Micro and Small Business Entrepreneurship

This volume has been prepared under the auspices of the project entitled, ‘Competition Reforms in Key Markets for Enhancing Social & Economic Welfare in Developing Countries’ (CREW Project). This project was implemented by CUTS in four countries: Ghana, India, Philippines and Zambia, and across two common sectors: Staple Food and Bus Transport with the support from DFID (UK) and BMZ (Germany) facilitated by GIZ (Germany). The aim of the project was to highlight the relevance of competition reforms for social and economic welfare in developing countries, and motivate other countries, governments and development partners to accord greater attention to the subject of competition reforms. In view of this overall aim of the project, with inputs from the project advisers CUTS designed the final conference of the CREW project on a broader theme to talk about ‘Relevance of Competition & Regulatory Reforms in Pursuing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Developing Countries’. The theme was thought to be both contemporary and relevant in view of the adoption of the SDGs a couple of months before this final conference. In addition to the support it received from DFID (UK), BMZ (Germany) and GIZ (Germany), the conference also received support from the World Bank, G-77 Secretariat and the OECD. CUTS is grateful to all the above organisations for supporting the conference, and indeed also the production of this volume. We acknowledge the support from the members of the Project Advisory Committee of the CREW project, who contributed to make this conference a grand success. Special thanks to Clement Onyango and colleagues at CUTS Nairobi for their support and tireless efforts in the run-up and during the conference. We gratefully acknowledge the hard work and patience of all the paper authors for contributing extremely interesting individual chapters to this volume. We are also thankful to those friends of CUTS who reviewed the draft papers – Eleanor Fox, Tania Begazo/Martha Licetti (World Bank), Rafaelita Aldaba, R S Khemani, Frederic Jenny, Payal Malik, Allan Fels, David Ong’olo, Ashwini Swain, Peter Holmes and John Davies/Lynn Robertson (OECD). We are indebted to Mukhisa Kituyi, Secretary General, UNCTAD for writing an encouraging Foreword – and we hope to continue to receive his and UNCTAD’s support. We greatly appreciate the diligence of Madhuri Vasnani and Garima Shrivastava for editing and Mukesh Tyagi for preparing the layout of this report. Special thanks are due to Ashutosh Soni for his excellent coordination of communication with authors and reviewers of papers of this volume. We acknowledge the efforts of all the members of the CREW team, especially Cornelius Dube, Shreya Kaushik and Neha Tomar. Last but not the least, this report would not have seen the light of the day without the skillful direction, and overall guidance of Pradeep S Mehta, Secretary General, CUTS. He took special interest in this volume and went through each and every paper carefully himself. Words alone cannot convey our sincere gratitude to each and every individual who have contributed in every small way towards bringing out this volume. But it is only words that this world thrives on. We express our sincere gratefulness to all such individuals, without whom the publication of this volume would not have been possible.

Globalization and virtual economy are external factors that drive companies to approach the global market from start up, giving birth to new studies on internationalization strategy, which represent an evolution of the classical stage models. According to the stage approach, companies start selling products in their home markets and then they sequentially look at new countries. Many firms do not follow incremental stage approach but is often reported that they start their international activities from their birth: they enter different country at once, approaching new markets for both exporting and sourcing. Debate in literature is still trying to define if the born global perspective is a new concept or a new label to indicate an old phenomenon. The study will go through a review and an analysis of the literature on market entry and sourcing strategy. The purpose of this paper is therefore to identify and categorize factors that drive companies’ choice towards the global approach instead of the stage approach.

Anormal Psikoloji kitabı, ruhsal bozukluklar alanında çalışan tüm profesyoneller, psikiyatristler, klinik psikologlar, psikologlar, psikolojik danışmanlar, hekimler, sosyal hizmet uzmanları, psikiyatri hemşireleri ve bu alanlarda öğrenci yetiştiren akademisyenler ile eğitim alan öğrenciler için temel bir başvuru kitabıdır.
2013 yılının Mayısı ayında yayımlanan DSM-5 ölçütlerine göre ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili sunulan bilgilerin güncellemesinin de yapıldığı bu kitap, tüm dünyada pek çok üniversitenin psikiyatri ve psikoloji bölümlerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmaktadır.
Kitabın her bölümünde, ilk olarak ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili vakalar sunulmakta, daha sonra bozuklukların klinik tanıları yapılmakta ve DSM-IV-TR’den farklı olan DSM-5’te yapılan değişikliklere yer verilmektedir. Ayrıca, DSM-5’teki tanı ölçütleri, bozuklukların etiyolojisi ve epidemiyolojisi, bozukluklar üzerinde kalıtımın ve çevrenin etkileri, biyolojik ve sosyal ve kültürel etkiler, en güncel araştırmalardan elde edilen verilerle harmanlanarak sunulmaktadır. Ruhsal bozuklukların tedavisinde etkili olacak terapi yaklaşımları ve ilaçla yapılan tedaviler hakkında da bilgiler veren kitap, sahip olduğu zengin içeriği ile eşsiz bir kaynaktır.
Anormal Psikoloji kitabının; profesyoneller ve öğrenciler için önemli bir rehber olacağına, yardıma ihtiyaç duyan insanların sorunlarının çözümüne, ruhsal bozuklukların tanı ve tedavisinde önemli katkılar sağlayacağına inanıyoruz.

This paper lays out the basic process of starting a business for everyone regardless of levels of education, or access to capital. It touches on almost every basic step a prospective entrepreneur goes through in order to achieve the dream of owning a business. It draws from personal experience and classroom teachings.
This is intended as an additional source of information, and not the ONLY source

Entrepreneurship is a prime activity for the economic growth of any country. It goes hand in hand with manufacturing and service industry. In fact, it works as a pillar to the economic and social welfare of the country. It also helps in wealth creation in the nation. It is an opportunity to identify the market need and exploit the available resource in such a way that drives to gain long-term economic benefits. Though, this adventurous activity is full of enthusiasm and there are a lot of challenges affecting the entrepreneurship. It is also wonderful to note that in today's swiftly changing global economy, Indian economy has a major role to play. Looking at the importance of the topic, the present paper will be developed with the objective of analyzing the entrepreneurial opportunities and challenges in globalizing Indian economy.

У статті узагальнено поняття та критерії визнання підприємств малого бізнесу. Проаналізовано вимоги вітчизняного законодавства до суб’єктів, яким дозволено застосовувати спрощену систему бухгалтерського обліку, фінансової звітності та оподаткування, методики обліку, виявлено суперечності та надано пропозиції їх усунення.
In the article the essence of the concept of small businesses, criteria entities of medium, small and micro-sized enterprises in Ukraine. Analyzed the requirements of national legislation to entities, that are allowed to apply a simplified system of accounting, financial reporting and taxation, revealed contradictions and submitted proposals to eliminate them.
Comparing the requirements of different legal documents that define the objects for which the procedure provided for simplification of accounting and reporting, taxation alone showed the presence of many inconsistencies, and most importantly - limited circle of people assigned to this system. Economic Code of Ukraine defines small entities, including micro, the criteria of the Commission Recommendation 2003/361/EU (OJ 2003 L 124/36), which lost relevance with the adoption of Directive 2013/34/EU. At the same time the Tax Code of Ukraine provides for simplified taxation, including single tax entities 3rd group, whose revenue is less than the limit set for micro entities.
The downside is that Ukrainian Accounting standards 25 and National Ukrainian Accounting standards 1 do not cover the procedure for adoption of IFRS for SMEs small businesses in Ukraine, which is not conducive to their practical implementation.
Ukrainian Accounting standards 25 "Financial Report of a small business" as the law of Ukraine "On Accounting and Financial Reporting in Ukraine" needs substantial improvements to conform not only to the constant changes in taxation, possibilities of IFRS for SMEs but also the principles of state policy of the EU, where the defining rule is "first think about the small", ie support for small and medium businesses, as a prerequisite for economic growth, effective demand and employment.
Keywords: small business, medium, small and micro-sized enterprises, simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting.

Financial capital, through its large companies, influence the development of small and medium enterprises in two ways. Those small and medium enterprises, which are important competitors for them, are marginalized and eliminated from the market. The other companies, which integrate into its operation, receive support for their technological and market advances.

This research paper examines the interpersonal
relationship between gender, self-efficacy, and
entrepreneurial career choice. The present study has
been conducted in Uttarakhand, a province of India.
An item pool was developed on the basis of focus
group interviews and literature survey. A scale was
developed on the basis of item pool after an item
analysis for checking its consistency and reliability and
was included in the questionnaire. The questionnaire
was administered on 880 graduation final year
students studying in different colleges. An interpersonal
relationship between gender, self-efficacy, and
entrepreneurial career choice was examined using
Pearson’s chi-square test and Student’s t-test. Results
show significant relationship between gender and
self-efficacy, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial career
choice, and gender and entrepreneurial career choice.
Male respondents were found to have higher level of
self-efficacy than female respondents. This paper also
explores that male respondents are more likely to opt
for an entrepreneurial career than females.

The business structure in Jalisco, Mexico is primarily composed of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Thus, it is fundamentally necessary to understand the dynamics, evolution and above all, the strategic challenges of this sector in order to understand the state’s economic performance and the possibilities for future development in Jalisco. As a result, this study analyzes the evolution of the SMEs (known as PyME, in Spanish) in Mexico and Jalisco by using data from the Economic Censuses of 1999, 2004 and 2009 as well as sources such as the Mexican System of Business Information (Sistema de Información Empresarial Mexicano, or SIEM, in Spanish). This analysis includes the distribution of companies by sectors and size. It also makes a comparison between the observed trends at both national and state levels, allowing the identification of significant differences in productivity and the challenges that these small and medium-sized companies face as they seek to moderniz...

The aim of this paper is to offer an alternative to a priori theorising in research on firm-level growth and environmental sustainability. We outline an approach that combines John Shotter's phenomenology with post-hoc application of the Bourdieusian concepts of habitus, practices and social capital. This is illustrated empirically through a study conducted with a small group of Finnish entrepreneurs, which examines their lived experience of growth alongside its practical application in
their ventures. The entrepreneurs' responses reveal holistic perspectives on growth that extend beyond the economic to incorporate personal commitments to norms ofcollectivity and well-being for themselves and others. The paper offers an exploratory but empirically grounded approach, arguing that a combination of insiders' perspectives
and attention to the social embedding of economic activity challenge the
dichotomous distinctions between sustainable and conventional entrepreneurship
and reveal a degree of commonality that would not be evident via conventional
categorisations on the basis of features such as business model type.

The doctrine of enterprise and entrepreneurship preaches on the importance of organization, operation and risk-taking adventure for a new business venture. Through the path of great entrepreneurship personas like Mark Zuckerberg, Richard Branson and Steve Wozniak, their self-established businesses experience sparkling wealth and fame. They began with business idea, then translated it into a business plan and decided the relevant size of operation for present and anticipated future and went on to grow their business. In is at this point where the researcher dwells into analyzing and evaluating the strategic position of ZARA by performing PEST, SWOT, Marketing Mix, Marketing Positioning and Competitor Analysis.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an evaluation of the impact of the Young Enterprise Wales (YEW) programme on its participants. YEW represents the Wales region of the programme which is an annual competition to assist 15-19-year-old secondary school pupils acquire entrepreneurial skills through running a business. Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilises a semi-structured data collection method within which attitudes, impacts and perceptions of the YEW programme are assessed. In total, 44 participants in a YEW regional final were interviewed and a questionnaire completed. Findings – The results indicated a positive participant reaction to the YEW programme with an affirmative response to all questions regarding the impact and experience of the course. The post final results suggested that the programme has improved entrepreneurial competencies and the future potential for business start-up. Research limitations/implications – The paper recognises that the re...

This study considers the linkage between micro-sized enterprises and other organizations, especially universities, in relation to the innovation process. The focus of the research is on non-start-up enterprises in Wales and how they develop their products. The research methodology adopted is a thematic literature review and the case study approach. The findings demonstrate that there are additional barriers to innovation in terms of legislation and regulation when micro-sized enterprises endeavour to overcome their knowledge gap through collaborating with universities. It is noted that there has been minimal research examining the knowledge gap encountered by micro-sized enterprises and how they attempt to overcome the barriers to collaborating with universities.

The goal of this paper is to analyze the role that non-financial variables can play in assessing Smes creditworthiness and to compare their value in predicting business failure with the one of the most commonly used financial ratios. We investigate the importance for banks in modeling credit risk for Smes using non-financial variables able to describe the relationship company-banks. Our findings demonstrate that credit relationship information is better predictor of corporate failure than financial ratios. We also test the models on an out-of-time and out-of-universe sample to prove their accuracy and soundness. Our initial assumptions remained confirmed: non-financial variables allow to improve the accuracy and performance of banks’ credit rating models.

For the development of social entrepreneurs it is imperative that educators embrace the concepts and process of social entrepreneurship (Dees, 1998). Exploration of these concepts in education could prove beneficial to the community (Haugh, 2005). This chapter focuses on the positives of introducing social entrepreneurship education at the primary and secondary levels of education. Specifically, its central focus deals with building children's entrepreneurial self-efficacy at a young age. Several benefits, of increasing self-efficacy at a young age, are outlined. Benefits, such as entrepreneurship training, not only training students, but it helps to prepare them for the new knowledge-based economy. Further, entrepreneurship education should help increase the success and survival rates of women and minority entrepreneurs. Essential to this process, a new curriculum needs to be devised including its means of assessment. Lastly barriers to an entrepreneurship program are discussed...

This study focuses on the embryonic stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, where most people affected opted to abide by the Chinese government’s national self-quarantine campaign. This resulted in major disruptions to one of the most common market processes in retail: food retailing. The research adopts the theory of planned behaviour to provide early empirical insights into changes in consumer behaviour related to food purchases during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Data from the online survey carried out suggest that the outbreak triggered considerable levels of switching behaviours among customers, with farmers’ markets losing most of their customers, whilst local small independent retailers experienced the highest levels of resilience in terms of customer retention. This study suggests avenues for further scholarly research and policy making related to the impact this behaviour may be having around the world on society’s more vulnerable groups, particularly the elderly.

An analysis of economic development strategy in West Baltimore n the 90s and how neoliberal economic theory produced the conditions leading to the Baltimore Uprising of 2015.

Concludes with an analysis of how investing in indigenous Black run microenterprise is an alternative disruptive and counterproductive large scale neoliberal economic interventions in Black communitites.

The objective of the paper is to review the previous studies on factors affecting small business growth or performance for the period of 2006-2014. The review of the literature of factors affecting small business growth or performance based on the papers available in online and published in referred journals is focused. 34 papers are considered as the primary research topic. Each of the articles has been used as the unit of analysis. The four broad areas of factors has been focused namely owner-manager characteristics, characteristics of firm, financial factors and external environment. The paper provides some ideas and approaches used in the previous literature to describe small business growth and factors affecting the growth. The literatures suggest that there is no unified theory or model to describe small business growth. Although there are many studies on the issue, still the theory of small business growth is very fragmented and inconsistent. The new theoretical perspectives ...

To advance understanding of the reasons for informal sector entrepreneurship, this article evaluates the determinants of cross-country variations in the extent to which enterprises are unregistered when they start operating. Reporting the World Bank Enterprise Survey data on 67,515 enterprises across 142 countries, the finding is that one in five (19.9%) of the formal enterprises surveyed started-up unregistered, although this varies from all enterprises surveyed in some countries (e.g. Pakistan) to 1% of surveyed enterprises in Slovakia. To explain these cross-country variations, four competing theories are evaluated which variously assert that nonregistration is determined by either: economic under-development and poorer quality governance (modernization theory); too much state interference (neoliberal theory); too little state intervention (political economy theory); or an incongruence between the laws and rules of formal institutions and the beliefs, values, and norms of informa...

La crisi finanziaria del 2007 ha origine negli Stati Uniti ma rapidamente dilaga oltre oceano, generando forti disequilibri nei mercati globali, modificando profondamen-te la geografia del commercio internazionale e corrodendo posizioni competitive rafforzate negli anni. È il caso del settore cookware, storica eccellenza industriale ita-liana che trova massiccia localizzazione in due distretti industriali, che ha assicurato all'Italia una solida posizione di leadership a livello europeo fino al 2007. Il crollo del commercio internazionale, un sistema finanziario che non supporta il lavoro e una concorrenza europea agguerrita, minano i fondamenti del settore e danno la luce ad uno scenario competitivo del tutto mutato, in cui posizioni di mercato appa-rentemente stabili vengono scalzate con rapidità. Nella complessità dello scenario internazionale post-crisi, il presente lavoro prende in considerazione l'orientamento, le ripercussioni e le difficoltà delle piccole e medie imprese del settore, che costituiscono il fondamento dell'intero tessuto imprenditoriale italiano.

In this research, we use the resource-based view to explore how creative workers leverage individual-level intangible resources to transition after a setback. Empirically, we match two complementary data sources: 1474 project failures by creative workers seeking capital on Kickstarter.com and post-failure market transitions by these individuals (i.e., published works on Amazon.com). Our results indicate that intangible human resources increase the likelihood and speed of post-failure transitions. We examine two moderating effects and find that intangible social resources strengthen this relationship, while intangible psychological resources weaken this relationship. These findings contribute to the emerging literature on creative work and transitioning after initial project failures. Moreover, resource-based view scholars have called for more research at the micro-level and in the early stages of resourcing. We therefore extend the resource-based view by considering the role of individual-level intangible resources at the earliest stages of creative development.

This report captures the main findings of an 18-month study on the growth of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Canada. The central question that this inquiry sought to answer was: what are the factors that drive SME growth? The study involved a large scale survey of SMEs and a set of in-depth interviews with the leaders of ‘High Impact SMEs’. High Impact SMEs are organizations that are achieving high growth (in revenue, profits and employment) and are disruptive, investing in a broader range of innovative activities, and being more diversified in the markets they serve. They exemplify organizations that many of us aspire to create. This report presents a new model – The Leaders Growth Mindset – to explain how leaders of High Impact SMEs operate. This model identifies a common set of practices leaders apply and that we can each develop in our everyday work.

The experience of creation and development of coworking centers in the city of Moscow shows premises should be chosen
with the lowest lease rate, but one should include an advertising budget and running of public events for the target audience.
Given the social component of the project, it is necessary to form the "core" of residents of coworking. The "evangelists" of a
new place are useful, these ones are formed in the already operating coworking center in another district of the city. It is
advisable for the authorities to provide various support to coworking centers, including orders for profile activities and trainings,
subsidizing of part of the costs of start-up entrepreneurs for the lease of workplaces, ensuring the exchange of best practices
for successful projects. The article presents a scheme for initiating the creation of coworking centers by government bodies
engaged in supporting small business development at the municipal level. The development of coworking centers is a unique
direction that is advantageous for both state and municipal government bodies, as well as for owners of old industrial
enterprises that require redevelopment, as well as for start-up entrepreneurs to create their own business from a "zero" level.

The research work in this study is an attempt to systematically analyze the impact in status of MSMEs in India before and after the implementation of MSMED act 2006. Number of registered units of MSME and number of employment in persons which are presented in the annual reports from the period of 18 years from 1997-98 to 2014-15 of MSMEs are considered as the study variable for this study. It has made based on the result of the paired sample t-test.

Despite the stage of company growth, management boards face many challenges related to sales and marketing issues. For example, management board has to decide on budget allocation between products, or promotional channels. Decision making is exceptionally hard for micro-entrepreneurs, which have limited resources (human, financial resources). Moreover, micro-entrepreneurs often lack procedures and IT systems to develop optimal solutions. Due to this specific situation of micro-entrepreneurs, not all knowledge management models can be applied by them. The aim of following paper is to present how micro-entrepreneurs can leverage their decision making process with knowledge management. Presented approach to decision making based on knowledge management is align to specific situation of micro-entrepreneurs. In the paper, the process of decision making in sales and marketing context is described. Presented approach is relevant and ready to use by micro-entrepreneurs. Both benefits and limitation of presented approach are discussed. Moreover, practical application of presented approach is described. Recommendations regarding application and usage of the approach are given.

This volume has been prepared under the auspices of the project entitled, ‘Competition Reforms in Key Markets for Enhancing Social & Economic Welfare in Developing Countries’ (CREW Project). This project was implemented by CUTS in four countries: Ghana, India, Philippines and Zambia, and across two common sectors: Staple Food and Bus Transport with the support from DFID (UK) and BMZ (Germany) facilitated by GIZ (Germany). The aim of the project was to highlight the relevance of competition reforms for social and economic welfare in developing countries, and motivate other countries, governments and development partners to accord greater attention to the subject of competition reforms. In view of this overall aim of the project, with inputs from the project advisers CUTS designed the final conference of the CREW project on a broader theme to talk about ‘Relevance of Competition & Regulatory Reforms in Pursuing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Developing Countries’. The theme w...

Many researches over the years have pinned down the lack of finance as the greatest and deadly plight of majority of small enterprises around the world. This paper briefly examine this as well as those businesses that can be classified as micro and small in today's economy. Concept of microfinance was explored to identify if this can be applied to meet the financial needs of Micro and Small Scale Enterprises (MSSE). It conclude that, the issue of grants, subventions and loan disburse by the government do not reach the intended users. But if microfinance approach is adopted, while the organized private sector runs such microfinance institution, many Micro and Small Scale Enterprises (MSSE) who are hitherto unserved by the conventional bank will have access to loan facility structures after their peculiar needs, and if these Micro and Small Scale Enterprises (MSSE) can operate in groups, it will alleviate the issue of providing fixed and financial assets collateral which will be substituted with group based collateral that is acceptable to micro finance institutions.

Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.

Ririn Poerwandari, HP: 0341-3789795

Abstrak

MDC adalah suatu jenis tepung crispy baru yang dapat digunakan untuk menggoreng berbagai macam bahan makanan secara praktis dan hemat energi. Karena waktu penggorengan yang sangat singkat, maka hasilnya gorengan akan tetap bergizi dan sehat.

Keunggulan:

- TEPUNG BERPARTIKEL UNTUK MASA DEPAN
- TANPA BAHAN PENGAWET
- TANPA PENYEDAP RASA
- HEMAT BIAYA SAMPAI 100%
- TEPUNG BERPARTIKEL TANPA KOMPETITOR
- TIDAK LAGI TERGANTUNG TEPUNG CRISPY IMPOR
- TEPUNG UNTUK HASIL GORENGAN YANG SEHAT

Em um mundo cada vez mais globalizado, a obtenção e o gerenciamento de informações sobre o mercado em que atua uma micro e pequena empresa, é condição fundamental para a obtenção de vantagem competitiva e, sobretudo de sobrevivência. A aplicação do business intelligence numa micro e pequena empresa surge justamente a partir desta necessidade, permitindo o gerenciamento permanente do ambiente de atuação da empresa, mediante coleta, análise e validação de informações sobre concorrentes, parceiros, fornecedores, sobretudo, o desejo de clientes, este, a principal razão de existência de qualquer empresa. Visando à diminuição de riscos na tomada de decisão, a partir do desenvolvimento de uma base de conhecimento sobre o negócio. A pesquisa ocorreu através de levantamento bibliográfico e documental, e em sites da internet especializados em Business Intelligence com significativa notoriedade no mercado. Este trabalho apresenta uma concepção para a aplicação de software de business intelligence para micro e pequenas empresas de forma efetiva e direta.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to an understanding of the entrepreneurship process in Africa byevaluating the link between starting up unregistered and future
firm performance. The widespread assumption has been that firms starting up unregistered in the informal economy suffer from poor performance compared to those starting up registered and in the formal economy. To test this poorer performance thesis, World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) data is evaluated from across 41 African countries covering the period from 2006 to 2013. Controlling for a comprehensive set of other determinants of firm performance, the finding is that formal enterprises with five or more employees that started up unregistered have significantly higher annual sales, employment and productivity growth rates compared with those firms that registered their operations at startup. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications of this finding.

Calculated, planned and metered use of water, fertilizer, pesticide, herbicide and other inputs in agriculture is compulsory to prevent underground water from depletion, to save soil from degradation, to protect environment from man-made hazards, to produce sufficient food safe to consume and ultimately, to achieve a sustainable livelihood of the individual farmers. The demand for such practice, viz., precision agriculture, needs to be more accelerated when a specific climate is draught prone and soil is having less organic matter and more iron, for example, lateritic soil which is having very less water retention capacity. The practice of precision agriculture needs scientific training for the farmers to disseminate a particular technology or a bundle of technologies. The purpose of this study is to identify the critical factors of precision agricultural technology adoption and the role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra and farmers' clubs in such technology transfer around lateritic area of Jamboni block, Paschim Medinipur district under the command area of Seva-Bharati Krishi Vigyan Kendra. This is a case based study which includes exploratory factor analysis technique. The finding of this study is that the small and marginal farmers are suffering from major adoption complexities of precision agricultural technology. They suffer from confusion, dilemma, and delayed information during training undertaken by different institutions and agencies. On the other side, technology training, diffusion and adoption happens in much better shape through farmers'/ farm science clubs, NGOs and socio-scientific institutions. The competence building amongst the farmers through farmers' clubs and building the mutual trust amongst the members of the club as well as to the trainers of KVK are the prime drivers for technology adoption in the resource poor agrarian community in India.