-ma

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ma"

Azerbaijani

Etymology 1

Suffix

preceding vowel
A / I / O / U	E / Ə / İ / Ö / Ü
-ma	-mə

-ma

1. Form of -mə after the vowels A / I / O / U.

Etymology 2

Suffix

preceding vowel
A / I / O / U	E / Ə / İ / Ö / Ü
-ma	-mə

-ma

1. Form of -mə after the vowels A / I / O / U.

Bambara

Suffix

-ma

1. particle indicating a link between two people

Derived terms

• filanima (“twin”)
• sinama (“co-wife”)
• terima (“friend”)
• tɔgɔma (“homonym”)

Suffix

-ma

1. particle creating adjectives from common nouns

Derived terms

• sukaroma (“sweet”)
• kɔgɔma (“salty”)
• nɔnɔma (“with milk”)
• cɛma (“male”)
• musoma (“female”)

Choctaw

Suffix

-ma

1. (demonstrative) that, those

See also

• -pa (“this”)

Dutch

Suffix

-ma

1. occurring in Dutch surnames of Frisian origin, ma is probably a shortened form of the old Frisian genitive plural -monna, 'the men's'. After this suffix had fallen into disuse in the Frisian language, it came to be considered as a suffix to form family names

Estonian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ma. Cognate with Finnish -ma.

Suffix

-ma (da-infinitive -ta)

1. Forms verbs from nouns.

Inflection

Conjugation of -ma (ÕS type 29/hüppama, no gradation)

indicative
present			perfect
person	positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.	-an	ei -a	1st sing.	olen -anud	ei ole -anud pole -anud
2nd sing.	-ad		2nd sing.	oled -anud
3rd sing.	-ab		3rd sing.	on -anud
1st plur.	-ame		1st plur.	oleme -anud
2nd plur.	-ate		2nd plur.	olete -anud
3rd plur.	-avad		3rd plur.	on -anud
impersonal	-atakse	ei -ata	impersonal	on -atud	ei ole -atud pole -atud
past			pluperfect
person	positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.	-asin	ei -anud	1st sing.	olin -anud	ei olnud -anud polnud -anud
2nd sing.	-asid		2nd sing.	olid -anud
3rd sing.	-as		3rd sing.	oli -anud
1st plur.	-asime		1st plur.	olime -anud
2nd plur.	-asite		2nd plur.	olite -anud
3rd plur.	-asid		3rd plur.	oli -anud
impersonal	-ati	ei -atud	impersonal	oli -atud	ei olnud -atud polnud -atud
conditional
present			perfect
person	positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.	-aksin	ei -aks	1st sing.	-anuksin oleksin -anud	ei -anuks ei oleks -anud poleks -anud
2nd sing.	-aksid		2nd sing.	-anuksid oleksid -anud
3rd sing.	-aks		3rd sing.	-anuks oleks -anud
1st plur.	-aksime		1st plur.	-anuksime oleksime -anud
2nd plur.	-aksite		2nd plur.	-anuksite oleksite -anud
3rd plur.	-aksid		3rd plur.	-anuksid oleksid -anud
impersonal	-ataks	ei -ataks	impersonal	oleks -atud	ei oleks -atud poleks -atud
imperative
present			perfect
person	positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.	—	—	1st sing.	—	—
2nd sing.	-a	ära -a	2nd sing.	ole -anud	ära ole -anud
3rd sing.	-aku	ärgu -aku	3rd sing.	olgu -anud	ärgu olgu -anud
1st plur.	-akem	ärme -ame ärme -a ärgem -akem	1st plur.	olgem -anud	ärme oleme -anud ärme ole -anud ärgem olgem -anud
2nd plur.	-ake	ärge -ake	2nd plur.	olge -anud	ärge olge -anud
3rd plur.	-aku	ärgu -aku	3rd plur.	olgu -anud	ärgu olgu -anud
impersonal	-atagu	ärgu -atagu	impersonal	olgu -atud	ärgu olgu -atud
quotative
present			perfect
voice	positive	negative	voice	positive	negative
active	-avat	ei -avat	active	olevat -anud	ei olevat -anud polevat -anud
passive	-atavat	ei -atavat	passive	olevat -atud	ei olevat -atud polevat -atud
Nominal forms
ma-infinitive	active	passive	da-infinitive	present	past
nominative	-ama	-atama	nominative	-ata	olla -anud
illative		—	inessive	-ates	olles -anud
inessive	-amas		participle	active	passive
elative	-amast		present	-av	-atav
translative	-amaks		past	-anud	-atud
abessive	-amata		negative	-amatu	—

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -ma

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-ma. Cognate with Finnish -ma.

Suffix

-ma

1. The suffix of the ma-infinitive, which is the lemma form of a verb.

Finnish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ma, from Proto-Uralic *-ma (compare Moksha -ма (-ma) in эряма (eŕama, “life”), кулома (kuloma, “death”)).

Suffix

-ma (front vowel harmony variant -mä, linguistic notation -mA)

1. Forms action/result nouns from verbs.

   ‎elää (“to live”) + ‎-ma → ‎elämä (“life”)

   ‎kuolla (“to die”) + ‎-ma → ‎kuolema (“death”)

   ‎osua (“to hit”) + ‎-ma → ‎osuma (“hit”)

   ‎sattua (“to take place”) + ‎-ma → ‎sattuma (“chance”)

   ‎tapahtua (“to happen”) + ‎-ma → ‎tapahtuma (“event”)

2. (unproductive) Forms some diminutive nouns.
3. Used to form the combining form of some verbs.

   ‎uida (“to swim”) + ‎-ma → ‎uima-

Inflection

Inflection of -ma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		-ma	-mat
genitive		-man	-mien
partitive		-maa	-mia
illative		-maan	-miin
		singular	plural
nominative		-ma	-mat
accusative	nom.	-ma	-mat
	gen.	-man
genitive		-man	-mien -main rare
partitive		-maa	-mia
inessive		-massa	-missa
elative		-masta	-mista
illative		-maan	-miin
adessive		-malla	-milla
ablative		-malta	-milta
allative		-malle	-mille
essive		-mana	-mina
translative		-maksi	-miksi
abessive		-matta	-mitta
instructive		—	-min
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -ma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -mani -mani accusative nom. -mani -mani gen. -mani genitive -mani -mieni -maini rare partitive -maani -miani inessive -massani -missani elative -mastani -mistani illative -maani -miini adessive -mallani -millani ablative -maltani -miltani allative -malleni -milleni essive -manani -minani translative -makseni -mikseni abessive -mattani -mittani instructive — — comitative — -mineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -masi -masi accusative nom. -masi -masi gen. -masi genitive -masi -miesi -maisi rare partitive -maasi -miasi inessive -massasi -missasi elative -mastasi -mistasi illative -maasi -miisi adessive -mallasi -millasi ablative -maltasi -miltasi allative -mallesi -millesi essive -manasi -minasi translative -maksesi -miksesi abessive -mattasi -mittasi instructive — — comitative — -minesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -mamme -mamme accusative nom. -mamme -mamme gen. -mamme genitive -mamme -miemme -maimme rare partitive -maamme -miamme inessive -massamme -missamme elative -mastamme -mistamme illative -maamme -miimme adessive -mallamme -millamme ablative -maltamme -miltamme allative -mallemme -millemme essive -manamme -minamme translative -maksemme -miksemme abessive -mattamme -mittamme instructive — — comitative — -minemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -manne -manne accusative nom. -manne -manne gen. -manne genitive -manne -mienne -mainne rare partitive -maanne -mianne inessive -massanne -missanne elative -mastanne -mistanne illative -maanne -miinne adessive -mallanne -millanne ablative -maltanne -miltanne allative -mallenne -millenne essive -mananne -minanne translative -maksenne -miksenne abessive -mattanne -mittanne instructive — — comitative — -minenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -mansa -mansa accusative nom. -mansa -mansa gen. -mansa genitive -mansa -miensa -mainsa rare partitive -maansa -miaan -miansa inessive -massaan -massansa -missaan -missansa elative -mastaan -mastansa -mistaan -mistansa illative -maansa -miinsa adessive -mallaan -mallansa -millaan -millansa ablative -maltaan -maltansa -miltaan -miltansa allative -malleen -mallensa -milleen -millensa essive -manaan -manansa -minaan -minansa translative -makseen -maksensa -mikseen -miksensa abessive -mattaan -mattansa -mittaan -mittansa instructive — — comitative — -mineen -minensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -ma (nominal)

• -maton
• -minen
• -mo
• -mus

 

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-ma, from Proto-Uralic *-ma.

Suffix

-ma (front vowel harmony variant -mä, linguistic notation -mA)

2. The suffix of the agent participle.

   ‎ajaa (“to drive”) + ‎-ma → ‎ajama (“driven by”)

   miehen ajama auto — car driven by the man

4. The third infinitive suffix; not used on its own, and always receives one of a number of case endings.

Inflection

Inflection of -ma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		-ma	-mat
genitive		-man	-mien
partitive		-maa	-mia
illative		-maan	-miin
		singular	plural
nominative		-ma	-mat
accusative	nom.	-ma	-mat
	gen.	-man
genitive		-man	-mien -main rare
partitive		-maa	-mia
inessive		-massa	-missa
elative		-masta	-mista
illative		-maan	-miin
adessive		-malla	-milla
ablative		-malta	-milta
allative		-malle	-mille
essive		-mana	-mina
translative		-maksi	-miksi
abessive		-matta	-mitta
instructive		—	-min
comitative		—	-mine

Possessive forms of -ma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -mani -mani accusative nom. -mani -mani gen. -mani genitive -mani -mieni -maini rare partitive -maani -miani inessive -massani -missani elative -mastani -mistani illative -maani -miini adessive -mallani -millani ablative -maltani -miltani allative -malleni -milleni essive -manani -minani translative -makseni -mikseni abessive -mattani -mittani instructive — — comitative — -mineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -masi -masi accusative nom. -masi -masi gen. -masi genitive -masi -miesi -maisi rare partitive -maasi -miasi inessive -massasi -missasi elative -mastasi -mistasi illative -maasi -miisi adessive -mallasi -millasi ablative -maltasi -miltasi allative -mallesi -millesi essive -manasi -minasi translative -maksesi -miksesi abessive -mattasi -mittasi instructive — — comitative — -minesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -mamme -mamme accusative nom. -mamme -mamme gen. -mamme genitive -mamme -miemme -maimme rare partitive -maamme -miamme inessive -massamme -missamme elative -mastamme -mistamme illative -maamme -miimme adessive -mallamme -millamme ablative -maltamme -miltamme allative -mallemme -millemme essive -manamme -minamme translative -maksemme -miksemme abessive -mattamme -mittamme instructive — — comitative — -minemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -manne -manne accusative nom. -manne -manne gen. -manne genitive -manne -mienne -mainne rare partitive -maanne -mianne inessive -massanne -missanne elative -mastanne -mistanne illative -maanne -miinne adessive -mallanne -millanne ablative -maltanne -miltanne allative -mallenne -millenne essive -mananne -minanne translative -maksenne -miksenne abessive -mattanne -mittanne instructive — — comitative — -minenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -mansa -mansa accusative nom. -mansa -mansa gen. -mansa genitive -mansa -miensa -mainsa rare partitive -maansa -miaan -miansa inessive -massaan -massansa -missaan -missansa elative -mastaan -mastansa -mistaan -mistansa illative -maansa -miinsa adessive -mallaan -mallansa -millaan -millansa ablative -maltaan -maltansa -miltaan -miltansa allative -malleen -mallensa -milleen -millensa essive -manaan -manansa -minaan -minansa translative -makseen -maksensa -mikseen -miksensa abessive -mattaan -mattansa -mittaan -mittansa instructive — — comitative — -mineen -minensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -ma (participial)

Garo

Etymology

Might be somewhat related to Chinese 嗎／吗. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Suffix

-ma

1. Final particle which turns the sentence into a polar question.

Hungarian

Etymology

Created during the Hungarian language reform, which took place in the 18th–19th centuries.. The neologists formed new words with it after artificially deducing it from words ending in -ma/-me.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [mɒ]

Suffix

-ma

1. (noun-forming suffix, rare) Added to a word to form a noun. No longer productive.

   ‎játszik (“to play”) + ‎-ma → ‎játszma (“game, match”)

Usage notes

• (noun-forming suffix) Variants:

  -ma is added to back-vowel words

  -me is added to front-vowel words

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	-ma	-mák
accusative	-mát	-mákat
dative	-mának	-máknak
instrumental	-mával	-mákkal
causal-final	-máért	-mákért
translative	-mává	-mákká
terminative	-máig	-mákig
essive-formal	-maként	-mákként
essive-modal	-mául	-mákul
inessive	-mában	-mákban
superessive	-mán	-mákon
adessive	-mánál	-máknál
illative	-mába	-mákba
sublative	-mára	-mákra
allative	-mához	-mákhoz
elative	-mából	-mákból
delative	-máról	-mákról
ablative	-mától	-máktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	-máé	-máké
non-attributive possessive - plural	-máéi	-mákéi

Possessive forms of -ma
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	-mám	-máim
2nd person sing.	-mád	-máid
3rd person sing.	-mája	-mái
1st person plural	-mánk	-máink
2nd person plural	-mátok	-máitok
3rd person plural	-májuk	-máik

Derived terms

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -ma

See also

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-ma. Cognates include Finnish -ma and Estonian -m.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-mɑ/, [-mɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-mɑ/, [-mɑ]

Suffix

-ma (front vowel variant -mä)

1. Used to form result nouns from verbs.

   ‎vettää (“to pull”) + ‎-ma → ‎vetämä (“cartload”)

Declension

Declension of -ma (type 3/koira, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	-ma	-mat
genitive	-man	-mmiin
partitive	-mmaa	-mmia
illative	-mmaa	-mmii
inessive	-mas	-mis
elative	-mast	-mist
allative	-malle	-mille
adessive	-mal	-mil
ablative	-malt	-milt
translative	-maks	-miks
essive	-manna, -mmaan	-minna, -mmiin
exessive1)	-mant	-mint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -ma

Kambera

Pronoun

-ma

1. first person plural exclusive genitive enclitic

See also

Kambera pronominal clitics

	Nominative	Genitive	Accusative	Dative
1sg	ku-	-nggu	-ka	-ngga
2sg	mu- (u-)	-mu	-kau	-nggau
3sg	na-	-na	-ya	-nya
1pl.incl	ta-	-nda	-ta	-nda
1pl.excl	ma-	-ma	-kama	-nggama
2pl	mi- (i-)	-mi	-kami (-kai)	-nggami (-nggai)
3pl	da-	-da	-ha	-nja

Kari'na

Etymology

From Proto-Cariban *-ma; cognate to Apalaí -ma, Trió -ma, Wayana -ma, Waiwai -ma, Akawaio -ma, Macushi -ma, Pemon -ma, Ye'kwana -ma. Likely also ultimately related to the postposition me (“functioning as”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-ma]

Suffix

-ma

1. Forms transitive verbs from nouns and adverbs, with no single clear meaning common to these derivations, but often ‘to cause to become or gain the qualities of’.
2. Forms transitive verbs from loanwords.

Derived terms

Kari'na terms suffixed with -ma

References

• Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary‎^[1], Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, pages 133–134, 311
• Yamada, Racquel-María (2010) “-ma”, in Speech community-based documentation, description, and revitalization: Kari’nja in Konomerume‎^[2], University of Oregon, page 767

Laboya

Pronoun

-ma

1. first person plural exclusive subject enclitic
2. first person plural exclusive possessive enclitic

See also

Laboya pronominal clitics

	Subject	Subject/Possessive	Object
Person
1sg	gu-	-gu	-ga
2sg	mu-	-mu	-gu
3sg	na-	-na	-ni
1pl.incl	da-	-da	-da
1pl.excl	ma-	-ma	-gama
2pl	mi-	-mi	-gimi
3pl	ɗa-	-ɗa	-di

Latvian

Alternative forms

• -me
• -sme

Suffix

-ma

1. Added to adjectives (sometimes to nouns) to form abstract nouns, especially those referring to the state or property that corresponds to the original adjective (like, e.g., Eng. -ity).

Derived terms

Latvian terms suffixed with -ma

Murui Huitoto

Etymology

Cognates include Minica Huitoto -ma and Nüpode Huitoto -ma.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-ma]

Classifier

-ma

1. Classifier for masculine animate nouns.

Coordinate terms

• -ño

Derived terms

Murui Huitoto terms suffixed with -ma

Related terms

• -mɨe

References

• Shirley Burtch (1983) Diccionario Huitoto Murui (Tomo I) (Linguistica Peruana No. 20)‎^[3] (in Spanish), Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, page 170
• Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎^[4], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 207

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• -ma (Latin script)
• & (Brahmi script)
• & (Devanagari script)
• & (Bengali script)
• -ම (Sinhalese script)
• & (Burmese script)
• & or & (Thai script)
• & (Tai Tham script)
• & or & (Lao script)
• & (Khmer script)
• & (Chakma script)

Suffix

-ma

1. masculine/neuter vocative singular of -mant

Turkish

Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish ـما (-ma).

Suffix

-ma

1. Form of -me (negates verbs) after the vowels A / I / O / U.

   Artık senin için ağlamayacağım.

   I won't weep for you any more.

Etymology 2

From Ottoman Turkish ـمه (-ma).

Suffix

-ma

1. Form of -me (forms verbal nouns) after the vowels A / I / O / U.

   Unutulmayı hiç sevmem.

   I really don't like to be forgotten.

Warlpiri

Suffix

-ma

1. causative suffix; to cause to do (the resulting verb is a ni-class verb)

Ye'kwana

Etymology

From Proto-Cariban *-ma; cognate to Apalaí -ma, Kari'na -ma, Trió -ma, Wayana -ma, Waiwai -ma, Akawaio -ma, Macushi -ma, Pemon -ma.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-ma]

Suffix

-ma

1. Forms transitive verbs from nouns and adverbs, with no single clear meaning common to these derivations.

Usage notes

Derivations with this suffix are often not transparent, with various changes being found in the stem. Quite likely such derivations are old and this suffix has long since stopped being productive.

Derived terms

Ye'kwana terms suffixed with -ma

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-ma”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[5], Lyon, page 148