Varvara Toura

L'analyse de «l'éphémère spatial» dans les projets d'urbanisme et d'aménagement révèle à la fois des questions liées aux espaces de l'éphémère (Haydn et Temel, 2006) et aux processus à l’œuvre dans l’éphémère (Bachir et al, 2017). Les projets d'aménagement d'espaces publics permettent l'expérimentation au niveau du quartier ou de la ville et impliquent les habitants dans les processus de leur aménagement (Marcant et Lamare, 2007). La question principale de la communication est de questionner les différentes interprétations de «l'éphémère spatial» dans des projets d'aménagement d'espaces publics liées à la durée de l'éphémère (l’éphémère conçu pour durer versus l'exploitation temporaire) et à l'échelle d'intervention (quartier ou ville).
A partir d'une analyse comparative de trois projets «éphémères» (les projets Ile-de-Nantes et Docks-de-Seine en France et La Grande Promenade à Athènes), on essaie de faire le lien entre l'échelle spatiale des projets «éphémères», le budget de ces projets (notamment au sud de l'Europe) et la durée de l'éphémère. Une enquête bibliographique et des enquêtes de terrain menées auprès d'habitants, d'élus locaux et d'aménageurs ont été réalisées afin d'étudier l'évolution des projets et les interactions entre les acteurs institutionnels et ceux de la société civile.
L'étude des projets d'aménagement d'espaces publics au nord et au sud de l'Europe montre une différente approche sur la notion de l’éphémère, «choisi» dans les cas français (expérimentations créatives urbanistiques proposées aux habitants par des associations et les collectivités locales) et «subi» dans le cas grec (expérimentations urbanistiques après 10 ans d'austérité au niveau national sans la participation active des habitants). En même temps, elle révèle la question de la «bonne échelle» d'intervention pour les projets dits «éphémères» (expérimentations au niveau du quartier pour les cas français versus des expérimentations au niveau de la ville pour le cas grec).

The former industrial districts are often places of experimentation, addressing questions of territorial innovation and city making. Their geographical position within or on the outskirts of cities shows the dynamics of the future territorial development of cities. The reappropriation of these neighborhoods after the period of deindustrialization and the creative activities offered by local authorities and developers can contribute to the economic and demographic growth of deindustrialized shrinking cities. In the research creativity is defined as a process to recover from social and economic recession which are usually linked to deindustrialization. The main goal is to survey how urban spaces with absence of functional use, terrain vague, contribute to explore alternative ways of urban dwelling (sustainable, participatory) as well as the differences observed in the implementation of creative strategies in central districts and peripheral areas. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The descriptive is used in order to define creativity and relate it to previous studies in terrain vague. The analytic is used in order to identify the reasons that led to population decline and the correlations between sustainable urban development, citizen engagement and demographic evolution. The performed analyses included a combination of statistics techniques (diagrams of demographic evolution) and qualitative methods (interviews with local authorities, inhabitants and the teams of architects and urban planners of the projects studied in the research). The outcome revealed that the political, economic and social context plays a major role in the strategies of creativity in a city by promoting several times gentrification, especially in peripheral areas. The final conclusion is that the system of traditional actors in the development of urban projects has to redefine the roles of each one, in order to promote innovation, by establishing the inhabitants as real social actors.

The paper tries to answer the question of how urban resilience policies could act as tools for cities' transformations in the post-Covid-19 era as were the urban planning policies adopted in previous centuries. The different dimensions of urban resilience force us to reflect on urban space and practices in a different way than in the past, in order to respond to the challenges arising from the health crisis.
The paper's methodology was used for my dissertation in deindustrialized cities in France, in which I proposed a framework  for evaluating urban resilience policies both as measures against the consequences of deindustrialization at global level, and as tools of cities' redevelopment following the appearance of pandemics in previous centuries. The research is organized in two scales, that of the neighborhood and that of the public space. The study of urban projects at the neighborhood level revealed questions linked to urban functions, in particular those of cities' suburbs. Are working class suburbs well equipped with local shops, schools and hospitals? The scale of public space allows us to reflect on the issue of the inclusive city, which is a fundamental element of urban resilience. Are public spaces accessible to the elderly and disabled? How are they organized?
Research on urban resilience policies in deindustrialized cities in France shown that they had positive results, particularly on cities' quality of life and economic growth. It remains to be seen whether the same policies could be applied in different political and economic contexts at global level.

L'apparition de préoccupations liées au développement durable constitue la grande révolution urbanistique de ce début du XXIe siècle. L’objectif de la thèse est de dresser le bilan des initiatives entreprises par certaines municipalités des villes à travers le monde, en mettant l’accent sur celles de deux villes françaises (Saint-Ouen et Nantes), en matière de planification et de gestion de l’urbanisation, de manière plus durable, plus productive et plus inclusive que par le passé qui inclût leur patrimoine. Une des solutions qui existent aujourd'hui pour répondre à la nécessité de création des villes durables est de recycler de nombreuses friches qui se libèrent, qu'elles soient industrielles, portuaires, aéroportuaires, ferroviaires ou militaires pour créer des écoquartiers. La libération des sites au sein et en périphérie des villes à cause de la désindustrialisation et le recyclage de ces sites en créant des écoquartiers est le point de début de cette thèse.
Aujourd'hui il n' y a pas une théorie scientifique qui montre la liaison entre la patrimonialisation d'anciens sites industriels et le développement durable. La réhabilitation de certains bâtiments industriels peur être considérée comme un processus inscrit dans le cadre du développement durable, notamment car il s'agit d'une mesure contre l'étalement urbain. Toutefois, la question qui n'est pas encore répondue est comment les villes industrielles qui sont des entités territoriales fortement liées à la notion de travail pourraient devenir durables en conservant leur identité industrielle. Cette question n'était pas facile à répondre et il fallait faire appel à la sociologie pour montrer que la notion de travail continue à exister même dans le cadre des villes durables (le paramètre économique) et la démographie pour montrer que les conditions de durabilité dans une ville sont un facteur qui attire de nouveaux habitants et des entreprises à s'y installer (cadre de vie, présence des équipements et des infrastructures).
La question fondamentale, alors, est comment on pourrait être amenés de la phase d'expérimentation à la phase d'élaboration des solutions concrètes qui pourraient être adoptées à l'échelle de la ville ayant comme résultat une nouvelle forme des villes (écologiques, durables) pour le 21ème siècle. Les programmes de patrimonialisation d'anciens sites industriels et la reconversion des friches industrielles aux écoquartiers pourraient fonctionner comme des guides pour la planification des villes durables au XXI siècle? Il reste à vérifier que les solutions adoptées à l'échelle du quartier pourraient être adoptées à l'échelle de la ville.

Ο σκοπός της εισήγησης είναι να εξετάσει την εμφάνιση νέων πολιτικών ανάπλασης πρώην βιομηχανικών ζωνών και δημοσίων κτιρίων σε σύνδεση με προγράμματα περιβαλλοντικού αστικού σχεδιασμού και με τη συμμετοχή των κατοίκων. Η έρευνα αναπτύσσει μία συγκριτική προσέγγιση σε τρία έργα αστικού σχεδιασμού δημόσιων χώρων στη Γαλλία επικεντρώνοντας στην εξέταση τριών écoquartiers αντιπροσωπευτικών των δημόσιων συμμετοχικών πολιτικών σε κεντρικές περιοχές των πόλεων. Τα δεδομένα της έρευνας προέρχονται από πίνακες της Γαλλικής Εθνικής Στατιστικής Υπηρεσίας αλλά και από επιτόπιες παρατηρήσεις στις τρεις περιοχές, ενώ για τη συλλογή και την επεξεργασία τους χρησιμοποιηθήκαν τόσο ποσοτικές μέθοδοι (στατιστική) όσο και ποιοτικές (ερωτηματολόγια και συνεντεύξεις). Η ανάλυση των τριών προγραμμάτων δείχνει ότι η επισκεψιμότητα και η ελκυστικότητα των δημόσιων χώρων των écoquartiers από τους τοπικούς πληθυσμούς και τους τουρίστες αποτελούν στοιχεία μίας σύγχρονης προσέγγισης αστικού σχεδιασμού η οποία συμβάλλει στο μετασχηματισμό των δημόσιων χώρων και στην εμφάνιση νέων αστικών πόλων. Λέξεις κλειδιά: χωρικός μετασχηματισμός, écoquartiers, συμπαγής πόλη, βιομηχανική κληρονομιά, δημόσια κτίρια, αειφόρος ανάπτυξη, συμμετοχικός σχεδιασμός, Γαλλία

Mon travail développe une approche comparative de deux projets d'aménagement des sites désindustrialisés en France, l'Ile-de-Nantes et les Docks-de-Seine, en se focalisant sur les cas de deux projets urbains représentatifs des politiques publiques participatives. La recherche vise à proposer de nouveaux modèles de planification des villes désindustrialisées en faisant le lien entre les programmes de renouvellement urbain et la question de la préservation du passé industriel. Dans un premier temps, je m'intéresse à la question de l'organisation spatiale et sociale des deux villes pendant la période de désindustrialisation. A partir des enquêtes quantitatives j'essaie de montrer que les nouvelles activités économiques ont influencé de nouveaux habitants à y installer ainsi qu'à la création des zones de fonctions mixtes. Le deuxième axe de l'exposé met l'accent sur la collaboration entre les professionnels habilités à produire l'espace urbain et les habitants des villes. A partir des enquêtes qualitatives menées dans deux villes auprès d'habitants, d'élus locaux et d'aménageurs, j'essaie de montrer les interactions entre les acteurs institutionnels et ceux de la société civile. Dans un dernier temps, je m'intéresse à la question de la préservation de l'identité industrielle. A partir d'une analyse critique de deux programmes de renouvellement urbain à deux échelles, la ville et le quartier, j'essaie de montrer les possibilités de transferabilité de politiques publiques territoriales d'une échelle à l'autre. On peut constater que les nouvelles activités économiques proposées dans les programmes de renouvellement urbain des deux sites ont réussi à augmenter le nombre d'habitants après une période de décroissance démographique. En même temps, ces activités sont inscrites dans des zones de fonctions mixtes qui accueillent des habitants de différentes catégories socio- professionnelles. En plus, les nouvelles politiques publiques participatives montrent que le système d'acteurs traditionnels d'élaboration de projets de renouvellement urbain est amené à redéfinir les rôles de chacun en instituant les habitants comme de véritables acteurs sociaux. Finalement, l'analyse critique du contenu des deux programmes de renouvellement urbain montre qu'il y a une interdépendance de politiques publiques à l'échelle de la ville et du quartier.

Population decline in former industrial cities is an undeniable fact, and preparing to respond to it in the context of sustainable urban development is a necessity. In my research urban sustainability is defined as a process to recover from social and economic recession which are usually linked to deindustrialization. The main goal is to survey how Nantes and Saint-Ouen became resilient, in environmental, economic and social terms, after the period of deindustrialization and if they have the needed capacities of urban sustainability in dealing with population decline. The two main questions raised in the research are: - Are the two study areas considered sustainable in terms of the criteria adopted in the present paper? - Are the social, economic and environmental capacities of the two study areas in accordance with the needs of the local communities in order to achieve population increase? The research method is descriptive-analytic. The descriptive method is used in order to define urban sustainability and relate it to previous studies in shrinking cities. The analytic method is used in order to identify the reasons that led to the population decline and the correlations between sustainable urban development and demographic evolution. The performed analyses included a combination of statistics techniques (diagrams of demographic evolution) and qualitative methods (interviews with local authorities, inhabitants and the teams of architects and urban planners that participated in the projects of urban renewal of the two cities). The outcome revealed that Nantes and Saint-Ouen have reached the goal of sustainable urban development as they almost doubled their population since 2000. The final conclusion of the research is that the urban policies implemented by local authorities as long as the economic decisions taken by local enterprises can assist Nantes and Saint-Ouen inhabitants to encounter to social and economic recession resulting from deindustrialization. Keywords: shrinking city, population decline, sustainable urban development, urban resilience, citizen engagement

The thesis questions the meaning of "industrial heritage" in former industrial cities, both in terms of preservation of industrial heritage and with regard to current urban planning policies such as sustainable development and citizen engagement. The research proposes a critical examination of two programs of territorial transformations of industrial brownfields into sustainable neighborhoods, the Ile-de-Nantes and Docks-de-Seine projects in the city of Saint-Ouen in Ile-de-France. The bibliographical resources refer on the one hand to the question of development of industrial sites in France and in other countries, mostly in Europe, during the decades of great industrial growth and the effects that this industrial growth had on the environment, social cohesion and local economic development. A second bibliographical category is the one which refers to the consequences of deindustrialization on national economic activities and the migration of former industrial workers to cities and countries where industry continues to expand. The last category refers to international discussions on the subject of redevelopment of existing former industrial sites, inside city centers or on the cities’ periphery. The redevelopment acts as a means to control significant population growth in cities, to preserve natural resources and to reduce the ecological footprint of large cities, resulting from urban expansion towards rural areas.Field researches in the two case studies (interviews with the inhabitants, the local elected officials, the developers and professional associations working on local industrial heritage) have been carried out in order to study the development of the two projects and the interactions between the institutional actors and those of civil society. The two case studies showed that the active involvement of local actors in urban renewal projects could lead to new models in architecture and urban planning (ecological, sustainable) centered on the needs of users while preserving the traces of the industrial past. The final conclusion is that the objective of urban growth in former industrial cities could be achieved through the preservation of "industrial heritage" and creative activities offered by local authorities, inhabitants and developers, including research centers and industrial museums.

This paper questions the meaning of 'industrial cultural heritage' in former
industrial cities, both in terms of industrial heritage preservation and in
relation to current urban planning and sustainable development policies. Our research proposes a critical examination of two industrial site transformation programmes, the 'Ile de Nantes' and 'Docks de Seine' (Saint-Ouen) projects. We conclude that the objective of urban growth in former industrial cities could be achieved through the preservation of the 'industrial cultural heritage' and the creative activities proposed by local authorities and developers, including research centres and museums.

André Corboz in his article «A good use of historical sites» develops a model of city planning based on the conservation of cultural goods. Considering Corboz model of city planning as a critical alternative to the productive rationality of common urbanization, the paper tries to answer the question of what is ''the industrial'' in former industrial cities, both in terms of preservation of industrial heritage and with regard to current urban planning policies like sustainable development. The purpose is to question the appearance of new territorial policies of urban renewal for former industrial sites in which the industrial heritage is associated with sustainable urban planning programs and citizen engagement.
The research proposes a critical examination of two programs of territorial transformation of industrial brownfields into sustainable neighborhoods in two French cities, Nantes and Saint-Ouen, by focusing on the preservation of industrial heritage within the context of sustainable urban planning policies. The two cities faced a significant population decline during the deindustrialization era but the collaboration of inhabitants, local authorities and enterprises led to urban growth while maintaining the traces of their industrial past. We must underline the originality of the research because today there aren't many researches that are doing the connection between the preservation of industrial heritage and the questions of sustainable development and citizen engagement at territorial level which could lead to new models of city planning for deindustrialized cities.   
The research is organized in two axes. The first axe examines the preservation of the historical identity of the two cities. This identity includes the architectural and social heritage which can be identified in the organization of neighborhoods where lived the industrial workers. The work of local associations either of former industrial workers or scholars interested in the industrial heritage led to a memory culture through the rehabilitation of former industrial buildings, publications and expositions regarding the working conditions and social life of former industrial workers.
The second axe examines the future of the two cities by considering that the projects of urban renewal could potentially lead to an urban growth at a more moderate pace that respects the industrial heritage of the two cities. This urban growth model is defined in the research as a combination of modern economic activities (research institutes, eco-friendly industries) and the projection and redevelopment of industrial heritage (industrial museums, guided visits of the local industrial monuments).
The research method is descriptive-analytic. The descriptive method is used in order to define memory culture and relate it to previous studies in deindustrialized cities. The analytic method is used in order to identify the reasons that led to population decline and the correlations between sustainable urban development, citizen engagement and projection and redevelopment of industrial heritage. The performed analyses included a combination of statistics techniques (diagrams of demographic evolution) and qualitative methods (interviews with local authorities, inhabitants, teams of architects and urban planners of the two projects and scholars working on the local industrial heritage).
We must interline the role of the inhabitants, the local enterprises and professional associations in the preservation of the industrial heritage of the two cities. The two case studies show us that the active involvement of the local society in the projects of urban renewal could lead to new models of architecture and city planning that focus on the needs of users while preserving the traces of the industrial past. The final conclusion of the research is that the goal of urban growth in former industrial cities could be reached by applying a sustainable urban planning model which combines modern economic policies while preserving the industrial heritage of these cities.

La croissance des villes industrielles en France est caracterisee par la forte specialisation territoriale de la production. Cette specialisation rend la dynamique demographique dependante de la dynamique economique. Le processus de desindustrialisation a ete succede par une perte d'emplois, le depart de population, la reduction de l'habiter aux fonctions existentielles et la disparition de l'urbanite. La notion de l'urbanite s'applique aux espaces, tels que les espaces industriels et les quartiers populaires autour des usines, ou la presence de l'industrie entraine de mises en reseau et de liens d'echange avec les autres quartiers de la ville. L'objectif de cette communication est de questionner l'emergence de nouvelles politiques territoriales en France dans le cadre des programmes de renouvellement urbain et des politiques publiques participatives. On peut observer que dans ce cadre les nouvelles politiques territoriales reussissent a redynamis...

L’existence et le développement des villes françaises ont souvent été déterminés par leurs activités économiques et industrielles. Alors que l’heure est à la décroissance pour beaucoup d’entre elles, le devenir des infrastructures qui leur étaient dédiées pose question. Que faire de ces sites qui subsistent à la désindustrialisation ? La conservation et la transformation de ces ensembles recouvrent de nombreux enjeux, d’ordre économique, écologique, patrimonial, politique et social.

The unexpected pandemic of Covid-19 in France by the end of January 2020 and the imposed confinement on March 17 led to a series of publications regarding the preparedness of the French government to respond to an unexpected crisis. At the same time, despite the serious socio-economic difficulties faced by the inhabitants of the large cities' suburbs, the national government and the local authorities didn't show a particular interest for these rather sensitive urban areas. The main question of the paper is to open the debate regarding the different pandemic landscapes in France by focusing on the confinement conditions of the Parisian suburbs.
Since March 17, suburbs like Seine-Saint-Denis at the north of Paris were among the urban areas where more than 80% of the inhabitants couldn't benefit from teleworking, as most of them work in grocery shops or in the municipal cleaning service. Even though the RATP, Paris public transport operator, had reduced its services by 50% during the confinement period, the metro line 13 was overcrowded as it serves the north Parisian suburbs.
Another factor showing the inequities observed in the confinement conditions is related to the type of place where the confinement took place. The Parisian suburbs are characterized by their high residential densities and the presence of social housing. The apartments in these residential buildings have limited spaces (10-20 square meters) with no access to balconies, while at the same time they lack basic hygiene spaces (the residents of certain apartments have to share a common bathroom with their neighbors).
The differences observed in the confinement conditions show the necessity to deal with socio-economic inequities at city level. National strategic plans for the revitalization of poor urban areas could act as means in order to improve the living and working conditions of those in need.