Commerce

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a significant role in the regulation of many physiological processes of plants. It is often used in tissue culture systems to promote somatic embryogenesis and enhance somatic embryo quality by increasing desiccation tolerance and preventing precocious germination. ABA is also employed to induce somatic embryos to enter a quiescent state in plant tissue culture systems and during synthetic seed research. Application of exogenous ABA improves in vitro conservation and the adaptive response of plant cell and tissues to various environmental stresses. ABA can act as anti-transpirant during the acclimatization of tissue culture-raised plantlets and reduces relative water loss of leaves during the ex vitro transfer of plantlets even when non-functional stomata are present. This review focuses on the possible roles of ABA in plant tissue culture and recent developments in this area.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises forms the back bone of our nation. It is based on the Gandhian philosophy and only the way to help India becoming self reliance.  It contributes 45 percent of the industrial output, 40 percent of Indian export, employing 60 million people, creating 1.3 million jobs every year and producing more than 8,000 quality products for domestic as well as for foreign markets. It also provides the scope to fulfill the dreams of local entrepreneurs by commercializing their talent and resources.
FDI in retail has both positive and negative impact on local entrepreneurs and MSMEs. Even though myriad opinions are being floated on FDI in retail, some SMEs in India are welcoming it. Indian retailers should not too much worry about 51 percent or 100 percent FDI in retail as ‘Amway’ and ‘Herbal Life’ have already entered in various forms in Indian retail sector more than 2 decades ago. Moreover, existence of big Indian retailers likes Reliance, Big Bazaar; Vishal etc. have no negative effect on the existing local and small retailers, entrepreneurs and SMEs rather giving opportunities and challenges to improve their products and commodities. Consumers and farmers will be directly benefited from the FDI in retail by getting quality products and right value of their commodity respectively. However, some floated middlemen may be out of the supply chain due to the direct contact with farmers by the big brothers.
After 6 decades of independence Indian retail sector must be competent enough to face any global challenges, otherwise they will lose the world share.  This research paper is empirical in nature and based on primary information as well as secondary data. It tries to study the impact of FDI in retail on the local entrepreneurs and MSMEs in Assam in general and Sonitpur District in particular. Opinions of some selected entrepreneurs, businessmen, conscious consumers are taken on the basis of judgement sampling method by preparing schedules.

Key-words: FDI in retail, Local & Rural Entrepreneur, MSME

Of all the problems faced by the micro-enterprise in the district of Nagaon, non-availability of sufficient finance seems to be one of the major hurdles. Wherever for the country as a whole, institutional finance played a vital role in the process of industrial development. The position of Assam is far from satisfactory. The flow of institutional finance in the state is still at very low ebb. The micro-credit facilities in the district which consists of a series of schemes have not been able to create much spurt in the growth of industries. In recent years there is a marked increase in the amount of financial assistance flowing to the district from the bank and financial institutions, but still all the areas in the district are not able to get full support from the financial institutions. Generally, banks don’t take practical and pragmatic view and they are more security conscious. Though the banks have mobilized substantial amount of deposits from the region, the same are transferred to the neighbouring region.  Therefore the credit-deposit ratio of the banks in the region is low. Besides these financial problems, some other problems involved in micro-enterprise in the district have been identified. 
Key Words: Micro-finance, Micro-enterprises and SGSY

Abstract: Higher Education imparts in-depth knowledge and understanding to expose new edge of knowledge in different fields. The higher education scenario in India is below the expectation and always creates pressure on the union budget to establish institutions for higher education. Distance and open learning is an alternative to overcome the public demands for higher education in different ways to ‘reach the un-reach’. Higher education including distance and open learning cannot fulfill the goal without high quality assurance to its stakeholders. Dibrugarh University, Gauhati University, KK Handiqui State Open University and recently Tezpur Central University offered various courses under distance mode. Moreover, other Indian and foreign universities also opened their study centers to cater higher education services in Assam. Quality assurance in distance and open learning is becoming important due to the large scale expansion its functions & services. It is not easy to define qua...

Tourism is one of the fastest growing sustainable and smokeless industry in the world. Assam is the most prominent state of North Eastern Region (NER) of India with tremendous natural beauty, rich tourism products, ethnic diversity and uncharted mysteries. Despite of abundance natural resources, Assam is industrially backward state due to some physical and political reasons comparing to the rest of the developed states of the country and 86 percent population lives in rural Assam. The state has different classes of ethnic groups, cultural heritage and customs to develop of rural tourism in the state. With the motto of " Back to the Nature " Government of Assam has initiated various plans and policies to develop rural tourism. Rural tourism benefits the local community through entrepreneurial opportunities and thus increases income and creates employment. It also acts as a deterrent for the migration of rural youth to the cities for searching employment. It has been observed from the different studies that the trend of rural tourism is increasing in developed countries providing a positive impetus to the rural economy by developing rural entrepreneurship. Therefore rural entrepreneurship development can play a vital role to development the rural economy as well as the state economy of Assam. The Government of Assam adopted 'Assam Tourism Policy 2008' for the first time to boost the tourism scenario in the state with special focus on promoting partnership between private and public sectors. The main objective of the present study is to assess the potentiality and development of rural tourism in Assam in general and Sonitpur district in particular. The study is descriptive in nature and based on a case study supported by secondary data.

Women empowerment and women entrepreneurship are closely associated with each other. Empowerment generally refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic wellbeing of women by eliminating gender inequality. According to the Census of India 2011, women constitute nearly 50 percent of population, perform two-thirds of the work and produce 50 percent of food commodities of our country. But they earn one-thirds of remuneration and own only 10 percent of property or wealth of the country and still dominated by male in the society. A nation can be built when it is women are given ample opportunities to develop themselves. It is generally speaking that one tells the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women. Women entrepreneurship becomes to be the best alternative for women empowerment due to lack of guaranteed employment. It provides women to take initiative, organize and operate a business or industry and to take various decisions independently and also provide employment opportunities to others. It is a catalytic process by which resources can be mobilized and put them into effective use. Development of women develops the family, society and hence the nation. In this study, we have selected 'Beauty-Parlor' which is a most popular enterprise run by women at Tezpur town. We have selected 30 samples for the study i.e. nearly 30 percent of the population to analyze various aspects of the women entrepreneurship. This paper tries to give a brief idea about the importance of entrepreneurship, its influences on the empowerment of women and also constrains of women entrepreneurship with measures to overcome them.

The concept and philosophical basis of "Women Empowerment" in social policy is of recent origin, but the meaning, theme and the struggle are not new for the society. Women empowerment was first brought to limelight at the International Women's Conference in 1985 in Nairobi to focus on the redistribution of power and control of resources in favour of women through positive intervention. The Programme of Action 1992 gave comprehensive parameters like enhancement of self-esteem and self-confidence, health, education, economic independences etc. for empowering women. According to the Census of India 2011, women constitute nearly 50 percent of population, perform two-thirds of the work and produce 50 percent of food commodities of our country. But they earn one-thirds of remuneration and own only 10 percent of property or wealth of the country and are still dominated by male in the society. It is general believed that one can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women. Economic dependence upon males is the one of the main reason for the exploitation of the females. Women empowerment and women entrepreneurship are closely associated with each other. Women entrepreneurship comes to be the best alternative for women empowerment due to lack of guaranteed employment. All women have some unrecognized skills which can be easily transformed in to earning sources. Economic empowerment increases women's access to economic resources and opportunities including jobs, financial services, property and other productive assets, skills development, decision making and market information. Most of the women are associated with home based enterprises due to the ability of a home based enterprise is to attract young women/mothers to work with the family and create a new concept of entrepreneurs, 'mompreneurs'. The enterprise enables them to keep up their professional, intellectual or artistic interest and earn income for the family without compromising the needs of the family. A home based enterprise is a modern form of cottage and village industry with new definition. Only difference of cottage industries and home-based enterprises is that the location of cottage industries is restricted in villages whereas the home-based enterprises are also located in urban and semi-urban areas. In this regard, a study was conducted in Sonitpur District of Assam by selecting 80 samples of home based enterprises run by women from the different parts of the district. This paper tries to give a brief idea about the importance of entrepreneurship, its influences on the empowerment of women and also constraints of women entrepreneurship with measures to overcome them.

Unilateral renal cystic disease (URCD) is a rare, non-familial, non-progressive, unilateral cystic disorder of the kidney that is not associated with cysts or disorders in other organs and it is not related to other genetic cystic diseases. Only a few cases have been reported in the literature. We report a case of URCD in an adult male 49 years of age. Absence of a family history, benign clinical course and limitation of the disease to one kidney distinguish this condition from autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).

OBJECTIVE: Screening mammography among 35-60 years of age group of patients has been clearly shown to reduce mortality from breast cancer. METHODS: Patients were selected from OPDs of various departments. Patients of 35-60 years of ages were included as part of the study. Detail family and menstrual history were taken and then mammography of both breasts was performed. RESULTS: Out of 60 cases coming for screening mammography, 42 were found to be some type of lesions in mammography; however 18 patients were with no findings. Commonest breast density found to be scattered areas of fibro glandular density followed by heterogeneously dense breasts. Most of the patients with heterogeneously dense breast density were found to be in their luteal phase of menstrual cycle. Lesions were classified according to BIRADS category. CONCLUSION: Screening mammography can detect various breast lesions both in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals and thereby helping patient managements.

Moreover, 5,907 MSMEs were shut during the financial year 2020-21 and 2021-22 due to the pandemic as per the government data. The recovery and continuation of this sector are of utmost importance for the survival of the nation. Home-based Enterprises belong to micro-enterprises since heavy industries are not allowed to establish themselves along with homes or in residential areas by government regulations and fulfill the norms of the micro-enterprises as per the revised classification applicable w.e.f. July 1, 2020, of the MSMED Act 2006. This paper is based on primary as well as secondary data. The primary data were collected immediately after the pandemic from 120 Homebased enterprises of Sonitpur district of Assam.

Globalisation is a process of increasing interdependence, interconnectedness and integration of economies and societies to such an extent that an event in one part of the globe affects people in other parts of world. We have often heard of global culture and integration of the world economy. However, as this process is not consistent throughout the world, it leads to conflict and fragmentation. The roles of women in India have been changing and they are now emerging from the past traditions into a new era of freedom and rights. The basic objective of this paper is to examine the changing role of women due to globalization in Indian society. This concern is not merely academic but is central to the process of emerging development in India. There is a need to evaluate the impact of globalization on women in India and also to know the positive and negative impacts of it on the position of women in India at