Chiang. 2009. Exploring the Effect of Presence in an AR-based Learning Environment. In 13th Global Chinese Conference on Computers in Education, Taipei. Citeseer.

[9]

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. 1975. Beyond boredom and anxiety: Experiencing flow in work and play. Vol. 721. Jossey-Bass San Francisco.

[10]

James J. Cummings and Jeremy N. Bailenson. 2016. How immersive is enough? A meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence. Media Psychology 19, 2 (2016), 272--309.

[11]

Julia Diemer, Georg W. Alpers, Henrik M. Peperkorn, Youssef Shiban, and Andreas Mühlberger. 2015. The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: a review of research in virtual reality. Frontiers in psychology 6 (2015), 26.

[12]

Robert JK Jacob, Audrey Girouard, Leanne M. Hirshfield, Michael S. Horn, Orit Shaer, Erin Treacy Solovey, and Jamie Zigelbaum. 2008. Reality-based interaction: a framework for post-WIMP interfaces. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. ACM, 201--210.

Digital Library

[13]

Ernst Kruijff, J. Edward Swan, and Steven Feiner. 2010. Perceptual issues in augmented reality revisited. In Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), 2010 9th IEEE International Symposium on. IEEE, 3--12.

[14]

Kwan Min Lee. 2004. Presence, explicated. Communication theory 14, 1 (2004), 27--50.

[15]

Jane Lessiter, Jonathan Freeman, Edmund Keogh, and Jules Davidoff. 2001. A cross-media presence questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 10, 3 (2001), 282--297.

Digital Library

[16]

Stefan Mateeff, Joachim Hohnsbein, and Thomas Noack. 1985. Dynamic visual capture: apparent auditory motion induced by a moving visual target. Perception 14, 6 (1985), 721--727.

[17]

Albert Ng, Julian Lepinski, Daniel Wigdor, Steven Sanders, and Paul Dietz. 2012. Designing for low-latency direct-touch input. In ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST). ACM, 453--464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2380116.2380174

Digital Library

[18]

Thomas D. Parsons and Albert A. Rizzo. 2008. Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry 39, 3 (2008), 250--261.

[19]

Andriy Pavlovych and Wolfgang Stuerzlinger. 2009. The tradeoff between spatial jitter and latency in pointing tasks. In ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems (EICS). ACM, 187--196. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1570433.1570469

Digital Library

[20]

Matthew Price and Page Anderson. 2007. The role of presence in virtual reality exposure therapy. Journal of anxiety disorders 21, 5 (2007), 742--751.

[21]

Ralph Schroeder. 2002. Social interaction in virtual environments: Key issues, common themes, and a framework for research. In The social life of avatars. Springer, 1--18.

Digital Library

[22]

Martijn J. Schuemie, Peter Van Der Straaten, Merel Krijn, and Charles APG Van Der Mast. 2001. Research on presence in virtual reality: A survey. CyberPsychology & Behavior 4, 2 (2001), 183--201.

[23]

Thomas B Sheridan. 1992. Musings on telepresence and virtual presence. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 1, 1 (1992), 120--126.

[24]

Richard Skarbez, Frederick P Brooks Jr, and Mary C Whitton. 2018. A survey of presence and related concepts. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 50, 6 (2018), 96.

Digital Library

[25]

Mel Slater. 2003. A note on presence terminology. Presence connect 3, 3 (2003), 1--5.

[26]

Mel Slater. 2004. How colorful was your day? Why questionnaires cannot assess presence in virtual environments. Presence 13, 4 (2004), 484--493.

Digital Library

[27]

Mel Slater. 2009. Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, 1535 (2009), 3549--3557.

[28]

Mel Slater, Martin Usoh, and Anthony Steed. 1994. Depth of presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 3, 2 (1994), 130--144.

Digital Library

[29]

Mel Slater, Martin Usoh, and Anthony Steed. 1995. Taking steps: the influence of a walking technique on presence in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 2, 3 (1995), 201--219.

Digital Library

[30]

Ian Stavness, Billy Lam, and Sidney Fels. 2010. pCubee: a perspective-corrected handheld cubic display. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 1381--1390. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1753535

Digital Library

[31]

Ivan E. Sutherland. 1965. The Ultimate Display. In Proceedings of the IFIP Congress. 506--508.

[32]

Jari Takatalo, Jukka Häkkinen, Jyrki Kaistinen, and Göte Nyman. 2010. Presence, Involvement, and Flow in Digital Games . Evaluating user experience in games (2010), 23--46.

[33]

Bob G. Witmer and Michael J. Singer. 1998. Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and virtual environments 7, 3 (1998), 225--240.

[34]

Maja Wrzesien, Jean-Marie Burkhardt, Mariano Alcañiz, and Cristina Botella. 2011. How technology influences the therapeutic process: a comparative field evaluation of augmented reality and in vivo exposure therapy for phobia of small animals. In IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 523--540.

Cited By

Laine TSuk H(2024)Investigating User Experience of an Immersive Virtual Reality Simulation Based on a Gesture-Based User InterfaceApplied Sciences10.3390/app1411493514:11(4935)Online publication date: 6-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114935
Paeres DLagares CCraig AAraya G(2024)VISUALIZATION OF TURBULENT EVENTS VIA VIRTUAL/AUGMENTED REALITYJournal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing10.1615/JFlowVisImageProc.202304764031:1(1-22)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1615/JFlowVisImageProc.2023047640
Dinkov MPattanaik SMcMahan R(2024)Perceptions of Hybrid Lighting for Virtual RealityProceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques10.1145/36512927:1(1-20)Online publication date: 13-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3651292
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Is it Real? Measuring the Effect of Resolution, Latency, Frame rate and Jitter on the Presence of Virtual Entities
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Human computer interaction (HCI)

Recommendations

Using Presence Questionnaires in Virtual Reality
CHI '19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Virtual Reality (VR) is gaining increasing importance in science, education, and entertainment. A fundamental characteristic of VR is creating presence, the experience of 'being' or 'acting', when physically situated in another place. Measuring presence ...
The presence of an avatar can reduce cybersickness in Virtual Reality
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) applications are increasingly being utilized for research, healthcare, and education. Despite their benefits, many VR users report motion sickness-like sensations (cybersickness), such as headache, disorientation, or nausea. ...
Using a preamble to increase presence in digital virtual environments

Immersion in a digital virtual environment (DVE) increases the likelihood that individuals will feel present in the DVE and hence respond as they would in a similar physically grounded environment. Previous research utilizing high-fidelity technology ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

ISS '19: Proceedings of the 2019 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces

November 2019

450 pages

ISBN:9781450368919

DOI:10.1145/3343055

General Chairs:
Bongshin Lee
Microsoft Research, USA
,
Geehyuk Lee
KAIST, South Korea
,
Program Chairs:
Stacey Scott
University of Guelph, Canada
,
Melanie Tory
Tableau Software, USA
,
Jeonghyun Kim
Korea University, South Korea

Copyright © 2019 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

SIGCHI: ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 10 November 2019

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Conference

ISS '19

Sponsor:

SIGCHI

ISS '19: Interactive Surfaces and Spaces

November 10 - 13, 2019

Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Acceptance Rates

ISS '19 Paper Acceptance Rate 26 of 85 submissions, 31%;

Overall Acceptance Rate 147 of 533 submissions, 28%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

29
Total Citations
View Citations
596
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)92
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)13

Reflects downloads up to 25 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Laine TSuk H(2024)Investigating User Experience of an Immersive Virtual Reality Simulation Based on a Gesture-Based User InterfaceApplied Sciences10.3390/app1411493514:11(4935)Online publication date: 6-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114935
Paeres DLagares CCraig AAraya G(2024)VISUALIZATION OF TURBULENT EVENTS VIA VIRTUAL/AUGMENTED REALITYJournal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing10.1615/JFlowVisImageProc.202304764031:1(1-22)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1615/JFlowVisImageProc.2023047640
Dinkov MPattanaik SMcMahan R(2024)Perceptions of Hybrid Lighting for Virtual RealityProceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques10.1145/36512927:1(1-20)Online publication date: 13-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3651292
Kargut KGutwin CCockburn A(2024)Effects of Device Environment and Information Layout on Spatial Memory and Performance in VR Selection TasksProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642486(1-17)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642486
Laine TLee W(2024)Collaborative Virtual Reality in Higher Education: Students' Perceptions on Presence, Challenges, Affordances, and PotentialIEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies10.1109/TLT.2023.331962817(280-293)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2023.3319628
Lee YJi Y(2024)Effects of Visual Realism on Avatar Perception in Immersive and Non-Immersive Virtual EnvironmentsInternational Journal of Human–Computer Interaction10.1080/10447318.2024.2351713(1-14)Online publication date: 14-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2351713
Montenegro AUshenko A(2023)Andrea Mantegna's Wedding ChamberInternational Journal of Art, Culture, Design, and Technology10.4018/IJACDT.31696712:1(1-25)Online publication date: 23-Jan-2023
https://doi.org/10.4018/IJACDT.316967
Mamone VFerrari VD’Amato RCondino SCattari NCutolo F(2023)Head-Mounted Projector for Manual Precision Tasks: Performance AssessmentSensors10.3390/s2307349423:7(3494)Online publication date: 27-Mar-2023
https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073494
Suk HLaine T(2023)Influence of Avatar Facial Appearance on Users’ Perceived Embodiment and Presence in Immersive Virtual RealityElectronics10.3390/electronics1203058312:3(583)Online publication date: 24-Jan-2023
https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030583
Kim HYou GLaine T(2023)School Adaptation Virtual Reality Simulation for Preschoolers: Implementation and Formative EvaluationProceedings of the 2023 7th International Conference on Virtual and Augmented Reality Simulations10.1145/3603421.3603424(14-20)Online publication date: 3-Mar-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3603421.3603424
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents