poster

PERMARUN- A Persuasive Game to Improve User Awareness and Self-Efficacy Towards Secure Smartphone Behaviour

Authors:

Anirudh Ganesh,

Chinenye Ndulue,

Rita OrjiAuthors Info & Claims

CHI EA '21: Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Article No.: 443, Pages 1 - 7

https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451781

Published: 08 May 2021 Publication History

Abstract

Android smartphones have undergone various changes and, uniformity in design (both hardware and software) has become common in most phones. Yet, security and privacy issues persist and grow along with the evolution of smartphones. Recent research shows that user awareness is still low, and they do not follow secure behaviour while using smartphones. Although a handful of works exist for improving user awareness and self-efficacy, none of them educate the users about Android Permissions in a contextual manner. In this paper, we discuss our persuasive game - "PermaRun", which teaches and motivates users to follow secure smartphone behaviour, increases user awareness and self-efficacy about android permissions. We conducted a Heuristic Evaluation for Playability (HEP) and Persuasiveness Evaluation (PE). The result shows that players had a positive experience playing the game, and they found the game playable and persuasive.

References

[1]

Mehrdad Bahrini, Marcel Meissner, Rainer Malaka, Nina Wenig, and Karsten Sohr. 2019. HappyPerMi: Presenting critical data flows in mobile application to raise user security awareness. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, April. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3312914

Digital Library

[2]

Mehrdad Bahrini, Georg Volkmar, Jonas Schmutte, Nina Wenig, Karsten Sohr, and Rainer Malaka. 2019. Make my phone secure! Using gamification for mobile security settings. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series: 299–308. https://doi.org/10.1145/3340764.3340775

Digital Library

[3]

Ron Bitton, Kobi Boymgold, Rami Puzis, and Asaf Shabtai. 2020. Evaluating the Information Security Awareness of Smartphone Users. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings (2020), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376385

Digital Library

[4]

Frank Breitinger, Ryan Tully-Doyle, and Courtney Hassenfeldt. 2020. A survey on smartphone user's security choices, awareness and education. Computers and Security 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2019.101647

Digital Library

[5]

Marcus Butavicius, Kathryn Parsons, Malcolm Pattinson, and Agata McCormac. 2015. Breaching the human firewall: Social engineering in phishing and spear-phishing emails. ACIS 2015 Proceedings - 26th Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Hong 2012: 1–10.

[6]

Feren Calderwood and Iskra Popova. 2019. Smartphone cyber security awareness in developing countries: A case of Thailand. In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, LNICST, 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05198-3_7

[7]

Tianying Chen, Laura Dabbish, and Jessica Hammer. 2019. Self-efficacy-based game design to encourage security behavior online. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3312935

Digital Library

[8]

Heather Desurvire, Martin Caplan, and Jozsef A. Toth. 2004. Using Heuristics to Evaluate the Playability of games. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 1509–1512. https://doi.org/10.1145/985921.986102

Digital Library

[9]

C. J. Gokul, Sankalp Pandit, Sukanya Vaddepalli, Harshal Tupsamudre, Vijayanand Banahatti, and Sachin Lodha. 2018. Phishy - A serious game to train enterprise users on phishing awareness. In CHI PLAY 2018 - Proceedings of the 2018 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play Companion Extended Abstracts, 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1145/3270316.3273042

Digital Library

[10]

Google. Permissions on Android | Android Developers. Retrieved November 29, 2020 from https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview

[11]

Google. App permissions best practices | Android Developers. Retrieved November 29, 2020 from https://developer.android.com/training/permissions/usage-notes

[12]

Dennis L. Kappen and Rita Orji. 2017. Gamified and persuasive systems as behavior change agents for health and wellness. XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students 24, 1: 52–55. https://doi.org/10.1145/3123750

Digital Library

[13]

Ahmed Khalifa, Fernando De Mesentier Silva, and Julian Togelius. 2019. Level design patterns in 2D games. IEEE Conference on Computatonal Intelligence and Games, CIG 2019-Augus. https://doi.org/10.1109/CIG.2019.8847953

Digital Library

[14]

Murat Koyuncu and Tolga Pusatli. 2019. Security Awareness Level of Smartphone Users: An Exploratory Case Study. Mobile Information Systems 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2786913

[15]

Andrzej Marczewski. 2015. Gamification, Game Thinking and Motivational Design. Game Thinking. Even Ninja Monkeys Like to Play: Gamification, Game Thinking and Motivational Design 1st Ed., October 2015: 15. Retrieved from https://www.gamified.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Loyalty.pdf

[16]

Lennart E Nacke, Chris Bateman, and Regan L Mandryk. 2014. BrainHex: A neurobiological gamer typology survey. Entertainment Computing 5, 1: 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2013.06.002

[17]

Chinenye Ndulue and Rita Orji. 2018. STD PONG: Changing Risky Sexual Behaviour in Africa through Persuasive Games. In Proceedings of the Second African Conference for Human Computer Interaction: Thriving Communities. Retrieved February 18, 2021 from https://doi.org/10.1145/3283458.3283463

Digital Library

[18]

Chinenye Ndulue, Oladapo Oyebode, and Rita Orji. 2020. PHISHER CRUSH: A Mobile Persuasive Game for Promoting Online Security. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45712-9

[19]

Jakob Nielsen and Rolf Molich. 1990. Heuristic evaluation of user interfaces. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1145/97243.97281

Digital Library

[20]

Harri Oinas-Kukkonen and Marja Harjumaa. 2009. Persuasive systems design: Key issues, process model, and system features. Communications of the Association for Information Systems 24, 1: 485–500. https://doi.org/10.17705/1cais.02428

[21]

Rita Orji. 2017. Why are persuasive strategies effective? Exploring the strengths and weaknesssses of socially-oriented persuasive strategies. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55134-0_20

[22]

Rita Orji, Richard Lomotey, Kiemute Oyibo, Fidelia Orji, Jamie Blustein, and Suleman Shahid. 2018. Tracking feels oppressive and ‘punishy’: Exploring the costs and benefits of self-monitoring for health and wellness. DIGITAL HEALTH 4: 205520761879755. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055207618797554

[23]

Rita Orji, Regan L. Mandryk, and Julita Vassileva. 2017. Improving the efficacy of games for change using personalization models. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 24, 5. https://doi.org/10.1145/3119929

Digital Library

[24]

Rita Orji, Kiemute Oyibo, Richard K. Lomotey, and Fidelia A. Orji. 2019. Socially-driven persuasive health intervention design: Competition, social comparison, and cooperation. Health Informatics Journal 25, 4: 1451–1484. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458218766570

[25]

Rita Orji, Julita Vassileva, and Regan L. Mandryk. 2013. LunchTime: A slow-casual game for long-term dietary behavior change. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 17, 6: 1211–1221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-012-0590-6

Digital Library

[26]

Oladapo Oyebode, Devansh Maurya, and Rita Orji. 2020. Nourish Your Tree! Developing a Persuasive Exergame for Promoting Physical Activity among Adults. In 2020 IEEE 8th International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health, SeGAH 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/SeGAH49190.2020.9201637

[27]

Proto.IO. Proto.io - Prototypes that feel real. Retrieved December 4, 2020 from https://proto.io/

[28]

Karen Renaud. 2016. 60 . Smartphone Owners Need Security Advice . How Can We Ensure They Get It? In CONF-IRM 2016 Proceedings.

[29]

Sam Scholefield and Lynsay A Shepherd. 2019. Gamification Techniques for Raising Cyber Security Awareness. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) (2019) 11594 LNCS 191-203.

[30]

Pintu Shah and Anuja Agarwal. 2020. Cybersecurity behaviour of smartphone users in India: an empirical analysis. Information and Computer Security 28, 2: 293–318. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-04-2019-0041

[31]

Alexandra To, Safinah Ali, Geoff Kaufman, and Jessica Hammer. 2016. Integrating Curiosity and Uncertainty in Game Design. Proceedings of 1st International Joint Conference of DiGRA and FDG: 1–16.

[32]

Patrickson Weanquoi, Jaris Johnson, and Jinghua Zhang. 2017. Using a game to teach about phishing. SIGITE 2017 - Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education: 75. https://doi.org/10.1145/3125659.3125669

Digital Library

[33]

Zikai Alex Wen, Zhiqiu Lin, Rowena Chen, and Erik Andersen. 2019. What.Hack: Engaging Anti-Phishing Training through a Role-playing Phishing Simulation Game. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300338

Digital Library

[34]

Tim Wulf, Nicholas David Bowman, John A. Velez, and Johannes Breuer. 2018. Once Upon a Game: Exploring Video Game Nostalgia and Its Impact on Well-Being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, October. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000208

[35]

Nima Zargham, Mehrdad Bahrini, Georg Volkmar, Karsten Sohr, Dirk Wenig, and Rainer Malaka. 2019. What could go wrong? Raising mobile privacy and security awareness through a decision-making game. CHI PLAY 2019 - Extended Abstracts of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play: 805–812. https://doi.org/10.1145/3341215.3356273

Digital Library

[36]

Xiao Juan Zhang, Zhen Li, and Hepu Deng. 2017. Information security behaviors of smartphone users in China: An empirical analysis. Electronic Library 35, 6: 1177–1190. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-09-2016-0183

Digital Library

[37]

Mohammad Zohaib. 2018. Dynamic difficulty adjustment (DDA) in computer games: A review. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5681652

Digital Library

[38]

Unity Real-Time Development Platform | 3D, 2D VR & AR Engine. Retrieved February 20, 2021 from https://unity.com/

[39]

Purple Planet Royalty Free Music. Retrieved February 19, 2021 from https://www.purple-planet.com/

[40]

Imp & Axe Demon Pixel Art Character by sanctumpixel. Retrieved February 19, 2021 from https://sanctumpixel.itch.io/imp-axe-demon-pixel-art-character

[41]

Pixel Heart Animation, 32x32, 16x16 (Freebie) by NicoleMarieT. Retrieved February 19, 2021 from https://nicolemariet.itch.io/pixel-heart-animation-32x32-16x16-freebie

[42]

Sunny Land | 2D Characters | Unity Asset Store. Retrieved February 19, 2021 from https://assetstore.unity.com/packages/2d/characters/sunny-land-103349#description

[43]

2D Game Dev Tutorial - Melee Attacking in Unity (Sprites included) - YouTube. Retrieved February 19, 2021 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KamdeKs6eKo&t=102s

[44]

The official home of Super MarioTM – Home. Retrieved January 11, 2021 from https://mario.nintendo.com/

Cited By

Samadi MPhillips CKlarkowski M(2024)Space Oddity: A Demonstration of the Self-Efficacy Game Elements FrameworkCompanion Proceedings of the 2024 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play10.1145/3665463.3678793(249-255)Online publication date: 14-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3665463.3678793
Babaei PVassileva J(2024)Drivers and persuasive strategies to influence user intention to learn about manipulative designProceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency10.1145/3630106.3659046(2421-2431)Online publication date: 3-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3630106.3659046
Iyer RNdulue CMeier SOrji R(2024)Smartphone Games Heuristics (SmGH) – Towards a Standard Set of Platform-Centric Heuristic for Smartphone Games EvaluationInternational Journal of Human–Computer Interaction10.1080/10447318.2024.2356911(1-22)Online publication date: 11-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2356911
Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Tailoring a Persuasive Game to Promote Secure Smartphone Behaviour
CHI '23: Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

The use of smartphones has become an integral part of everyone's lives. Due to the ubiquitous nature and multiple functionalities of smartphones, the data handled by these devices are sensitive in nature. Despite the measures companies take to protect ...
Towards Personality-driven Persuasive Health Games and Gamified Systems
CHI '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Persuasive games and gamified systems are effective tools for motivating behavior change using various persuasive strategies. Research has shown that tailoring these systems can increase their efficacy. However, there is little knowledge on how game-...
Smartphone Security and Privacy – A Gamified Persuasive Approach with Protection Motivation Theory
Persuasive Technology
Abstract
Mobile phones have evolved from feature phones to smartphones with comparable power as modern desktops. On the other hand, security and privacy have taken a toll and, users are having a hard time keeping up with this evolution. Over the years, ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

CHI EA '21: Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

May 2021

2965 pages

ISBN:9781450380959

DOI:10.1145/3411763

Editors:
Yoshifumi Kitamura
Tohoku University, Japan
,
Aaron Quigley
University of New South Wales, Australia
,
Katherine Isbister
University of California Santa Cruz, USA
,
Takeo Igarashi
The University of Tokyo, Japan

Copyright © 2021 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

SIGCHI: ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 08 May 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Poster
Research
Refereed limited

Conference

CHI '21

Sponsor:

SIGCHI

CHI '21: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

May 8 - 13, 2021

Yokohama, Japan

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 6,164 of 23,696 submissions, 26%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

9
Total Citations
View Citations
271
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)52
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)5

Reflects downloads up to 15 Oct 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Samadi MPhillips CKlarkowski M(2024)Space Oddity: A Demonstration of the Self-Efficacy Game Elements FrameworkCompanion Proceedings of the 2024 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play10.1145/3665463.3678793(249-255)Online publication date: 14-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3665463.3678793
Babaei PVassileva J(2024)Drivers and persuasive strategies to influence user intention to learn about manipulative designProceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency10.1145/3630106.3659046(2421-2431)Online publication date: 3-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3630106.3659046
Iyer RNdulue CMeier SOrji R(2024)Smartphone Games Heuristics (SmGH) – Towards a Standard Set of Platform-Centric Heuristic for Smartphone Games EvaluationInternational Journal of Human–Computer Interaction10.1080/10447318.2024.2356911(1-22)Online publication date: 11-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2356911
Oyebode OSteeves DOrji R(2024)Persuasive strategies and emotional states: towards designing personalized and emotion-adaptive persuasive systemsUser Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction10.1007/s11257-023-09390-x34:4(1175-1225)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11257-023-09390-x
Ganesh ANdulue COrji R(2023)Tailoring a Persuasive Game to Promote Secure Smartphone BehaviourProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3581038(1-18)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3544548.3581038
Oyebode OSteeves DOrji R(2023)Persuasive Strategies and Emotional States: Towards Emotion-Adaptive Persuasive Technologies DesignPersuasive Technology10.1007/978-3-031-30933-5_14(215-233)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-031-30933-5_14
Oyebode OOrji R(2022)Persuasive strategy implementation choices and their effectiveness: towards personalised persuasive systemsBehaviour & Information Technology10.1080/0144929X.2022.211261242:13(2176-2209)Online publication date: 24-Aug-2022
https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2112612
Kambe ANakajima T(2022)First Person vs. Third Person Perspective in a Persuasive Virtual Reality Game: How Does Perspective Affect Empathy Orientation?HCI in Games10.1007/978-3-031-05637-6_23(375-386)Online publication date: 26-Jun-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-031-05637-6_23
Ganesh ANdulue COrji R(2022)Smartphone Security and Privacy – A Gamified Persuasive Approach with Protection Motivation TheoryPersuasive Technology10.1007/978-3-030-98438-0_7(89-100)Online publication date: 29-Mar-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-030-98438-0_7

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents