Renford Brambrough, Proof, w: :] R. Shafer-Landau (ed.), Ethical Theory.

An Anthology, Balckwell 2007,

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PROOF
Renford Brambrough #!0"]

$. $$.

%em &'ng (ce &'c'(m

)kroc*en'e f'lo*ofa do d+(ku(,' wno(' gro-b. f'lo*. (ce &+c+*mu, k& (&anow' dla/ oku(..

0efen(e of common (en(e (argumen& 1oore2a ' analogiczny argument autora)

a. 0w'e r.ce ' '(&n'en'e 3w'a&a.
1oore2a argumen& *a '(&n'en'em *ewn.&r*nego 3w'a&a olega4 o ro(&u na odn'e('en'u r5k ' (&w'erd*en'u #(a+'ng]: o&o dw'e r.ce6 *a&em '(&n'e,5 r*+na,mn'e, dwa ma&er'alne #!07] r*edm'o&+. %en (5d ,e(& &ak ewn+, 8e n'e '(&n'e,e 8aden 'nn+ (5d &emu r*ec'wn+, na &+le ('ln+, 8e m9g4b+ (k4on': na( do *w5& 'en'a w rawd*'wo3: 'erw(*ego (5du. ;e3l' ,ak'3 f'lo*of argumen&u,e, 8e n'e w'em, '8 mam dw'e r.ce, &o: - albo r*+na,m. ,edna * r*e(4anek #<,ego] argum. ,e(& fa4(*+wa - albo ma m'e,(ce b45d w ro*umowan'u, *a omoc5 k& dochod*' on *e (wo'ch r*e(4anek do konkl. (8e n'e w'em, '8 mam dw'e r.ce). 1oore m9w' rac*e, o w'ed*+, r*ekona/ ora* rawd+ ' fa4(*u n'8 o ,.*+ku, w k& w+ra8am+ (wo,e *droworo*(5dkowe &w'erd*en'a ' ,.*+ku, w k&9r+m (w9, a&ak r*+ u(*c*a (ce &+k c*+ me&af'*+k, ale ,ego wn'o(k' (5 odobne do &+ch, ,ak'e ro onu,e f'lo*of ,.*+ka, k& u,mu,e (&anow'(ko (ce &+ka ,ako ode,3c'e od ow(*echnego ,.*+ka #common language]. =g. * &+m ( o(&r*e8en'em, (ce &+k u8+wa (49w w 'nn+ #unu(ual -n'e*w+c*a,n+] ( o(9b > u8+wa (4owa ?w'ed*a2 &ak odm'enn'e od *w+c*a,owego ro*um'en'a, 8e ,ego &w'erd*en'e wcale n'e ,e(& w ( r*ec*no3c' * na(*+m &w'erd*en'em, '8 w'em+ co3 na &ema& *ewn.&r*nego 3w'a&a. 1oore b'er*e (4owa (ce &+ka l'&eraln'e ' w+ka*u,e 'ch fa4(*, *a3 f'lo*of ,.*+ka u*na,5c, 8e (koro l'&eraln'e odc*+&an+ (ce &+k w+ ow'ada fa4(* (' ,ako 'n&el'gen&n+ c*4 (ce &+k mu(' b+: &ego 3w'adom), &o (ce &+k * ewno3c'5 n'e w+ ow'ada ('. w ro(& (l'&eraln'e). =ar9wno 1oore ,ak ' f'lo*of ,.*+ka &w'erd*5, 8e =@A1B ewne &w'erd*en'a o 3w'ec'e *ewn.&r*n+m w (en('e L$%CRAL@B1 (&ak'm, k&9r+ w'58e ,e * *drow+m ro*(5dk'em ' o&oc*n+m u8+c'em ,.*+ka).

b. )( arc'e (&anow'(ka 1oore2a *e (&ron+ f'lo*ofa ,.*+ka (l'ngu'(&'c h'lo(o her)

c. )'elu w( 94c*e(n+ch f'lo*of9w, o ada,5c w ( r*ec*no3:, akce &u,e dow9d 1oore2a na '(&n'en'e 3w'a&a *ew., ale n'e *gad*a ('., 8e mam+ w'ed*. moraln5.
%o ,e(& na,wa8n'e,(*+ fragmen& &ego ar&+ku4uII r*ec'e8, *dan'em au&ora, ,e3l' u*nam+ argumen& 1oora *a konklu*+wn+ w kwe(&'' '(&n'en'a *ew. 3w'a&a, &o mo8em+ &e8 o r*e* analog'. #by parity of reasoning] oka*a:, 8e o('adam+ w'ed*. moraln5. S&w'erd*am D8e &o o&o d*'ecko, k&9re w4a3n'e ma r*e,3: bole(n5 o erac,., w'nno b+: oddane *n'ec*ulen'uE =a&em *nam+ rawd*'wo3: r*+na,mn'e, ,ednego &w'erd*en'a moralnego Fadne &w'erd*en'e, k&9re mog4ob+ *o(&a: u*nane ,ako ow9d do *w5& 'en'a w rawd*'wo3: &w'erd*en'a ow+8e, (8e d*'ecko ow'nno ...) n'e mo8e b+: r9wn'e ewn+ #more cer&a'nl+ &rue] n'8 (amo &o &w'erd*en'e ow+8e,. ;e3l' ,ak'3 f'lo*of argumen&u,e r*ec'wko mo8l'wo3c' w'ed*+, 8e d*'ecko w'nno ..., &o mo8em+ b+: ewn', 8e: - albo r*+na,m. ,edna * r*e(4anek ,ego argumen&u ,e(& fa4(*+wa6 - albo w ,ego ro*umow. )+(&. . b45d, * k& owodu *e (wo'ch r*e(4. w+c'5ga fa4(*. wn'o(ek, 8e n'e w'em, c*+ d*'ecko w'nno ... Godobn'e ,ak 1oore (w r*+ adku argumen&u *a '(&n'en'em *ewn.&r*nego 3w'a&a) ,a r9wn'e8 dowod*5c, 8e mam+ w'ed*. moraln5, bron'. *drowego ro*(5dku.

d. Analogiczny argument za wiedz moraln (autorstwa Brambrough):

e. ;e8el' akce &u,em+ argumen& 1oore2a, w'nn'3m+ akce &owa: ' &en argumen& ('nac*e, o adam+ w s rzeczno!").
) r*+ adku r*ekonan'a o '(&n'en'u 3w. *ew. u*na,5, 8e ogran'c*a,5 ('. do &w'erd*. w ramach *drow. ro*(5dku, ' u*na,5 (*acunek dla *drowego ro*(5dku *a *a(ad. u*a(adn., &+mc*a(em #!0H], gd+ m9w'5 o moralno3c', n'e &+lko n'e oda,5

Renford Brambrough, Proof, w: :] R. Shafer-Landau (ed.), Ethical Theory. An Anthology, Balckwell 2007,

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8adn+ch rac,', dla k& m'el'b+ ,u8 n'e &r*+ma: ('. #re( ec&] *drowego ro*(5dku, ale wr.c* *ak4ada,5, 8e nadal oka*u,5 &en (am (*acunek dla *drw. ro*(5d. =drow+ ro*(5dek #=R] &o ogl5d, 8e w'em+ krad*'e8 ,e(& *4a, do&r*+m+w. ob'e&n'c ,e(& (4u(*ne, be*'n&ere(owno3: #un(elf'(hne((] ,e(& dobra, okruc'e/(&wo *4e '&d. ) ,.*+ku o&oc*n+m (w kon&ek(&ach moraln+ch ,ak ' o*amoraln+ch) m9w'm+ o: m+3len'u, *a(&anaw'an'u ('., +&an'u, r*ekonan'ach #bel'ef(], o 'n'ach, r*e3w'adc*en'ach #conJ'c&'on(], d+lema&ach, roblemach, ro*w'5*an'ach, kon(&ernac,' # er leK'&+], konfu*,', ( 9,no3c' ' n'e( 9,no3c', b4.dach ' om+4kach, nauc*an'u, uc*en'u ('., &ren'ngu, oka*+wan'u, dowod*en'u, ro* o*nawan'u, dochod*en'u do *ro*um'en'aL do,r*en'a #com'ng &o (ee]. M'lo*of, k& bron' =R (w kon&ek3c'e m9w'en'a o 3w'ec'e *ewn.&r*n+), ,e3l' chce un'kn5: *ar*u&u n'e( 9,no3c', mu(': - albo bron': &ak8e =R w kon&ek3c'e m9w'en'a o moralno3c' (8e mam+ w'ed*. moraln5). - Albo u*a(ad., why w ,edn+m kon&ek3c'e bron' =R, a w 'nn+m n'e 1oore n'e oc*ek'wa4, 8e (ce &+k b.d*'e r*ekonan+, odobn'e au&or n'e oc*ek., 8e moral. (ce &+k (a nawe& k&o3, k&o n'e ,e(& moral. (ce &+k'em) b.d*'e r*ekonan+ 0o&. &o &+ch, k& odr*uc. =R (c*a(em nawe& n'e *da,5c (ob'e ( raw+, 8e odr*uca,5 =R Anal'*u,5c argumen&+ ( on'8e,) r*ec'wko *droworo*(5dkow+ o '( #accoun&] w'ed*+ moralne,, w'nn'3m+ b+: w (&an'e do,r*e:, c*+ argumen&+ &e (5 w do(&a&ec*n+m (&o n'u odobne do argumen&9w r*ec'w =R o '(ow' #accoun&] w'ed*+ o *ew. 3w'ec'e > ab+ w &en ( o(9b od&r*+ma: na(* *ar*u& n'e( 9,no3c' f'lo*of9w r*+,mu,5c+ch =R w ,edne, d*'ed*'n'e (w'ed*a o '(&n'en'u *ew. 3w.) a odr*uca,5c+ w drug'e, (w'ed*a moralna).

f.

Ndr*ucen'e =R ko/c*+ d+(ku(,.

Nc*+w'3c'e, *dan'em au&ora ,e(& mo8l'wa &ak8e &aka (+&uac,a, 8e k&o3 odr*uca *drow+ ro*(5dek w kon&ek3c'e w'ed*+ o '(&n'en'u *ew. 3w'a&a, a r*+,mu,e *droworo*(5dkowe ro*um'en'e #accoun&] w'ed*+ moralne,.

$$$.

Nb,ec&'on(: 1. Spory moralne [disagrement s! bard"ie# ro"pr"estr"enione, bard"ie# rady$alne i nie%s%walne [persistent ni& spory dotyc"!ce fa$t'w [matters of facts .
a. %o n'e rawda: #!0O] w'da: &o w+ra-n'e, k'ed+ dokonam+ or9wnan'a D&ego co or9wn+walneE: - @'e nale8+ or9wn+wa: *god+ co do '(&n'en'a &e, o&o (*klank' *e ( orem co do kar+ 3m'erc', aborc,', kon&rol' narod*'n, c*+ ro*bro,en'a nuklearnego6 - %5 (am5 me&od5 mogl'b+3m+ or9wna: og9ln5 *god., co do &ego, 8e d*'ecku nale8+ ('. *n'ec*ulen'e, * deba&5 om'.d*+ ko(mologam' na &ema& 'n&er re&ac,' ewn+ch ob(erwac,' rad'oa(&ronom'c*n+ch. ;e3l' moraln+ (ce &+k na omkn'e co3 o chr*e3c',a/(k'e, nauce, om+3lm+ w od ow'ed*' o S&owar*+(*en'u G4a(k'e, ='em') @awe& ,e3l' b+4ab+ &o rawda (gd+b+ n'e*goda w kwe(&'ach moraln+ch b+4a bard'e, o(&ra ' n'eu(uwalna), n'e m'a4ob+ &o *nac*en'a #'rrelewan&], n'e w+n'ka4ob+ * &ego, 8e w'ed*a moralna ,e(& n'emo8l'wa. =aw(*e o*o(&a,e &aka mo8l'wo3:, 8e ,edna (&rona ( oru ma rac,., a druga ('. m+l' (Pal'leu(* m'a4 rac,. #...], b'(ku ' ('. m+l'l'6 odobn'e ,ak )'lberforce, k'ed+ gan'4 w4a3c'c'el' n'ewoln'k9w). Go*a &+m (co wa8n'e,(*e &u&a,) om'.d*+ fak&em (oc,olog'c*n+m (lub (+cholog'c*n+m) braku *god+ co do kwe(&'' moraln+ch, a kwe(&'5 ob'ek&+wno3c' doc'eka/ #<moraln+ch] n'e ma #<log'c*nego] r*e,3c'a #bear'ng]6 Pd+b+ b+4o, w9wc*a( ob'ek&+wna rawda mu('a4ab+ *ale8e: od *dolno3c' er(wa*,'.

b.

(. )as"e opinie moralne s! %war%n$owane pr"e" nas"e *rodowis$o i wychowanie.

a. b. %en argumen& (odwo4u,e ('. r*ec'e8 do r98n'c ob+c*a,9w ' ogl5d9w) ,e(& w4a3c'w'e u(*c*eg94ow'on5 wer(,5 o r*edn'ego argumen&u * n'e*god+ =auwa8m+ ,ednak, 8e ewne lem'ona (Qo&en&oc', Gol'ne*+,c*+c+) ma,5 &e8 ca4k'em odm'enne n'8 m+ r*ekonan'a co do ma&er'alnego 3w'a&a, &o ,ednak n'e (k4an'a na( do &w'erd*en'a, 8e nauka #(c'ence] ,e(& c*+m3 (ub'ek&+wn+m.

Renford Brambrough, Proof, w: :] R. Shafer-Landau (ed.), Ethical Theory. An Anthology, Balckwell 2007,

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c.

Gr*eanal'*u,m+ c*&er+ ulub'one (ce &+k9w moraln+ch r*+k4ad+ r98n'c kul&urow+ch: (!) Qerodo& > gr*eban'eL alen'e *mar4+ch - Gewne lem'. w $m er'um Ger(k'm gr*eba4o (wo'ch *mar4+ch, uwa8a,5c alen'e c'a4 *mar4+ch *a barbar*+/(&wo, odc*a( gd+ 'nne al5c (wo'ch *mar4+ch *a barbar*+/(&wo uwa8a4o 'ch gr*eban'e. - =dan'em au&ora o(&. moraln+ w &e, d*'ed*'n'e olega4 na do(&r*e8en'u, 8e &o n'e '(&o&ne c*+ ('. al', c*+ gr*eb'e *mar4+ch, n'e ,e(& &o bow'em kwe(&'a ,ak'ego3 u(&alonego, un'wer(alnego (&andardu be* w*gl.du na m'e,(ce ' c*a(. (2) Gol'gam'aLmonogam'a - S+&uac,a ,e(& analog'c*na - ) ( o4ec*e/(&wach, gd*'e m.8c*+*n ,e(& bard*o ma4o, mo8e oka*a: ('. (&o(own+m co3, co n'e mo8e m'e: m'e,(ca &am, gd*'e l'c*ba m.8c*+*n ' kob'e& ,e(& mn'e, w'.ce, r9wna. #!07] (") Rrad*'e8 - ) ewn+ch ( o4ec*e/(&wach n'e o&. 'a ('. &ego, co m+ na*wal'b+3m+ krad*'e85, ka8d+ mo8e (ob'e we,3: do domu ka8dego ' w*'5: cokolw'ek m9g4b+ o&r*ebowa: (C(k'mo(') - Au&or uwa8a, 8e mo8na do(konale ro*um'e: (' n'e kr+&+kowa:) ow+8(*e rak&+k', ,ednoc*e3n'e nadal uwa8a,5c, *e B'll S+ke( b+4 4o&rem ' (*u,5. @'e o*nac*a &o, 8e m+ kr+&+ku,em+ ?krad*'e82 a C(k'mo(' ,5 akce &u,5, ale ,edn'e, 8e 'ch okol'c*no3c' 8+c'a (5 &ak odm'enne, 8e w+maga,5 'nnego ode,3c'a ...#new con('dera&'on, new ,udgemen&], &ak'ego, 8e w 'ch (+&uac,' krad*'e8 #<,a ,u8 n'e na*wa4b+m &ego krad*'e85] ,e(& c*+m3 n'ew'nn+m, b5d- brak &am w4a(no3c' r+wa&ne,, r*e* co krad*'e8 (&a4a ('. n'emo8l'wa. (7) Gor*ucan'e (&arc9w - ,e3l' we-m'em+ od uwag., 8e warunk' 8+c'a ewn+ch lud9w (nomad*', a(&er*e) mog4+ b+: &ak (urowe, 8e * owodu n'emo8no3c' do&r*+man'a kroku (n . w r*e rowad*ce do now+ch a(&w'(k) mog4o gro*': g4odem ca4ego lem'en'a, nara8an'u d*'ec' ' o(wo,on+ch *w'er*5& na a&ak' dra 'e8n'k9w, &.,. cen5 omoc+ mog4o b+: w+g'n'.c'e ca4ego lem'en'a > rak&+k' &e (&a,5 ('. bard*'e, *ro*um'a4e.

+. ,dy m'wi-, &e co* #est dobre l%b ".e /s.%s"ne l%b nies.%s"ne0 opowiadam si- "a c"ym* /commit myself0, i ods.aniam co* " mo#e# postawy i %c"%1.
a. b. c. %o (amo *dan'em au&ora mo8na ow'ed*'e: o w+ra8an'u r*ekona/ na &ema& barw, k(*&a4&9w '& . > w+ ow'ada,5c ,e, o ow'adam+ ('. *a n'm'. Cmo&+w'(&a (' 'm era&'w'(&a) c*a(am' *a om'na,5 o ro*r98n'en'u om'.d*+ &+m co m9w'm+ (lub mam+ na m+3l') o r*e* dan5 form. ek( re(,', a &+m co &a w+ ow'ed- mo8e 'm l'kowa: b5d- (ugerowa:. %ak'e (amo ro*r98n'en'e mo8na *ar+(owa: odno3n'e na(*+ch o*a-moraln+ch r*ekona/ # ro o('&'on(] ;e3l' m9w'. D&o ,e(& dobre ale ,a &ego n'e a robu,.E, &o *achowu,. ('. d*'wn'e (&aka o(&awa domaga ('. w+,a3n'en'a) R9wn'e d*'wac*n'e *achow+wa4b+m ('. gd+b+m ow'ed*'a4 D&o rawda, ale ,a w &o n'e w'er*. #n'e ,e(&em r*ekonan+, 8e &ak ,e(&]E (,e3l' w 'erw(*+m r*+ adku mam+ do c*+n'en'a *e ( r*ec*no3c'5, &o ' w &+m r9wn'e8, ' na odwr9&) Garalela om'.d*+ a roba&5 ' r*ekonan'em (dobrem ' rawd5) ,e(& &ak bl'(ka, 8e do(&arc*a u8+&ec*nego &e(&u aradok(9w (ub'ek&+w'*mu ' emo&+w'*mu. Cmo&+w'(&a r9bu,e (<be*(en(own'e) w+,a3n': dobro w &erm'nach a roba&+, &ak ,akb+ chc'a4 w+,a(n'a: rawd. w &erm'nach r*ekonan'a #bel'ef]. ;e3l' chcem+ *achowa: raw'd4owe ro*um'en'e #accoun&] log'c*nego charak&eru moralno3c', mu('m+ *achowa: ro*r98n'en'e om'.d*+ &+m co ('. ,aw' #a earance] a r*ec*+w'(&o3c'5, &ak (amo ,ak dla *achowu,em+ &o ro*r98n'en'e ab+ m'e: w4a3c'w+ obra* #accoun&] rawd+ ' r*ekona/ #!0S]

B+: r*ekonan+m #bel'eJe] &o uwa8a: *a rawd. (mn'e, w'.ce,), *a3 a robowa: co3, &o uwa8a: *a dobre. S&5d n'e ,e(& (a&+(fakc,onu,5c+m redukowan'e dobra do a roba&+, &ak ,ak n'e ,e(& (a&+(fakc,onu,5c+m redukowan'e rawd+ do r*ekonan'a #bel'ef], c*+ &e8 do r*ekonan'a lu( ,e(*c*e ,ak'3 kom onen&.

d.

Renford Brambrough, Proof, w: :] R. Shafer-Landau (ed.), Ethical Theory. An Anthology, Balckwell 2007,

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Wlub'on+ c+&a& * Qume2a Bada/ do&+c*5c+ch *a(ad moraln+ch, ( 'erw(*+ doda&ek)

2. ,dy #%& po"namy ws"el$ie o$olic"no*ci, relac#e, nie ma #%& wi-ce# mie#sca na dals"e "ro"%mienie, ani pr"edmiot%, na $t'rym mog.oby ono si- opr"e1.
a. b. T+&a& &en ,e(& c*a(am' r*+&ac*an+ na o arc'e &w'erd*en'a, 8e c*a(am' dochod*' ('. w ka8de, d+( uc'e moralne,, gd*'e dal(*e ro*umowan'e n'e &+le n'eefek&+wne co * *a(ad+ n'emo8l'we Nd ow'ed-: (t% 3%o3%e): ka8dego rod*a,u doc'ekan'a dochod*5 do &ak'ego unk&u, gd*'e ro*umowan'e mu(' ('. *a&r*+ma:. @'c*ego n'e mo8na udowodn': be* *aakce &owan'a c*ego3 ,ako 'erw(*e, r*e(4ank' (&ak8e w r*+ adku dowodu 1oore2a na '(& *ew 3w, nawe& w c*+(&e, ma&ema&+ce). =nowu u8+c'e &ak'ego argumen&u r*ec'wko mo8l'wo3c' w'ed*+ moralne, ale n'e w 'nn+ch d*'ed*'nach (ma&ema&+ka, f'*+ka, h'(&or'a, '&d.), choc'a8 *na,du,5 ('. w analog'c*ne, (+&uac,', ,e(& n'e( 9,ne. Nc*+w'3c'e &ak' argumen& n'e rowad*' do (ce &+c*n+ch konklu*,' w 'nnego rod*a,u doc'ekan'ach. %ak w'.c, ,e3l' w debac'e moralne, do(*l'b+3m+ do unk&u, 8e n'e uda nam ('. r*ekona: kogo3, k&o ('. * nam' n'e *gad*a, o*o(&a,e nam r*+*na:, 8e ('. r98n'm+, ,ednak &o n'e o*nac*a *w5& 'en'a w r*e(4ank' na(*ego (&anow'(ka, an' w (am5 o rawno3: na(*e, argumen&ac,'.

c. d. e.

4. 5"ysto moralna dysp%ta #est nie$on$l%"ywna " "asady. 6w specyfic"nie moralny element w moralne# dysp%cie #est tym w.a*nie elementem [is one which cannot be resol7ed , $t'rego nie mo&na ro"str"ygn!1 na drod"e docie$a8 i refle$s#i.
Au&or oda,e r*+k4ad analog'c*nego ro*umowan'a o cie!cie imbirowym ( 'ern'ku) *godn'e * n'm c'a(&o 'mb'rowe mo8na (charak&er+*owa: ,ed+n'e o r*e* w(ka*an'e na 'mb'r #!0U] (* om'n'.c'em 'nn+ch ,ego cech, &ak'ch ,ak ,a,ka, m5ka '&d.), ale r*ec'e8 &ak'e c'a(&o n'e (k4ada ('. ,ed+n'e * 'mb'ru. Go*a &+m 'mb'r *aw'era,5 &e8 'nne r*edm'o&+, ,ak cho:b+ 'wo 'mb'rowe.

a. b. c.

d.

e.

=ak4ada ('. &u&a,, 8e mo8na &ak' c*+(&o moraln+ elemen& w+4u(ka:, ale ,e(& f'kc,a6 M'kc,a &a ,e(& re*ul&a&em ewne, konfu*,' ( om'e(*an'a), 8e 8adna cecha moralnego ro*umowan'a n'e mo8e uchod*': *a cech. moralnego ro*umowan'a o 'le n'e ,e(& ona # ecul'ar] charak&er+(&+c*na &+lko dla moralnego ro*umowan'a. #!0U] 0lac*ego n'e r*+,5:, 8e w e&+ce, &ak ,ak ' w 'nn+ch d*'ed*'nach doc'eka/ &ak (amo wa8n5 rol. ( e4n'a ro*um: &ak ,ak gd*'e 'nd*'e, ro*um omaga nam *'den&+f'kowa: '(&o&ne fak&+, formu4owa: kon(+(&en&ne (5d+, u,awn'a: b4.d+ r*edm'o&owe #do&+c*5ce fak&9w] &ro ': n'e( 9,no3c' log'c*ne. ) &+m m'e,(cu moraln+ (ce &+k m9g4b+ ow'ed*'e:, 8e ow+8(*a uwaga 'm l'ku,e #*ak4ada ('. w n'e,], 8e '(&n'e,5 &ak'e (5d+ moralne, k&9re b.d5 e4n'4+ rol. 'erw(*+ch r*e(4anek, a k&9re (ame n'e (5 (n'e b.d5) dow'ed*'one6 ,ak ' 8e n'e mo8l'wa ,e(& d+(ku(,a moralna * o(obam', * k& n'e dochod*'m+ do *god+ w 8adne, moralne, kwe(&''. Gow+8(*a uwaga (,e3l' ,e(& &rafna) odno(' ('. do w(*elk'ego rod*a,u doc'eka/, n'e &+lko moraln+ch. ;e3l' w+(&arc*a4ab+ do odr*ucen'a mo8l'wo3c' w'ed*+ moralne,, &o r9wn'e8 b+4ob+ &ak w r*+ adku 'nn+ch d*'ed*'n w'ed*+ (k& &ak8e o 'era,5 ('. na n'edowodl'w+ch r*e(4ankach).

9. :stnie#! %stalone i %"nane metody ro"str"ygania [settle dysp%t dotyc"!cych fa$t'w i logi$i, ale nie istnie#e ta$a %stalona i %"nana metoda ro"str"ygania dysp%t moralnych.
a. B45d *amkn'.&ego ko4a au&or*+ &ak'ego *ar*u&u, n'e u*na,5 c*ego3 *a ( rawd*on5 me&od., do 9k' &o co3 n'e b.d*'e u*nane *a me&od. log'c*nego ' naukowego argumen&u. @awe& ,e3l' ('. * &+m *god*'m+, * &ego n'e w+n'ka, 8e brak &ak'e, me&od+ odwa8a ob'ek&+wno3: moralno3c' (&o, co ewen&ualn'e *o(&a4ob+ dow'ed*'one, &o ,ed+n'e &+le, 8e moralno3: n'e ,e(& 'den&+c*na * log'k5 ' naukam' #(c'ence(], ' w *w'5*ku * &+m w+maga ona 'nne, me&od+. Ma4(*+wo3: &ak'e, &e*+ Ale '(&n'e,5 w e&+ce me&od+ moralne, argumen&ac,' (n . w+m9g ( 9,no3c') ) na(&. u,5c+ch r*+ adkach argumen&u,em+ *godn'e * r*+,.&+m' (&andardam': - D;ak b+3 ('. c*u4, gd+b+ &ob'e &ak uc*+n'onoVE - DTo b+ b+4o, gd+b+ w(*+(c+ &ak o(&. owal'VE Nw(*em, c*a(em &ego &+ u a ele n'e (5 (ku&ec*ne (ale &o do&+c*+ &ak8e 'nne d*'ed*'n+

b.

A propos Q'&lera, k'ed+ 4ama4 umow+, (&ara4 ('. ,ako3 un'e( r*ec*n': (u( raw'edl'w':) (wo,e d*'a4an'a, na&om'a(& k'ed+ 'nn' 4amal', (kar8+4 ('..

Renford Brambrough, Proof, w: :] R. Shafer-Landau (ed.), Ethical Theory. An Anthology, Balckwell 2007, c.

. !0"-!!0.

=wracan'e uwag' na n'emoralne o(&. owan'e, ,ako r*e(4ank. o&w'erd*a,5c5 n'e*god. co do me&od+ ,e(& n'e&rafne, on'ewa8 nawe& c', k& o(&. u,5 n'emoraln'e *da,5 ('. odwo4+wac do #!!0] &+ch (am+ch me&od moralne, argumen&ac,', ,ak c', k& 'ch o&. 'a,5 ( r*+k4ad Q'&lera ' *a(ad+ do&r*+m+wan'a um9w).