A New Fast and Low-Cost Photogrammetry Method for the Engineering Characterization of Rock Slopes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Defining the Coordinate of the Targets
2.2. DP Surveys
2.2.1. DP Surveys with Calibrated and Non-Calibrated Cameras
- fx, fy = focal length
- cx, cy = principal point coordinates
- K1, K2, K3, P1, P2 = radial distortion coefficients, using Brown’s distortion model
2.2.2. DP Surveys with Smartphones
2.3. LS Surveys
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of DP and LS Data Using Wooden Square Targets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
3.2. Analysis of the DP and LS Data Using the Three Targets 1, 2 and 3
3.3. Analysis of the DP and LS Data Using the Three Targets 0, 5, and 3
3.4. Potential Engineering Geological Data Derived from DP Models
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value (pixel) | Standard Error |
---|---|---|
Image width | 4928 | |
Image height | 3264 | |
Principal point (x) | 19.9889 | 0.890748 |
Principal point (y) | 36.4507 | 0.89439 |
Radial K1 | −0.0628401 | 0.00235961 |
Radial K2 | 0.0652221 | 0.0132876 |
Radial K3 | −0.105281 | 0.0295335 |
Radial K4 | 0.0729408 | 0.000503861 |
Tangential P1 | −0.000123014 | 5.1837e-05 |
Tangential P2 | 0.000487723 | 3.7193e-05 |
ID | X (m) | Y (m) | Z (m) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | −0.081 | 0.25 | −0.236 |
2 | 0.081 | 0.25 | 0.236 |
3 | 0.081 | −0.25 | 0.236 |
4 | −0.081 | −0.25 | −0.236 |
5 | 0.081 | 0 | 0.236 |
Type of Survey | Model Resolution (m) |
---|---|
LS | 0.003–0.010 |
DP calibrated camera | 0.010 |
DP non-calibrated camera | 0.010 |
Smartphone 1 | 0.015 |
Smartphone 2 | 0.012 |
DP Technique | Advantages | Limitation |
---|---|---|
DP with hand-held reflex camera and TS or GPS | Full control of the camera. Photographs can be acquired with great precision without problems associated with lateral extent of the outcrop. Total stationallows to acquire GCPs on the entire outcrop surface. The DP model created using TS GCP will be very accurate. Data extracted can be used for engineering geological interpretation and data extraction. | Cost of the instrumentation includes both the digital camera and TS/GPS. Presence of occlusions in the case of very high slopes. Difficult/impossible to use in poorly accessible areas. |
DP with hand-held reflex camera and object of known geometry | Full control of the camera. Photographs can be acquired with great precision. High portability of the instrumentation. Limits the cost incurred to the use of a digital camera. Reduces the time of the survey and therefore decreases the risk to the surveyor. Data extracted can be used for engineering geological interpretation and post processing. | Cost of the instrumentation limited to the digital camera. Presence of occlusions in the case of very high slopes. The precision of the DP models is more influenced by the object used for georeferencing and decreases toward the outer limits of the derived models. |
DP with smartphones and object of known geometry | Precision of photographs is limited according to the smartphone used. Very high portability of the instrumentation and cost-free. Reduces the time of the survey and therefore decreases the risk to the surveyor. Data extracted can be used for engineering geological interpretation and post processing. | Presence of occlusions in the case of very high slopes. The precision of the DP models is more highly influenced by the object used for georeferencing and decreases toward the outer extent of the derived models. The precision is also strongly influenced by the type of smartphone camera used. Therefore, when using the smartphone to obtain DP it is highly recommended to always validate the data against field measurements. |
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Francioni, M.; Simone, M.; Stead, D.; Sciarra, N.; Mataloni, G.; Calamita, F. A New Fast and Low-Cost Photogrammetry Method for the Engineering Characterization of Rock Slopes. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111267
Francioni M, Simone M, Stead D, Sciarra N, Mataloni G, Calamita F. A New Fast and Low-Cost Photogrammetry Method for the Engineering Characterization of Rock Slopes. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(11):1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111267
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancioni, Mirko, Matteo Simone, Doug Stead, Nicola Sciarra, Giovanni Mataloni, and Fernando Calamita. 2019. "A New Fast and Low-Cost Photogrammetry Method for the Engineering Characterization of Rock Slopes" Remote Sensing 11, no. 11: 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111267