Behavioral Sciences

"It is important to establish the “Proto-dynamo” as concept that represents an entirely new paradigm of economic infrastructure. The concept alludes to the “dynamo” which is a machine that uses opposing magnetic forces to efficiently produce/convert energy. The principle behind the dynamo is to use opposing forces within the same machine to get a consolidated output of energy. If the new paradigm of “protodynamism” can be represented by an electrical generator, the old paradigm of Keynesian theory can be represented by a meat grinder in which ten pounds of product goes in one side, and six ounces of tasteless sausage comes out the funnel possibly tainted with formaldehyde or some random pesticide that is unpronounceable. "

The intention of this paper is to interpret the ontological conditions of youth identity crisis missionally. This is first done by conceptualising identity crisis as a psychological phenomenon using frameworks of authenticity and attachment to explain the impact of early attachment abuse, abandonment depression, insecure attachment anxiety with God, and self-regulation on the identity formation of the youth. Secondly, the paper introduces a missional hermeneutic that provides an interpretative framework for coping with the crises of identity amongst young people. A missional hermeneutic of care for coping with the crisis of identity formation, therefore, elaborates on the missional basis of biblical interpretation as a powerful framework within which to interpret a skewed, conflicted identity. The author herewith proposes a missional opportunity that can activate the missional consciousness of young people in their time of crisis and identity formation. Furthermore, the author insists that this missional methodology can be a very useful strategy for producing therapeutic change in young people and can help youth ministry workers and pastoral caregivers to reframe the crisis of youth identity from the perspective of 'missio Dei'.

Ya son varios meses desde que los países de la región empezamos esta lucha contra el COVID-19 que hasta el momento, a nivel mundial, ha contagiado a cerca de 27 millones de personas y ha cobrado la vida de casi un millón (Universidad Johns Hopkins, 2020). Gran parte de Europa,
epicentro de la pandemia hasta hace poco, ha comenzado a retornar a sus actividades con ciertas precauciones básicas como el lavado de manos, la distancia entre personas de por lo menos dos metros y el uso obligatorio de mascarillas en lugares públicos. Museos, restaurantes y demás lugares de esparcimiento empiezan a reabrir sus puertas en el viejo continente.

This milestone text provides a comprehensive and state-of-the art overview of perfectionism theory, research, and treatment from the past 25 years, with contributions from the leading researchers in the field. The book examines new theories and perspectives including the social disconnection model of perfectionism and the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism. It also reviews empirical findings, with a special focus on stress, vulnerability, and resilience, and examines perfectionism in specific populations. Finally, it considers how perfectionism relates to physical health and psychophysiological processes and introduces new approaches to effective prevention and treatment. By increasing our understanding of perfectionism as a complex personality disposition and providing a framework for future explorations, this landmark publication aims to promote further research in this field. It will be invaluable reading for academics, students, and professionals in personality psychology, clinical and counselling psychology, applied psychology and related disciplines.

Some of Law and Economics’ basic claims have come to be criticized as a result of empirical findings that question their viability. Particularly, the premise that agents consistently act rationally and with their self-interest in mind seems problematic. What the consequences of the criticism mean for Law and Economics’ tenability depends largely on the questions whether (1) some elements are unassailable to the alternative’s objections and (2) the alternative is a systematic whole. It is argued that Law and Economics may be salvaged, if it is minimized and its ambitions are tempered. This means focusing on the stable, a priori, elements inherent to it.

Like the digital pets the project is named for, the Tamagotchi Project will use aspects of the building system (lighting, HVAC, audio-visual) to deliver environmental cues (colors, temperature changes, sounds, even scents) anthropomorphizing the building. The hypothesis of the Tamagotchi Project is that a feeling of nurturance may be induced, resulting in a desire to ‘feed’ the building through appropriate energy usage. In this paper, we look at the history of environmental cues, spatial design, and human behavior. This review is preliminary to the installation of experimental equipment at up to seven sites in the United States. Hypothesis Using well-established theories of behavior, a quasi-experimental model will attempt to determine if people’s energy use in commercial buildings can be affected through the manipulation of the environment. In this paper, I discuss how environmental context stimulates activities and affects perception—in particular, color (Kuller and Mikellides, 20...

International literature has shown that adolescents represent the population most at risk of fatal and nonfatal motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). Adolescents’ alexithymic traits and significant use of immature defense strategies have been seen to play a key role. This study aimed to investigate the possible mediation role played by defense strategies use in the relationship between alexithymia and MVCs. Our sample consisted of 297 adolescents divided into four subgroups, based on the number of visits to the emergency department due to an MVC. We assessed adolescents’ alexithymic traits and defense strategies use through self-report instruments. Results showed that males reported a higher rate of MVCs than females. Higher rates of MVCs are associated with more alexithymic traits and maladaptive defense strategies use. Adolescents’ Acting Out and Omnipotence use significantly mediated the relationship between alexithymia and MVCs. Our findings suggest the recidivism of MVCs as an attem...

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Hermit crabs hide into shells when confronted with potential dangers, including images presented on a monitor. We do not know, however, what hermit crabs can see and how they perceive different objects.We examined the hiding response of the Caribbean hermit crab (Coenobita clypeatus) to various stimuli presented on a monitor in seven experiments to explore whether crabs could discriminate different properties of a threatening digital image, including color, brightness, contrast, shape and orientation. We found crabs responded differently to expanding circles presented in wavelengths of light corresponding to what humans see as red, blue, and green. “Blue” stimuli elicited the strongest hiding response (Experiments 1, 2, & 7). “Blue” was also more effective than a gray stimulus of similar brightness (Experiment 3). Hermit crabs were sensitive to the amount of contrast between a stimulus and its background rather than absolute brightness of the stimulus (Experiment 4). Moreover, we did not find evidence that crabs could discriminate orientation (Experiment 6), and mixed evidence that they could discriminate stimulus shape(Experiments 5 & 7). These results suggest that the Caribbean hermit crab is sensitive to color features,but not spatial features, of a threatening object presented on a computer screen. This is the first study to use the hiding response of the hermit crab to examine its visual ability, and demonstrates that the hiding response provides a useful behavioral approach with which to study learning and discrimination in the hermit crab.

Perfectionism in sports has been shown to be associated with burnout in athletes. Whether perfectionism predicts longitudinal changes in athlete burnout, however, is still unclear. Using a two-wave cross-lagged panel design, the present study examined perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and athlete burnout in 101 junior athletes (mean age 17.7 years) over 3 months of active training. When structural equation modeling was employed to test a series of competing models, the best-fitting model showed opposite patterns for perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. Whereas perfectionistic concerns predicted increases in athlete burnout over the 3 months, perfectionistic strivings predicted decreases. The present findings suggest that perfectionistic concerns are a risk factor for junior athletes contributing to the development of athlete burnout whereas perfectionistic strivings appear to be a protective factor.

The adoption of carbohydrate-restrictive diets to improve health is increasing in popularity, but there is a dearth of research on individuals who choose to severely restrict or entirely exclude carbohydrates. The present study investigated the beliefs and experiences of individuals following a diet that severely limits, or entirely excludes, dietary carbohydrates, colloquially known as a ‘zero-carb’ diet, for at least 6 months. Zero-carb dieters (n = 170) recruited via a social networking site completed an online qualitative survey prompting them to discuss their motives, rationale, and experiences of following a low-carb diet. Transcripts of participants’ responses were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results revealed that participants’ decision to follow a zero-carb diet was driven by health concerns and benefits. Participants expressed a strong social identity and belongingness to online zero-carb communities. Participants reported strong intentions to follow the die...

City logistics policies require an understanding of several issues (eg freight distribution context, preferences and relationship among agents) seldom accounted for in current research. Policies run the risk of producing unsatisfactory results because behavioural and contextual aspects are not considered. The acquisition of relevant data is crucial to test hypothesis and forecast agents' reactions to policy changes. Despite recent methodological advances in modelling interactive behaviour the development of apt survey instruments is ...

The term “behavioral” has become a hot topic in recent years in various disciplines; however, there is yet limited understanding of what theories can be considered behavioral theories and what fields of research they can be applied to. Through a cross-disciplinary literature review, this article identifies sixty-two behavioral theories from 963 search results, mapping them in a diagram of four groups (factors, strategies, learning and conditioning, and modeling), and points to five discussion points: understanding of terms, classification, guidance on the use of appropriate theories, inclusion in data-driven research and agent-based modeling, and dialogue between theory-driven and data-driven approaches.

Perfectionists have shown increased negative affect after failure compared to nonperfectionists. However, little is known about how perfectionists react to repeated failure. This study investigated the effects of two forms of perfectionism—self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism—on 100 university students’ reactions to repeated failure (versus repeated success) examining three negative emotions: anxiety, depression, and anger. Results showed that socially prescribed perfectionism predicted increased anxiety, depression, and anger after initial failure and further increased anger after repeated failure. In contrast, self-oriented perfectionism predicted increased anxiety, but only after repeated failure. The findings suggest that both self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism are vulnerability factors predisposing individuals to react with increased negative affect after repeated failure.

You know those days when you return from the supermarket carrying a twelve pack of beer when all you wanted was a can or two? Yeap, know it too well. Or, when you are in a movie theater, and you find yourself buying a giant popcorn bag just to realize that you can't eat even half of it? Been there, done that. Wait, here’s another classic - how about being on a no-sugar diet, but ending up eating a double portion of chocolate caramel mousse at the restaurant? Ah, life.

Yeah, aaaaanndd...? I Mean, I Hate It but - It’s My Fault For Falling For It, Isn’t It?

Is it really your fault? Are you 100% sure that all your over-spending is up to you, and you only? Think about it for a second.

You don’t need it - but you end up buying it.
You don’t even like it - but you find yourself considering it until you purchase it.
You are lacking money as it is, but your shopping bags keep getting bigger.

And, where does this pattern lead? I’ll tell you - it leads to you actively feeling guilty or even scammed for overspending on something you absolutely didn’t want or need. But then, you get caught up thinking: Maybe I just grabbed a very good deal? This was a one-time offer, wasn’t it? Are things really that black and white? They are not, and you are not insane. You’re just… a consumer unaware of all market trickery. But, we’ll get to it already. Let’s try and reason things before we go into details.

Ok, I’m Listening…

So, say the twelve pack was on a discount, the jumbo popcorn bag cost a $1 more than the medium one, and that mousse at the restaurant looked absolutely delicious, in fact - so delicious that you couldn’t have helped yourself. And, let’s call that justification. But still, you somehow wound up with a bunch of things you didn’t want or need - well, at least not in THAT amount. At the same time, you spent more money than you’ve planned. How on Earth is that happening, and why does it keep happening to you?

I Know This All Too Well. Get to The Point Already!

Jeeeeeezzzzz, here it is! Ding-ding! You’ve been played by behavioral economics! And, guess what - it’s not only you, it’s everyone. These things happen all day, everyday… everywhere, to everybody. Ah, at least it’s not just you who’s been fooled, right?

Looking to recognize behavioral economics tricks and familiarize yourself with the importance of this discipline? Say no more! Let’s take a look at behavioral economics and its role in society. I’ll try to make it as simple as possible because I know how difficult it can get to understand the official lingo.

What Is the Difference Between Behavioral Economics and Regular Economics?

Comparing “regular” or traditional economics to behavioral economics, we conclude that the main difference is in approach to humans and their habits. Traditional economics considers people thoughtful, rational, organized and calculated. Ah, so sweet, right?

According to traditional economics, none of us has 30 pairs of shoes, we don’t buy Segways, and we all have piggy banks. Being so optimistic, it brings helpful algorithms and formulas that are a result of critical thinking and common sense.

At the same time, behavioral economists don’t believe that people are to be trusted with their patterns which is why they do experiments. Usually, what experts want to see is how we, as consumers, react to different influences and impulses and try to understand why people get confused, how they make decisions and how their emotions affect their thinking. Behavioral economics is, otherwise speaking, kinda more depressing. But very often more real too. It’s a slippery slope, indeed.

To make it all clearer, let’s play a little game? A simple coin toss, nothing fancy. If you win, you get $100. If you lose, you get nothing. Or would you like me to give you $50 and we don’t play any games? Love what you hear?

According to traditional economics, you should toss a coin because it gives you a 50/50 chance to win 100 bucks. But in reality, most of us would probably just take $50 since it’s a safer option. It’s better to go home with something than empty handed, right? This case shows that standard economics can’t explain everything. That’s why we need behavioral economics to jump in and point out that - some of the things we do - are mostly triggered by the fact that we hate losing.

Is Behavioral Economics Good for… Anything?

Knowing that people would rather avoid losing than actually try to win something but risk losing, many organizations adjusted their policies and strategies appropriately. For instance, some supermarkets in Washington D.C, in an attempt to lessen the use of disposable plastic bags, started offering 5 cent bonuses for every customer that brought reusable bags.

Sounds like a great idea, doesn’t it? You bring your own bag and get rewarded for that. Who wouldn’t accept that deal! Surprisingly, while this attempt to save the environment was awesome - it didn’t work out.

The moment supermarkets took a different approach and started charging 5 cents for each plastic bag, customers reacted and changed their habits. That’s nothing but behavioral economics at work. Once people recognized that they could lose money, they adopted the idea of tote bags.

The supermarket example is just one of many applications of behavioral economics. Understanding people’s nature is crucial for success in a number of other fields like marketing, insurance, or real estate. In fact, it’s a part of our everyday life.

How to Use Behavioral Economics to Our Own Advantage?

To show you that behavioral economics is everywhere around us, we’ll ask you this: does a shirt that costs $19.99 seem much cheaper than the other shirt with a price tag that says $20?

When you stop and think for a second, this trick doesn’t make any sense, but when you’re reacting impulsively, the difference of one cent seems like a game changer. You have an impression that you really saved money on that deal and that you’re spending responsibly… well, until you see the total amount on the receipt, at least.

Is There a Way to Beat Behavioral Economics’ Tricks and Hacks?

Eeeermmm… let’s just say you can try. The idea is not to be hasty with your shopping (or other) decisions, and try not to let clever marketing persuasion trick you. Think about what you want and need in life, then go get it. Ignore flashy colors, “great deals,” discounts, “just today” offers, and other trickery. Get just what you need. No more, no less. Then see how things go (for your wallet).

To a regular consumer who isn’t a part of an industry that studies and practices behavioral economics for research purposes, behavioral economics may seem like the science of rip off. And I get you. But, - it’s not. Behavioral economics isn’t always against you; it just has its own way of manipulating results to its advantage. If you give it a chance, you’ll see that it teaches you to study and understand human nature, and act accordingly. In that sense, the tendencies of others and their impulsiveness can open opportunities for smart and unbiased folks like you.

Use Behavioral Economics to Win

I tried to bring behavioral economics at least a bit closer to you and explain it within the context of everyday spending. In a nutshell, if someone asks - behavioral economics is the subfield of economics that focuses on irrational factors that influence man’s decision making.

Being an average consumer myself, I do hope that this article managed to inspire you to make positive changes in your approach to everyday decisions and buying patterns. If not that, it hopefully triggered an interest in behavioral economics and showcased how trying to predict people’s unpredictability can be exciting and fun. Let me know!

Both conventional wisdom and empirical evidence suggest that arranging a prior commitment or agreement before an interaction takes place enhances the chance of reaching mutual cooperation. Yet it is not clear what mechanisms might underlie the participation in and compliance with such a commitment, especially when participation is costly and non-compliance can be profitable. Here, we develop a theory of participation and compliance with respect to an explicit commitment formation process and to institutional incentives where individuals, at first, decide whether or not to join a cooperative agreement to play a one-shot social dilemma game. Using a mathematical model, we determine whether and when participating in a costly commitment, and complying with it, is an evolutionary stable strategy, resulting in high levels of cooperation. We show that, given a sufficient budget for providing incentives, rewarding of commitment compliant behaviours better promotes cooperation than punishment of non-compliant ones. Moreover, by sparing part of this budget for rewarding those willing to participate in a commitment, the overall level of cooperation can be significantly enhanced for both reward and punishment. Finally, the presence of mistakes in deciding to participate favours evolutionary stability of commitment compliance and cooperation.

Emerging evidence suggests controversial results on the associations between sport activity and eating disorders (EDs). The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between sport activity in general, weight-dependent/independent sport activity particularly, and risk or protective factors in feeding and eating disorder (FED). The sample (n = 282, divided into two successive groups), included competitive athletes in the first analysis, non-competitive athletes, and sedentary peers; in the second analysis it has been divided into weight-dependent athletes, weight-independent athletes, non-competitive athletes, and sedentary peers. The participants were tested with Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Profile of Mood State (POMS) questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and Body Uneasiness Test (BUT). The results show higher levels of self-esteem among athletes in general and particularly in weight-independent athletes (p = 0.0210). We f...

ly, with some alters capable of adult-level reasoning and other alters being profoundly concrete (Putnam et al., 1986). Past information or the ability to learn new information may differ vastly from alter to alter. The DID may be suddenly reinterpreting something that had been work through at an earlier time in therapy. 9) Psycho-physiological sensitivities: The most commonly reported differences between alters that may be a sign of switching is the experience of somatic symptoms varying across alters. The patient may appear incapacitated by a symptom initially (e.g., migraines, allergies, bodily aches) and suddenly these symptoms will vanish (Putnam, 1989, p. 118-123). Switching Precursors. The behavioral precursors were operationally and individually defined for each Participant based on the Putnam criteria (1989). Prior to switching, Participant 1 exhibited a change in the following facial features: her eyes become glassy, stares were unblinking, and mouth turned down. The voice...

Financial professionals and their clients exhibit a wide collection of behavioral biases that many times result in imperfect judgments and outcomes. Understanding these cognitive and affective factors are important for financial planners and advisors to ensure their clients are receiving the best financial advice and investment information. The authors describe some common psychological biases and offer solutions for overcoming these biases. The paper draws on some themes from the authors’ book Financial Behavior – Players, Services, Products, and Markets published by Oxford University Press in 2017.

Baker, H. Kent and Filbeck, Greg and Ricciardi, Victor, The Psychology of Financial Professionals and Their Clients (September 24, 2019). Investments & Wealth Monitor, September-October 2019, pp. 15-20. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3458946

According to the two-factor model of perfectionism, perfectionism is comprised of two higher-order dimensions — perfectionistic strivings (PS) and perfectionistic concerns (PC) — that typically show different, often opposing relationships with adaptive and maladaptive outcomes. Consequently, if we define perfectionism as the combination of PS and PC, it would be important to know what the “combined effect” of perfectionism is, and whether the combined effect is adaptive or maladaptive. Following the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism (Gaudreau & Thompson, 2010), we define the combined effect of perfectionism as the difference between mixed perfectionism (the combination of high PS and high PC) and non-perfectionism (the combination of low PS and low PC). Applying the regression approach for testing the 2 × 2 model (Gaudreau, 2012), we show how the combined effect may be computed, and then illustrate combined effects for different patterns of correlations of PS, PC, and an outcome Y. In addition, we present examples from the research literature where PS and PC show zero, adaptive, and maladaptive combined effects. We conclude the article by discussing how our concept of a combined effect can be extended to perfectionism models with more than two factors, and also address limitations and open questions.

Desde que la televisión se estableció como industria, durante el siglo XX, se ha reconocido su gran impacto como referente cultural de las sociedades. Su llegada a Puerto Rico, en 1954, no solo marcó un hito en la historia de las telecomunicaciones de la isla, sino que cambió la manera de los puertorriqueños de construir tanto la identidad colectiva como su propia subjetividad. Durante las primeras tres décadas de la televisión, sus contenidos tenían una estrecha vinculación con el quehacer cotidiano. Su capacidad de informar y entretener desde la familiaridad referencial incrustó al medio televisivo en el inconsciente colectivo, creando una interacción simbiótica en la que el contenido de los programas respondía a las necesidades, aspiraciones y carencias del público y éste, a su vez, incorporaba frases, historias y personajes de la pantalla a todas las manifestaciones de su expresión, tanto en la esfera pública como la familiar y personal. Para la última década del milenio, los contenidos de la televisión en Puerto Rico habían experimentado importantes cambios en la programación. La televisión por satélite cambió, considerablemente, los intereses del público televidente en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, en Puerto Rico esta transición se daba a la par con un fenómeno sui géneris: La apropiación de las estaciones locales de televisión por parte de las grandes cadenas estadounidenses supuso un cambio radical en la programación y el público dejó de encontrar en la pantalla chica aquellas figuras, frases y situaciones con las que podía identificarse. Al llegar el nuevo milenio, los avances tecnológicos que hicieron posible la televisión por Internet y las redes sociales complicaron aún más el panorama, cambiando por completo los hábitos de consumo de medios del público y han ido desintegrando, a pasos agigantados, el poder socializador de la televisión puertorriqueña.

Undergoing an admission process (an initiation) can induce exaggerated feelings about a group, but there is little research about the role of rewards. This study replicated Aronson and Mills’ (1959) experiment. Seventy participants underwent either a severe initiation or a mild initiation. After the initiation, about half the sample received an extrinsic reward for merely completing the task. The remaining half did not receive an extrinsic reward. This was to vary the amount of dissonance. Initiation severity and reward condition had significant, noncrossing interactions. A reward led to higher group identity than no reward, supporting Levine and Moreland's (1994) group socialization model. A severe initiation did not lead to more group identity than a mild initiation; therefore, Aronson and Mills’ findings were not replicated. Interestingly, a mild initiation followed by a reward led to more group identity than a severe initiation followed by a reward. Another unexpected finding was that the extrinsic reward made no difference to group identity if the initiation was severe. Effects on ratings of the discussion were nonsignificant. Future research needs to establish how new group members ponder the severity of the admission process during the cost–benefit calculation preceding their identification with a group.

Doświadczenia przedsiębiorstw pokazują, że realizacja programów behawioralnych wpływa na ograniczanie ryzykownych zachowań pracowników, podnoszenie świadomości obserwatorów i zwiększenie liczby pracowników bezpośrednio zaangażowanych w poprawę bezpieczeństwa. Programy takie wspierają dążenia przedsiębiorstw do zmniejszenia liczny wypadków przy pracy, a także usprawniają komunikację w zakresie bezpieczeństwa w całej organizacji i wpływają na zmianę postaw wobec bezpieczeństwa pracy.
Poradnik dobrych praktyk jest przeznaczony dla przedstawicieli przedsiębiorstw, zainteresowanych wprowadzaniem behawioralnych metod poprawy bezpieczeństwa, a także tych, którzy poszukują nowych metod poprawy bezpieczeństwa pracy w przedsiębiorstwach.
Poradnik zawiera 14 przykładów projektów zrealizowanych w przedsiębiorstwach należących do Forum Liderów Bezpiecznej Pracy. Celem projektów była zmiana zachowań pracowników. Niektóre opisane dobre praktyki to gotowe programy działań, wdrożone w praktyce w wybranych przedsiębiorstwach. Inne to przykłady działań uzupełniających, które mogą stanowić wsparcie lub uzupełnienie programów mających na celu oddziaływanie na zachowania pracowników.

Using healthy adult participants, seven measures of heart rate variability were obtained simultaneously from four devices in five behavioral conditions. Two devices were ECG-based and two utilized photoplethysmography. The 140 numerical values (measure, condition, device) are presented. The comparative operational reliability of the four devices was assessed, and it was found that the two ECG-base devices were more reliable than the photoplethysmographic devices. The interchangeability of devices was assessed by determining the between-device Limits of Agreement. Intraclass correlation coefficients were determined and used to calculate the standard error of measurement and the Minimal Detectable Difference. The Minimal Detectable Difference, MDD, quantifies the smallest statistically significant change in a measure and is therefore critical when HRV measures are used longitudinally to assess treatment response or disease progression.

This article examines the effect of sexual self-esteem on adolescent students' sexuality. The researchers utilized the ex post facto survey design to explore how sexual self-worth influences sexual dispositions among adolescents in universities. The study was conducted in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria and involved 1,580 randomly sampled adolescents in public universities. The research data was analyzed using descriptive statistics to answer the research question: How does sexual self-esteem influence the sexual dispositions of adolescent students in public universities? The outcome showed that students with low sexual self-esteem manifested inordinate sex-esteem and permissive sexual dispositions whereas adolescents with high sexual self-esteem manifested positive sexual dispositions. The researchers thus concluded that sexual self-esteem has a significant effect on the sexuality of adolescent university students. Based on this, it was recommended that sexuality education programs sh...

Este es un libro (primero publicado por autores de lengua española) que trata sobre las estrategias que los seres vivos emplean para maximizar su eficacia biológica, abordadas desde los cuatro enfoques clásicos que constituyen la esencia de la Etología: las causas inmediatas o mecanismos, la ontogenia, la filogenia y la función adaptativa

Dental schools are increasingly incorporating behavioral management strategies into the curriculum; however, little is known about the efficacy of this instruction. The purposes of this study were to evaluate student exposure to several categories of behavioral management techniques, assess student opportunity to observe faculty use of these techniques, and determine the extent of students' personal use of various behavioral management techniques. Third-year dental students (n=98, X age=26.52; s=4.05) were administered a survey assessing their exposure to and willingness to use behavioral management strategies. Results indicated differences between the techniques students recalled being taught and what they indicated they plan to use in their own future clinical practices. Student technique endorsement also varied as a function of student age, gender, ethnicity, and patient age. Despite increasing concerns regarding the use of these techniques, a significant minority of students...

Inter-cultural families are an integral part of modern society, the institution of mutual influence of different cultures, of a person’s identity transformation. The studies of marital adjustment, values, and attitudes consistency in inter-cultural couples provide contradictory results. To resolve contradictions in this area, comparative studies of inter-cultural families of different types are important. The aim of the study is the comparative analysis of life and family values in inter-cultural couples, differing by the ethnic and religious affiliation of spouses. The participants: 69 couples: 20 mono-ethnic Russian, 30—inter-ethnic, inter-faith (Russians/Arabs); 19—inter-ethnic, with a common religion (Russian/Transcaucasian, Christians). The methods: Value Survey (Schwartz), Marital Role Expectations and Aspirations (Volkova), Marital Satisfaction Test (Stolin et al.), Mann–Whitney U-test, paired T-test. In inter-cultural couples, the spouses’ life-values coincidence is signific...

Perfectionism is a prevalent characteristic in athletes. Yet some researchers have argued that perfectionism in sports is maladaptive because it undermines athletes’ performance and stifles athletic development. This argument, however, neglects that perfectionism is a multidimensional characteristic and that only some dimensions of perfectionism are clearly maladaptive, whereas others are not. This review argues that perfectionism is comprised of two main dimensions―perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns (Stoeber & Otto, 2006)―that show different and unique pattern of relationships with athletes’ emotion, motivation, and performance. In support of this argument the review will present findings indicating that only perfectionistic concerns show unique positive relationships with competitive anxiety, fear of failure, and avoidance goal orientations. In contrast, perfectionistic strivings show unique positive relationships with self-confidence, hope of success, approach goal orientations, and performance in training and competitions. The findings suggest that only perfectionistic concerns are clearly maladaptive, whereas perfectionistic strivings may form part of a healthy striving for excellence. Implications for applied sport psychology are discussed as are open questions for future research.

Encouraging further research on the dimensional assessment of personality disorders (PDs), Section III of the DSM-5 introduced a hybrid model for the assessment of six PDs employing self-reports on 25 maladaptive personality traits (“DSM-5 personality traits”). Following suggestions that multidimensional perfectionism is an important characteristic across various personality disorders (Ayearst, Flett, & Hewitt, 2012), the present study investigated how personal (self-oriented) and interpersonal (other-oriented and socially prescribed) aspects of perfectionism predicted the DSM-5 personality traits in a sample of 311 university students. Multiple regressions (controlling for the overlap between the different forms of perfectionism) showed that socially prescribed perfectionism positively predicted the traits defining schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive PD; other-oriented perfectionism positively predicted the traits defining narcissistic PD; and both socially prescribed and other-oriented perfectionism positively predicted the traits defining antisocial PD. In contrast, self-oriented perfectionism positively predicted only one of the four traits defining obsessive-compulsive PD (rigid perfectionism). Showing that multidimensional perfectionism predicted all DSM-5 traits defining the personality disorders of Section III, the findings suggest that future DSM-5 updates may profit from including interpersonal aspects of perfectionism as a diagnostic criterion.

O presente livro pretende delinear uma possível interpretação do behaviorismo radical como teoria da mente, o que significa, em outros termos, contextualizá-lo no âmbito das discussões da filosofia da mente. Em que implica, exatamente, essa contextualização? Possivelmente existem muitas diferenças entre o behaviorismo radical e as teorias que compõem a filosofia da mente, inclusive diferenças de agenda: o primeiro surge como uma proposta de filosofia da ciência do comportamento, e as segundas foram desenvolvidas para tratar de questões que permeiam a filosofia desde o seu surgimento entre os gregos. O sentido da presente contextualização, portanto, é simplesmente o de tratar de alguns temas da filosofia da mente a partir da óptica behaviorista radical, mas sempre tendo em vista que esse trabalho não esgotará todos os problemas e todas as questões que formam essa subdivisão da filosofia. Pretende-se neste livro contextualizar o behaviorismo radical na filosofia da mente por meio de três atividades. A primeira delas consiste em apresentar uma resposta possível à questão "O que é a mente?" . A segunda delas, por sua vez, demanda o tratamento de outra questão, a saber, "Qual a natureza da mente?". À primeira questão subjaz o problema de se delimitar que coisas ou fenômenos são considerados mentais. Trata-se, portanto, da busca de uma definição conceitual da mente. Já a segunda questão é endereçada à ontologia do mental, isto é, às características essenciais à sua existência. Em seu turno, a terceira atividade não possui uma questão específica, mas nem por isso deixa de ser importante: consiste na análise de algumas teses, problemas e questões apresentadas pelas teorias da mente através do ponto de vista behaviorista radical. Espera-se que essas atividades representem, ao menos, um passo em direção à construção de uma teoria behaviorista radical da mente.