Interpretive Structural Modeling of Barriers to Sustainable Tourism Development: A Developing Economy Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To identify the significant barriers to STD;
- To trace the interdependencies among barriers and categorize the barriers according to driving and dependence power;
- To infer practical implications for the mitigation of barriers and the promotion of STD.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Sustainable Tourism
2.2. Barriers to STD
2.3. Theoretical Underpinning for Barriers
2.4. Previous Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) Analysis Studies
2.5. Background of ISM
2.6. Background of MICMAC
2.7. Research Gap
3. Problem Statement
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Exploring Barriers to STD
4.2. Screening Barriers
- Are there any irrelevant barriers?
- Are the descriptions of the barriers correct and precise? If not, how can they be improved?
- Would you like to recommend another barrier that is important and missing from the listed barriers?
- Assign scores using a Likert scale from 1 to 5 (1 = not critical; 5 = very critical).
4.3. Execution of ISM Approach
- If the representative cell for Br denotes “X” in the SSIM, the and values in the AM are transformed to ‘1’;
- If the representative cell for Br denotes “V” in the SSIM, the values in the AM are transformed to ‘1’, and the values are transformed to 0;
- If the representative cell for Br denotes “0” in the SSIM, the and values in the AM are transformed to 0;
- If the representative cell for Br denotes “A” in the SSIM, the values in the AM are transformed to 0, and the values are transformed to ‘1’.
4.4. MICMAC Analysis
- Autonomous category
- Driving category
- Linking category
- Dependent category
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Hierarchical Structure
5.2. Mitigation Strategies
5.3. Managerial Implications
5.4. Theoretical Implications
6. Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Code | Barrier | Description | Sources |
---|---|---|---|
Br1 | Greenwashing | Small-scale tourist operations in multiple locations claim to be sustainable or ecotourism-related but work in a “brown economy” to compete for good tourists. Poorly managed, limited developments at multiple sites can cause as much environmental degradation as individual mega-developments. | [9,38] |
Br2 | Lack of organizational vision and resistance to change | Organizational policies and culture reflect a vision, going beyond regulatory obligations to deliver sustainable outcomes. Therefore, not having a clear definition and vision of STD and resisting the adoption of sustainability ideas results in unsustainable tourism practices (UTPs). Opting for new goals is challenging and requires structural reforms at the organizational or industry level. | [7,34,35,36,37,39] |
Br3 | Inadequate data | Insufficient environmental information and poor data on the usage of water, energy, and other materials can cause tourism activities to be unsustainable. Academicians, firms, institutions, and other stakeholders struggle to establish regulations and metrics to gauge ecological sustainability, especially climate change, which is a hot debate in global tourism policy. The metrics for sustainable tourism processes can only be designed based on data availability and accuracy. | [9,10,11,38] |
Br4 | Lack of guidelines and training | The lack of guidelines and training programs hinders stakeholders from absorbing sustainable tourism concepts. Furthermore, specific training and guidelines are essential for tourism classification, owing to its complexities and interdisciplinary nature. | [7,34,35,36,37] |
Br5 | Lack of carrying capacity information | Missing or inaccurate information on the carrying capacity of a tourist spot may lead to poor site management; waste generation; and other environmental, financial, and socio-cultural damage, as well as tourist dissatisfaction. | [9,33,38,40] |
Br6 | Insufficient knowledge of development limits | A lack of development capacity limits for tourism destinations based on physical and human aspects leads to UTPs. It is necessary to clearly articulate which kinds of development are necessary and how and at which pace these developments need to be carried out to safeguard biodiversity, natural beauty, and STD development principles (ST). | [9,33,38,40] |
Br7 | Poor business ecosystem | Business difficulties due to political, economic, technological, and social factors collide with STD principles. A financially lucrative and environmentally sound industry may satisfy tourists and improve local inhabitants’ quality of life. | [7,9,34,39] |
Br8 | Funding constraints | Emerging economies face resource scarcity, especially for sustainable or green initiatives. Funds are necessary to establish green infrastructure, buildings, and operations and conduct training in the primary step of STD to reap long-term social, financial, and ecological dividends. | [7,9,34,35,36,37,39] |
Br9 | Meager communication networks and smart technologies | In the era of big data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, a lack of smart technologies and communication networks paves the way for the unsustainable use of resources and economic deficiencies and generates waste and visitor dissatisfaction. | [9,10,11,34,35,36,39] |
Br10 | Weak governance | Weak governance causes poor implementation of rules and regulations. Weak governance mechanisms, policies, and standards harm STD objectives. | [9,33,34,36,38,39] |
Br11 | Lack of integration among institutions and public–private people partnerships (4P) | The execution of STD strategies requires the commitment of all stakeholders. Without cross-sectional consensus and cooperation on STD, the transition to and scaling up of STD is impossible. | [7,9,10,33,34,35,36,37,39] |
Br12 | Shortage of expertise and human capital | The shortage of well-equipped personnel with an STD philosophy is a challenge for the long-term survival of the tourism sector. The contemporary advancement and increasing complexities of STD have widened the space between the demand for capable personnel and the availability of such professionals. | [7,9,34,35] |
Br13 | Lack of awareness | A lack of awareness of stakeholders becomes a hurdle to pursuing any initiative. STD is not achievable without comprehension of sustainable consumption and production (SCP). Tourists’ awareness and of education about “the principles of STD, its benefits and implication” are essential, so tourist agencies’ acceptance of STD activities must increase to improve customer satisfaction and sustainability indicators. | [7,10,33,35,37,39,41] |
Br14 | Inadequate green transport and smart mobility | The inadequate provision of green transport and smart mobility puts pressure on resources, generates waste, and discourages SCP. Conventional transport and mobility paradigms undermine environmental, economic, and social integrity. | [9,10,34,35,37,39] |
Br15 | Lack of green infrastructure | Green infrastructure represents a network of green buildings, rest areas, streets, parking spaces, roads, and visiting centers that permits people to tour and enhances the ecological operational advantages of its recreational use. A lack of green infrastructure is an obstacle to STD. | [9,10,34,35,36,37] |
Br16 | Lack of government interest | Deficits in national policies, agendas, and promotion programs for STD lead to UTPs. The government needs to embed sustainable consumption and production approaches in tourism protocols. The government is not actively educating and training the masses in navigating STD. | [33,34,35,36,37,38,39] |
Br17 | Safety and security concerns | Crime, the unavailability or poor quality of food and health facilities, and terrorism destroy the image of tourist locations. Peace and security are the core agendas of STD. | [9,34,35,39] |
Br18 | Non-existence of sustainable tourism certifications (STCs) | The absence or lack of implementation of STC systems in the tourism industry hinders STD behaviors. The lack of STCs, on the one hand, promotes greenwashing tactics and, on the other hand, discourages true believers in STD goals. STC encourages firms and destinations to adopt, analyze, and control their sustainable management holistically, permitting them to participate in the visible spectrum to achieve SDGs. | [10,34,41] |
Br19 | Economic crises | Economic crises affect household disposable income and generate uncertainty, leading to lower levels of tourist activities. In addition, policymakers ignore STD fundamentals in the interest of foreign exchanges during an economic crisis. During economic downturns, the interdisciplinary nature of the tourism industry further makes STD a complex and challenging task. | [33,36] |
Br20 | Inappropriate waste management | Increasing tourist activities spurs waste production. The inappropriate management and treatment of water, energy, food, and other waste causes detrimental impacts. For example, excessive water consumption may lead to harmful effects such as saltwater inclusion, declining land levels, and degraded water quality. Improper sewage systems may risk the mixing of waste into drinking water channels. | [9,10,11,33,39] |
Br21 | Difficult visa process | Restrictions on arrival visa issuance and long processing times for visa approval due to security challenges place Pakistan on the list of difficult-to-travel countries, ultimately hurting the ‘frictionless travel’ and equal opportunity aspects of tourism philosophy. | [35,45,51] |
No | Source | Elements | Area | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sulistyadi et al. [72] | Factors | Geo-tourism | Assessed the key factors involved in establishing a sustainable plan for marine tourist development in geo-tourism using ISM-MICMAC. |
2 | Shafiee et al. [68] | Factors | Smart tourism | Developed a model for smart tourism destinations using ISM-MICMAC. |
3 | Lim et al. [70] | Measures | Textiles | Evaluated driving and dependence force of KM measures to boost firm performance. |
4 | Mi et al. [73] | Determinants | Hot spring tourism | This paper explored the determinants for improving hot spring customer satisfaction, employing ISM-MICMAC. |
5 | Gupta et al. [74] | Factors | Tourism | Applied ISM methodology to determine mutual interactions between factors impacting foreign direct investment in tourism. |
6 | Alqahtani and Makki [66] | Factors | Tourism | Developed hierarchical structures of the factors influencing destination image using ISM. |
7 | Erol, Neuhofer, Dogru, Oztel, Searcy, and Yorulmaz [11] | Obstacles | Sustainable tourism | Used ISM to establish a framework that illustrates the mutual interactions between barriers to blockchain adoption. |
8 | Lin and Yeh [67] | Enablers | Tourism | Developed tour value enablers and calculated their degrees of influence and dependence on each other. |
9 | Patri and Suresh [76] | Barriers | Health care | Analyzed different clusters of lean implementation barriers in health care. |
10 | Agrawal et al. [77] | Barriers | Digital supply chain | Applied ISM to examine mutual dependence among digital supply chain implementation challenges. |
11 | Jain and Ajmera [75] | Factors | Medical tourism | Analyzed the driving and dependence forces of different factors affecting medical tourism through ISM-MICMAC. |
12 | Alaboud and Alshahrani [78] | Factors | Construction industry | Analyzed factors influencing building information modeling adoption in Saudi Arabia using the ISM-MICMAC approach. |
Participant | Organization Classification | Profession | Education | Experience (years) | Publications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Tourism company | Senior manager | Ph.D. | 18 | 5 |
B | Academia | Professor | Ph.D. | 14 | 16 |
C | Tourism firm | Tour operator | Master | 17 | -- |
D | Tour operator | Tourism consultant | Ph.D. | 15 | 2 |
E | Academia | Professor | Ph.D. | 16 | 19 |
F | Non-government organization | Senior manager | Ph.D. | 18 | 4 |
G | Tour company | Tour operator | Master | 15 | -- |
H | Academia | Professor | Ph.D. | 13 | 15 |
Code | E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | E5 | E6 | E7 | E8 | ∑Ei | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Br1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 31 | 7 |
Br2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 33 | 5 |
Br3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 38 | 2 |
Br4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 37 | 3 |
Br5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 36 | 4 |
Br6 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 32 | 6 |
Br7 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 34 | 5 |
Br8 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 37 | 3 |
Br9 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 31 | 7 |
Br10 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 36 | 4 |
Br11 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 32 | 6 |
Br12 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 38 | 2 |
Br13 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 31 | 7 |
Br14 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 39 | 1 |
Br15 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 31 | 7 |
Br16 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 37 | 3 |
Br17 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 33 | 5 |
Br18 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 32 | 6 |
Br19 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 39 | 1 |
Br20 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 37 | 3 |
Br21 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 31 | 7 |
Code | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Br1 | A | A | A | A | A | O | O | A | A | A | A | A | O | O | A | O | A | O | A | O | |
Br2 | O | X | O | O | O | O | O | A | A | A | A | O | O | A | O | A | A | V | O | ||
Br3 | X | V | V | A | A | A | X | X | A | X | V | O | A | O | A | A | V | O | |||
Br4 | V | V | O | A | O | A | X | X | X | V | V | A | V | A | A | V | V | ||||
Br5 | X | O | A | A | A | A | A | A | V | V | A | O | A | O | V | O | |||||
Br6 | O | A | A | A | A | O | A | O | V | A | O | A | O | V | O | ||||||
Br7 | V | A | A | A | A | A | V | O | A | A | A | X | O | O | |||||||
Br8 | V | V | A | V | V | V | V | X | X | V | A | V | V | ||||||||
Br9 | X | X | A | O | V | O | A | O | O | A | V | V | |||||||||
Br10 | A | A | A | A | V | A | V | X | A | A | V | ||||||||||
Br11 | O | X | V | V | V | X | V | O | V | V | |||||||||||
Br12 | V | V | V | A | O | V | A | V | O | ||||||||||||
Br13 | V | V | A | O | V | A | V | O | |||||||||||||
Br14 | O | A | O | A | A | O | O | ||||||||||||||
Br15 | A | O | A | A | O | O | |||||||||||||||
Br16 | V | V | A | V | V | ||||||||||||||||
Br17 | A | A | O | V | |||||||||||||||||
Br18 | A | V | O | ||||||||||||||||||
Br19 | A | O | |||||||||||||||||||
Br20 | O | ||||||||||||||||||||
Br21 |
Code | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Br1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Br2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Br3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Br4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Br5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Br6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Br7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Br8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Br9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Br10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Br11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Br12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Br13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Br14 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Br15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Br16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Br17 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Br18 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Br19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Br20 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Br21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Code | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | DEF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Br1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Br2 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 0 | 1* | 0 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 16 |
Br3 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 21 |
Br4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 21 |
Br5 | 1 | 1* | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 1 | 0 | 9 |
Br6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 1 | 0 | 8 |
Br7 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 21 |
Br8 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 21 |
Br9 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 20 |
Br10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 20 |
Br11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 21 |
Br12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 20 |
Br13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 21 |
Br14 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 0 | 1* | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1* | 0 | 1* | 1* | 0 | 1* | 1* | 15 |
Br15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Br16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 21 |
Br17 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 21 |
Br18 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 20 |
Br19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 21 |
Br20 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 0 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1* | 20 |
Br21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
DRF | 19 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 19 | 11 | 16 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 340/340 |
No | Reachability Set | Antecedent Set | Intersection | Levels |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ,1, | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,1, | 1st |
2 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,10,11,12,13,14,15,17,19,20,21, | ,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,2,3,4,5,10,11,12,13,14,17,19,20, | 3rd |
3 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21, | ,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | 3rd |
4 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21, | ,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | 3rd |
5 | ,1,2,5,6,10,14,15,19,20, | ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,2,5,6,10,14,19,20, | 2nd |
6 | ,1,5,6,10,14,15,19,20, | ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,5,6,10,14,19,20, | 2nd |
7 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21, | ,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | 4th |
8 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21, | ,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,16,17,18,19,20, | ,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,16,17,18,19,20, | 4th |
9 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21, | ,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | 4th |
10 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,17,18,19,20,21, | ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,17,18,19,20, | 2nd |
11 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21, | ,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,16,17,18,19, | ,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,16,17,18,19, | 3rd |
12 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,17,18,19,20,21, | ,2,3,4,7,8,10,11,12,13,16,17,18,19,20, | ,2,3,4,7,8,10,11,12,13,17,18,19,20, | 5th |
13 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21, | ,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,16,17,18,19,20, | ,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,16,17,18,19,20, | 3rd |
14 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,14,15,17,18,20,21, | ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,14,17,18,20, | 2nd |
15 | ,15, | ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, | ,15, | 1st |
16 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21, | ,3,4,7,8,9,11,13,16,17,19,20, | ,3,4,7,8,9,11,13,17,19,20, | 6th |
17 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21, | ,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | 3rd |
18 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,17,18,19,20,21, | ,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,17,18,19,20, | 4th |
19 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21, | ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,16,17,18,19,20, | ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,16,17,18,19,20, | 3rd |
20 | ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21, | ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, | 2nd |
21 | ,21, | ,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20,21, | ,21, | 1st |
Barriers | DRF | DRF Ranking | DEF | DEF Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | VII | 19 | I |
2 | 16 | III | 17 | III |
3 | 21 | I | 16 | IV |
4 | 21 | I | 16 | IV |
5 | 9 | V | 18 | II |
6 | 8 | VI | 18 | II |
7 | 21 | I | 15 | V |
8 | 21 | I | 14 | VI |
9 | 20 | II | 15 | V |
10 | 20 | II | 18 | II |
11 | 21 | I | 14 | VI |
12 | 20 | II | 14 | VI |
13 | 21 | I | 15 | V |
14 | 15 | IV | 18 | II |
15 | 1 | VII | 19 | I |
16 | 21 | I | 11 | VI |
17 | 21 | I | 16 | IV |
18 | 20 | II | 15 | V |
19 | 21 | I | 17 | III |
20 | 20 | II | 18 | II |
21 | 1 | VII | 17 | III |
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Hussain, K.; Sun, H.; Ramzan, M.; Mahmood, S.; Zubair Saeed, M. Interpretive Structural Modeling of Barriers to Sustainable Tourism Development: A Developing Economy Perspective. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5442. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135442
Hussain K, Sun H, Ramzan M, Mahmood S, Zubair Saeed M. Interpretive Structural Modeling of Barriers to Sustainable Tourism Development: A Developing Economy Perspective. Sustainability. 2024; 16(13):5442. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135442
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussain, Kramat, Huaping Sun, Muhammad Ramzan, Shahid Mahmood, and Muhammad Zubair Saeed. 2024. "Interpretive Structural Modeling of Barriers to Sustainable Tourism Development: A Developing Economy Perspective" Sustainability 16, no. 13: 5442. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135442