-ka

See also: ka- and Appendix:Variations of "ka"

Basque

Suffix

-ka

1. Used to form adverbs from nouns.

   ‎tarte (“gap, interval”) + ‎-ka → ‎tarteka (“intermittently”)

   1. looking for

      ‎ote (“gorse, furze”) + ‎-ka → ‎oteka (“looking for gorse”)

   2. divided in, distributed in

      ‎talde (“group”) + ‎-ka → ‎taldeka (“in groups”)

Derived terms

Basque terms suffixed with -ka

Curripaco

Suffix

-ka

1. progressive tense marker

   nuiraka : I am drinking

References

• Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Suffix

-ka f (noun-forming suffix)

1. appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name

   ‎lékař + ‎-ka → ‎lékařka

Suffix

-ka f or m anim (noun-forming suffix)

1. appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun

   ‎vlna + ‎-ka → ‎vlnka

Derived terms

Czech terms suffixed with -ka

Further reading

• -ka in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-ka, from Proto-Uralic *-ka. Originally probably an emphatic particle.

Particle

-ka (front vowel harmony variant -kä, linguistic notation -kA) (enclitic particle)

1. functionally a conjunction, suffixed to the negation verb to join two main clauses; and (not) (see eikä)

   ei → eikä

2. (non-productive) Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes

   saati → saatikka

3. (non-productive) Extends monosyllabic stems to avoid words with only a single light syllable.

   jo- → joka, ku- → kuka, mi- → mikä

Usage notes

• This particle is no longer productive.
• In some words the particle may appear as -kka; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier -hka (with a preceding -h-).

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -ka

• eikä (the most common usage of this clitic)
• -kalainen

 

Hungarian

Etymology

From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kɒ]
• Rhymes: -kɒ

Suffix

-ka

1. (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.

   ‎cukor (“sugar”) + ‎-ka → ‎cukorka (“candy”)

   ‎asztal (“table”) + ‎-ka → ‎asztalka (“small table”)

   jár (“to walk”) → járó (“walking”) → járóka (“playpen”)

Usage notes

• (diminutive suffix) Variants:

  -ka is added to back-vowel words

  -ke is added to front-vowel words

Derived terms

Hungarian diminutive adjectives suffixed with -ka

Hungarian diminutive nouns suffixed with -ka

Hungarian proper nouns suffixed with -ka

Hungarian proper noun clippings suffixed with -ka

See also

• -cska
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Ilocano

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka/

Pronoun

-ka

1. Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun; you

   Napankan? ― Did you go already?

   Estudianteka. ― You are a student.

2. Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -ko (“I, my”) and -ka (“you”)

   Ay-ayatenka. ― I love you.

   Estudianteka. ― You are my student.

See also

Ilocano personal pronouns

Person	Number	Absolutive		Ergative	Oblique	Possessive
		Disjunctive	Enclitic	Enclitic3		bági form	kukua form
First	singular	siak	-ak	-ko, -k	kaniak	bagik	kukuak, kuak
	dual	data, sita1	-ta		kaniata, kadata	bagita	kukuata
	plural inclusive	datayo, sitayo1	-tayo, -tay		kaniatayo, kadatayo	bagitayo	kukuatayo
	plural exclusive	dakami, sikami1	-kami, -kam	-mi	kaniami, kadakami	bagimi	kukuami
Second	singular	sika	-ka	-mo, -m	kaniam, kenka	bagim	kukuam
	plural	dakayo, sikayo1	-kayo, -kay	-yo	kaniayo, kadakayo	bagiyo	kukuayo
Third	singular	isu, isuna	Ø2	-na	kaniana, kenkuana	bagina	kukuana
	plural	isuda	-da		kaniada, kadakuada	bagida	kukuada
1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers.
Fused enclitics Actor Patient siak data datayo dakami sika dakayo isu5 isuda siak bagik4 — — — -ka -kayo -ko, -k -ko ida, -k ida data — bagita4 — — — — -ta -ta ida datayo — — bagitayo4 — — — -tayo -tayo ida dakami — — — bagimi4 -daka -dakayo -mi -mi ida sika -nak — — -nakami bagim4 — -mo, -m -mo ida, -m ida dakayo -dak -data — -dakami — bagiyo4 -yo -yo ida isu -nak -nata -natayo -nakami -naka -nakayo bagina4, -na -na ida isuda -dak -data -datayo -dakami -daka -dakayo -da bagida4, -da ida 4Reflexive pronouns use the bagí form. 5 isu or isuna may also be added after the enclitics in this column.

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ka. Cognates include Finnish -ka.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]

Particle

-ka (front-vowel variant -kä)

1. Used to turn a clause interrogative.
2. Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses: neither, nor, and not

Usage notes

• In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, -ka is only used after the consonant -t. Otherwise, the reduced form -k or its alternative form -ko/-kö is used.
• In the joining function, an alternative -k is (rarely) also used.

Suffix

-ka (front vowel variant -kä)

1. (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect.

   ‎Proto-Finnic *mi- + ‎-ka → ‎mikä

   ‎Proto-Finnic *ku- + ‎-ka → ‎kuka

2. (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -ka

Etymology 2

Akin to dialectal Finnish -kaa and Estonian -ga.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-kɑː/, [-kɑː]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]

Suffix

-ka (front vowel variant -kä)

1. (chiefly Ala-Laukaa) Used to form the comitative case when added to a genitive of a noun.

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 118

Japanese

Romanization

-ka

1. Rōmaji transcription of か

Kambera

Pronoun

-ka

1. first person singular accusative enclitic

Particle

-ka

1. perfective aspect enclitic

   Na-mutung-ka.

   It burned down.

See also

Kambera pronominal clitics

	Nominative	Genitive	Accusative	Dative
1sg	ku-	-nggu	-ka	-ngga
2sg	mu- (u-)	-mu	-kau	-nggau
3sg	na-	-na	-ya	-nya
1pl.incl	ta-	-nda	-ta	-nda
1pl.excl	ma-	-ma	-kama	-nggama
2pl	mi- (i-)	-mi	-kami (-kai)	-nggami (-nggai)
3pl	da-	-da	-ha	-nja

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Suffix

-ka f

1. added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
2. added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive

Derived terms

Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -ka

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /ka/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ka/

Suffix

-ka f

1. feminine noun suffix

   ‎ambroże + ‎-ka → ‎ambrożka

Derived terms

Old Polish terms suffixed with -ka

Suffix

-ka n

1. inflection of -ko:
   1. genitive singular
   2. nominative/vocative plural

Pipil

Suffix

-ka

1. Forms nouns from verbs or adjectives

Further reading

• Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.48

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish -ka, from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

Suffix

-ka f

1. feminine noun suffix

   Synonym: -na

   ‎Azjata + ‎-ka → ‎Azjatka

2. diminutive noun suffix

   ‎część + ‎-ka → ‎cząstka

Declension

Declension of -ka

	singular	plural
nominative	-ka	-ki
genitive	-ki	-ek
dative	-ce	-kom
accusative	-kę	-ki
instrumental	-ką	-kami
locative	-ce	-kach
vocative	-ko	-ki

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ka

Suffix

-ka n

1. inflection of -ko:
   1. genitive singular
   2. nominative/vocative plural

Further reading

• -ka in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Suffix

-ka (Cyrillic spelling -ка)

1. Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.

See also

• -inka
• -enka
• -ovka

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka/

Suffix

-ka

1. denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to

   Talian m (“Italian (man)”) + -ka = Talianka f (“Italian (woman)”)

2. sometimes denotes a word as a diminutive

   mucha f (“fly”) + -ka = muška f (“small fly”)

Declension

Declension of -ka

	singular	plural
nominative	-ka	-ky
genitive	-ky	-iek, -ok
dative	-ke	-kám, -kam
accusative	-ku	-ky
locative	-ke	-kách, -kach
instrumental	-kou	-kami

Derived terms

Slovak terms suffixed with -ka

Slovincian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka/

Suffix

-ka f

1. forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature

   ‎bednorz + ‎-ka → ‎bednorka

   ‎jagôda + ‎-ka → ‎jagódka

Derived terms

Slovincian terms suffixed with -ka

Somali

Article

-ka (feminine -ta)

1. The masculine definite article; the

Usage notes

• This form is used after the consonants -b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and -sh.
• After words ending in -g, -aa, -i, -y and -w, the form -ga is used.

References

• Puglielli, Annarita, Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012) “ka”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga‎^[1], Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN

Swahili

Suffix

-ka

1. Alternative form of -ika used in some verbs ending in -ia, in all verbs ending in -e, in conversive verbs ending in -oa, or -ua, in all words ending in -i, and in nouns and adjectives ending in -u

   ‎-sikia (“to hear”) + ‎-ka → ‎-sikika (“to audible”)

   ‎-fungua (“to open”) + ‎-ka → ‎-funguka (“to be opened”)

   ‎shughuli (“occupation, trade”) + ‎-ka → ‎-shughulika (“to be busy”)

Derived terms

• Swahili causative verbs

Upper Sorbian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Suffix

-ka

1. added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
2. added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive

Derived terms

Upper Sorbian terms suffixed with -ka

Votic

Etymology

From kaaz, kaa. Compare Estonian -ga, Ingrian -ka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-kɑː/
• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): [-kɑ]

Suffix

-ka

1. Forms the comitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms.

Usage notes

This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies

ALIV	-ka
Brazilian standard	-ka
New Tribes	-ca

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-ka]

Etymology 1

Cognate to Kari'na ka (“to take away, to deprive of”, verb), Trió -ka (privative verbalizer).

Alternative forms

• -kkwa (allomorphs)

Suffix

-ka

2. forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex-

Usage notes

This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Ye'kwana. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become -kkwa.

Derived terms

Ye'kwana terms suffixed with -ka

Etymology 2

From Proto-Cariban *-ka (suffix forming allative postpositions).

Suffix

-ka

2. forms allative or locative postpositions: to, at

Derived terms

Ye'kwana terms suffixed with -ka (allative)

Etymology 3

Suffix

-ka

1. allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-ka”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[2], Lyon, page 148
• Douglas, Jordan A. G. (2019) A Formal and Semantic Reconstruction of Cariban Postpositions, page 34–36