Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2022
Küçük Menderes Havzası 19. yüzyıldan beri Anadolu'da pazara yönelik tarımsal üretimin olduğu bir ... more Küçük Menderes Havzası 19. yüzyıldan beri Anadolu'da pazara yönelik tarımsal üretimin olduğu bir coğrafyadır. Ayrıca Küçük Menderes Havzası'nın topografik yapısı, iklimi ve su kaynakları kenevir üretimini sağlayan temel kriterlerdir. Bu havzanın tarımsal üretiminde ise pamuk, tütün, üzüm ve kenevir önemli mahsullerdendir. Ancak kenevir üretimi ve ticareti pamuk ve tütünün gölgesinde kalmıştır. Nitekim bu havza Batı Karadeniz'den sonra Türkiye'nin ikinci kenevir üretim merkezidir. Bu çalışma Küçük Menderes Havzası'ndaki kenevir üretiminin tarihini toplumsal boyutlarıyla incelemektedir. Böylece gündelik yaşam koşulları içinde sıradan insanların kenevir yetiştiriciliğinde, ticaretinde ve urgan üretimindeki rolleri aydınlatılmıştır. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Arşivi, ulusal ve yerel basın ve Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu verilerinden ve ikincil kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. Meclis tutanakları yoluyla kenevir tarımındaki devlet politikaları ele alınmıştır. Yerel ve ulusal basın ise sıradan insanların gündelik yaşamlarına ışık tutmaktadır. Önemli bir bölümü 1930'lu ve 1940'lı yıllarda yayımlanan ikincil kaynaklar ise Küçük Menderes Havzası'ndaki kenevirin toplumsal tarihine akademik bir perspektif kazandırmıştır.
Opium poppy that is one of the native crops of Anatolia has been known for centuries in the Medit... more Opium poppy that is one of the native crops of Anatolia has been known for centuries in the Mediterranean geography. Opium that was one of the important commodities in the 19th century is a juice of opium poppy. Opium poppy is a multi-dimensional crop. In this context, it is in the group of oil crop, forage crop, cash crop, and medicinal and aromatic plants. Since it is medicinal and aromatic plants, it is demanded by pharmaceutical industry. However, opium is considered as one of the reasons of drug addiction at the same time. From this aspect, opium poppy is both remedy and poison for humanity. In other words, it contains two contradictions within itself such as both therapeutical drug and narcotic drug at the same time. This study analyses the social, political, and economic dynamics of opium in Eastern Thrace within the context of the opium policy of Turkey and opium issue at an international level in the 20th century. In fact, in pursuit of the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, the loss of Dedeağaç Port and the Western Thrace hinterlands of Edirne directed the region to İstanbul market. As it is in the example of opium, this situation caused the economic competition of Eastern Thrace with Anatolian provinces. This study analyses the production of poppy seed and opium juice in Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ, İstanbul (European side) and Çanakkale (European side) between 1927 and 1933. The opium juice produced in Eastern Thrace supplied the demands of raw material of the pharmaceutical industries in İstanbul. However, the data that take part in literature as to opium poppy farming in Thrace is very limited and dispersed. This study observes the local press of the region, the reports of Turkish Statistical Institute, the Official Gazette, proceedings of the parliaments, and the public records of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey as primary sources and the secondary literature. Thus, the reasons for the encouragement of opium cultivation in Eastern Thrace, opium poppy farming, the production of opium, and marketing mechanisms in the period concerned. In this context, it provides a new perspective considering the geographical position of Thrace.
This academic study analyses the agriculture of Ağrı Province in the period between 1950 and 1980... more This academic study analyses the agriculture of Ağrı Province in the period between 1950 and 1980 which is called as "Green Revolution" in Turkish Agriculture and experienced important social and economic transformation. Furthermore, this study explains the influence of the geographical conditions of Ağrı Province on animal production and plant production that were realized in the rural areas under the social and economic living conditions. Furthermore, this article also explains the agricultural mechanization, yield increase, crop diversity and market oriented agricultural production process in the rural areas of Ağrı. In addition to all of these, this study compares the plant production and animal production statistics of Ağrı and those of Turkey with each other to be able to reveal the socioeconomic transformation of rural areas in Ağrı more clearly. Thus, it searches for an answer that to which extent the agricultural structures and the dynamics of change in daily social life of Ağrı indicate transformation or indicate to which extent stability in traditional social structure. However, when the cultivable lands of Ağrı and the transportation facilities of Ağrı with Erzurum are considered, this study emphasizes that Ağrı has high agricultural potential for market oriented agricultural production. However, as a result this study tries to explain the geography, the demographic structure, and the transformation in agricultural activities of Ağrı from the perspective of different disciplines such as geography, economy, agriculture, sociology, and history.
Cannabis is in the groups of fiber plants, cash crops and medicinal-aromatic plants. Kastamonu is... more Cannabis is in the groups of fiber plants, cash crops and medicinal-aromatic plants. Kastamonu is the province where there had been the highest levels of cannabis production in the first years of the Republic of Turkey. The geographical conditions of Kastamonu are quite suitable for cannabis production. However, from the cultivation of cannabis to the harvest, and processing of cannabis, there had been quite primarily modes of production until 1950. Due to the primary and traditional characteristics of the agriculture in Kastamonu, cannabis production capacity was at low level. Cannabis was an agricultural product that had been produced by small sized family business through the common labor of household. However, the crop could not be more than traditional village art and having been weaved in hand loom. Thus, cannabis lacked a value-added production. The marketplaces of the cannabis produced in Kastamonu are Kastamonu, Germeç, and Taşköprü. The hemp fiber of Kastamonu was very qualified. Thus, Taşköprü Cannabis Industry was founded in 1946. Furthermore, it was thought that there would not be the problems of raw material, energy, and transportation in the foundation of the plant. However, since there had been an insufficient capital of the local people and transportation problems, the plant worked under the capacity. This situation prevented the production and the processing of cannabis by means of modern techniques. Furthermore, although Taşköprü Cannabis Industry was accepted as an important enterprise within the scope of statism to produce hemp products, it could not be long lived. Furthermore, this study reflects the political, economic, and social structure of Turkey specific to the cannabis farming, and the industrialization process of cannabis in Kastamonu province. In other words, it examines the rural areas, the society, and the industrialization dynamics of Turkey in the 1930s. This study also deals with the cannabis production and the industrialization in Kastamonu with regards to international relations. In this context, it elaborates on the negative influence of the First Industrial Revolution and the First World War in cannabis production. Consequently, Kastamonu cannabis could not be a market-oriented commodity in national and international markets. This crop was limited to the local markets of Kastamonu.
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2022
Küçük Menderes Havzası 19. yüzyıldan beri Anadolu'da pazara yönelik tarımsal üretimin olduğu bir ... more Küçük Menderes Havzası 19. yüzyıldan beri Anadolu'da pazara yönelik tarımsal üretimin olduğu bir coğrafyadır. Ayrıca Küçük Menderes Havzası'nın topografik yapısı, iklimi ve su kaynakları kenevir üretimini sağlayan temel kriterlerdir. Bu havzanın tarımsal üretiminde ise pamuk, tütün, üzüm ve kenevir önemli mahsullerdendir. Ancak kenevir üretimi ve ticareti pamuk ve tütünün gölgesinde kalmıştır. Nitekim bu havza Batı Karadeniz'den sonra Türkiye'nin ikinci kenevir üretim merkezidir. Bu çalışma Küçük Menderes Havzası'ndaki kenevir üretiminin tarihini toplumsal boyutlarıyla incelemektedir. Böylece gündelik yaşam koşulları içinde sıradan insanların kenevir yetiştiriciliğinde, ticaretinde ve urgan üretimindeki rolleri aydınlatılmıştır. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Arşivi, ulusal ve yerel basın ve Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu verilerinden ve ikincil kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. Meclis tutanakları yoluyla kenevir tarımındaki devlet politikaları ele alınmıştır. Yerel ve ulusal basın ise sıradan insanların gündelik yaşamlarına ışık tutmaktadır. Önemli bir bölümü 1930'lu ve 1940'lı yıllarda yayımlanan ikincil kaynaklar ise Küçük Menderes Havzası'ndaki kenevirin toplumsal tarihine akademik bir perspektif kazandırmıştır.
Opium poppy that is one of the native crops of Anatolia has been known for centuries in the Medit... more Opium poppy that is one of the native crops of Anatolia has been known for centuries in the Mediterranean geography. Opium that was one of the important commodities in the 19th century is a juice of opium poppy. Opium poppy is a multi-dimensional crop. In this context, it is in the group of oil crop, forage crop, cash crop, and medicinal and aromatic plants. Since it is medicinal and aromatic plants, it is demanded by pharmaceutical industry. However, opium is considered as one of the reasons of drug addiction at the same time. From this aspect, opium poppy is both remedy and poison for humanity. In other words, it contains two contradictions within itself such as both therapeutical drug and narcotic drug at the same time. This study analyses the social, political, and economic dynamics of opium in Eastern Thrace within the context of the opium policy of Turkey and opium issue at an international level in the 20th century. In fact, in pursuit of the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, the loss of Dedeağaç Port and the Western Thrace hinterlands of Edirne directed the region to İstanbul market. As it is in the example of opium, this situation caused the economic competition of Eastern Thrace with Anatolian provinces. This study analyses the production of poppy seed and opium juice in Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ, İstanbul (European side) and Çanakkale (European side) between 1927 and 1933. The opium juice produced in Eastern Thrace supplied the demands of raw material of the pharmaceutical industries in İstanbul. However, the data that take part in literature as to opium poppy farming in Thrace is very limited and dispersed. This study observes the local press of the region, the reports of Turkish Statistical Institute, the Official Gazette, proceedings of the parliaments, and the public records of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey as primary sources and the secondary literature. Thus, the reasons for the encouragement of opium cultivation in Eastern Thrace, opium poppy farming, the production of opium, and marketing mechanisms in the period concerned. In this context, it provides a new perspective considering the geographical position of Thrace.
This academic study analyses the agriculture of Ağrı Province in the period between 1950 and 1980... more This academic study analyses the agriculture of Ağrı Province in the period between 1950 and 1980 which is called as "Green Revolution" in Turkish Agriculture and experienced important social and economic transformation. Furthermore, this study explains the influence of the geographical conditions of Ağrı Province on animal production and plant production that were realized in the rural areas under the social and economic living conditions. Furthermore, this article also explains the agricultural mechanization, yield increase, crop diversity and market oriented agricultural production process in the rural areas of Ağrı. In addition to all of these, this study compares the plant production and animal production statistics of Ağrı and those of Turkey with each other to be able to reveal the socioeconomic transformation of rural areas in Ağrı more clearly. Thus, it searches for an answer that to which extent the agricultural structures and the dynamics of change in daily social life of Ağrı indicate transformation or indicate to which extent stability in traditional social structure. However, when the cultivable lands of Ağrı and the transportation facilities of Ağrı with Erzurum are considered, this study emphasizes that Ağrı has high agricultural potential for market oriented agricultural production. However, as a result this study tries to explain the geography, the demographic structure, and the transformation in agricultural activities of Ağrı from the perspective of different disciplines such as geography, economy, agriculture, sociology, and history.
Cannabis is in the groups of fiber plants, cash crops and medicinal-aromatic plants. Kastamonu is... more Cannabis is in the groups of fiber plants, cash crops and medicinal-aromatic plants. Kastamonu is the province where there had been the highest levels of cannabis production in the first years of the Republic of Turkey. The geographical conditions of Kastamonu are quite suitable for cannabis production. However, from the cultivation of cannabis to the harvest, and processing of cannabis, there had been quite primarily modes of production until 1950. Due to the primary and traditional characteristics of the agriculture in Kastamonu, cannabis production capacity was at low level. Cannabis was an agricultural product that had been produced by small sized family business through the common labor of household. However, the crop could not be more than traditional village art and having been weaved in hand loom. Thus, cannabis lacked a value-added production. The marketplaces of the cannabis produced in Kastamonu are Kastamonu, Germeç, and Taşköprü. The hemp fiber of Kastamonu was very qualified. Thus, Taşköprü Cannabis Industry was founded in 1946. Furthermore, it was thought that there would not be the problems of raw material, energy, and transportation in the foundation of the plant. However, since there had been an insufficient capital of the local people and transportation problems, the plant worked under the capacity. This situation prevented the production and the processing of cannabis by means of modern techniques. Furthermore, although Taşköprü Cannabis Industry was accepted as an important enterprise within the scope of statism to produce hemp products, it could not be long lived. Furthermore, this study reflects the political, economic, and social structure of Turkey specific to the cannabis farming, and the industrialization process of cannabis in Kastamonu province. In other words, it examines the rural areas, the society, and the industrialization dynamics of Turkey in the 1930s. This study also deals with the cannabis production and the industrialization in Kastamonu with regards to international relations. In this context, it elaborates on the negative influence of the First Industrial Revolution and the First World War in cannabis production. Consequently, Kastamonu cannabis could not be a market-oriented commodity in national and international markets. This crop was limited to the local markets of Kastamonu.
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