Thangalakshmi Prakash

Typical marine vehicles either use diesel or diesel-electric power, which produces toxic pollutants that impact the health of those who live near the harbour. The use of the Battery-operated Electric Propulsion (pure-electric) technology would decrease hazardous pollutants emitted by sea vehicles to zero. Concerns over critical environmental degradation and fossil fuel usage have captivated the automotive market, particularly in maritime vessels, in recent times. The oscillations generated by strong dynamic loads serve as an additional difficulty in ships. To improve stability in shipboard power systems, many generators are now maintained online at far lower than their efficient point. So, to increase the fuel mileage of shipboard power systems, a simple option, a compromise between fuel savings and durability, might be presumed: minimal generator operation with ensured safety. In contrast to previous systems in which propulsion and service loads are powered by distinct generators, propulsion and service loads are linked into a shared network in pure-electric ships to achieve reduced fuel economy with lower emissions. Integration of an energy storage system (ESS) is said to be a useful strategy for increasing the reliability of the shipboard power system. Batteries, ultra-capacitors, flywheels, and fuel cells are examples of energy storage technologies that are now employed in a variety of applications. Marine batteries are particularly developed for sea transport, having larger plates and more resilient structure to handle the stress and hammering that might arise on any powerboat. These batteries have been designed specifically to suit the prospective and future demands of marine transportation applications. This study examines many types of maritime energy storage devices that have been widely employed to enhance the overall efficiency of sea transport.

The two most serious dangers to nearly 60 percent of the world's population living in Asian monsoon zones are the growing severity of droughts/floods and decreasing air quality from increased aerosols. These simultaneous challenges have driven a huge amount of study on the effects of aerosols in influencing Asian monsoon weather and climate during the last decade. An aerosol is a colloid of small solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air or another gas. The excess volume of aerosol in a certain place will have an impact on the health of living organisms as well as the regional climate. The Asian monsoon area is a major source of aerosol emissions from both man-made and natural sources. Aerosol loading patterns are extensively controlled by diverse meteorological and climatic regimens, which in turn are modified by aerosol impacts. Shipping emissions have garnered attention due to their harmful impact on regional climate and air quality at ports and along coasts across the world. As a result, recognising the aerosol in a certain place is critical. CO2, NOX, and SOX emissions from air pollution cause cloudiness and accelerate climate effect 'Radiative Forcing' (RF). Positive RF causes heat, while negative RF causes cooling. These also have an indirect influence on weather due to the Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) ability of clouds, which has a significant impact of gases and particles. An increase in Sulphur may result in a decrease in Negative RF. Several techniques are applied to assess the range of aerosols, such as LIDAR, photometers, particle analysing methods, and so on; in this case, we utilise a particulate analyser to determine the amount of aerosol. To find out, we maintained the particle counter and analyser on the ship's top deck and examined the aerosol concentration over the atmosphere of the south Indian coast.

Automation plays a key role in shipping industry and aims towards minimal operating staff. However, the effective automation relies on effective controlling at various levels starting from shipbuilding to navigation. The industry is currently focussing on autonomous shipping which actually requires precise controlling. Although many conventional methods are available for control and automation with regard to automation, Artificial Intelligence Schemes (AIS) are widely attracting the maritime sector because of their benefits. The AIS along with fuzzy logic systems are offering promising results. The emerging use of AIS in a variety of maritime applications can act as a reference wpoint for new researchers. This paper aims to conduct a valid AIS study and to examine the various machine learning approaches used in various maritime applications. It is possible to achieve complete automation in the shipping industry by implementing a related technique.

There is a promising opportunity for the sustainable growth of solar power is in our nation. The distinctive energy from sun received by the earth for one year is only about five thousand trillion kilowatt-hour. It is perceived that mainstream of those areas get 4-7 kWh/m2 for every 24 hours. The accessible solar energy can be pragmatically used to warm system/space heating and even to structure electrical energy by means of solar-thermal and solar-photovoltaics. Besides, there is a massive prospective to proliferate the photovoltaic power in our country. The admiring quality of solar is that it can as well be manufactured as distributed power, which agrees for adding on to the standing capacity within a short extent of time. Electrifying the rural regions can be well implemented via solar distributed power and it is applied for heating and cooling of villages, communities, townships and metropolitan areas in addition to the supply of electricity. The solar is ultimately safer than other modes of generating electrical power. Rather, even a tiny portion of collected solar energy may feasibly oblige the needs of the entire nation though it allude to concrete intricacies. Thermal power manufacturing is widely applied in the present-day Indian condition using coal as base material because of its economic aspects. By the long-term and persistent research work and introduction of new-fangled skills, solar energy can be produced at considerably minimum cost. This paper projects the principal challenges/barricades in attaining solar power in India, predominantly through photovoltaics, which could help as a valuable guidance for the solar engineers and lay concrete on the way of fetching the solar electric power and other applications appropriately.

Considering strict environmental concerns and compliances to protect our Globe, sustainable developments in maritime domains comprises of ship building process, transport by shipping and ship recycling process. All three phases having concerns to environmental impacts, but evidence of the impacts of present ship recycling process undermines the Maritime Education's contribution to sustainable development. Ship breaking process includes complete scrapping or partially dismantling of vessels. At the yard, various parts, equipment, hull sections, superstructure materials, pipes, gears etc. are segregated after dismantling. These segregated scraps are recycled and re-use in various industry which is the most important business for ship breaking industry. About 85% ship recycling of the globe are mainly in Bangladesh, India, China and Pakistan, where environmental impacts and health hazards are serious concerns same mentioned by Vally Athanasopoulou. In India, ship recycling process from long time is following in primitive way which is unsafe and has tremendous health hazards.

Everything in the world, including the shipping industry, is powered by energy. There are numerous advanced energy-generation strategies, but it would be greatly valued if energy could be consistently derived from ship waste. Waste disposal is a difficult task in the shipping industry, so many studies are being conducted to find better ways to dispose of waste. According to regulatory agencies, India has a large source of both industrial and urban organic waste. The shipping industry, like any other, necessitates massive amounts of energy. On a daily basis, a massive amount of waste is generated, ranging from small crafts to ultra-large vessels (aerobic as well as anaerobic). So, there is a significant opportunity for capturing the energy from these waste, and both the difficulty of waste disposal and the depletion of conventional energy sources can be effectively addressed concurrently. This paper examines various means of generating energy from waste. Furthermore, the current stat...

Maintaining the voltage profile in transmission line is very much important to maintain powers system stability. Due to load fluctuations, the voltage in all the buses may not be maintained. FACTS devices are much helpful in voltage compensation. UPFC is one among the FACTS devices which is used to serve this purpose. The load is increased in IEEE 30 bus system to simulate voltage sag condition. The location of UPFC is found using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The power loss during fault and the corresponding dip in voltage is compensated using UPFC. The power flow shows that the voltage in all buses is maintained within the permissible limits. The entire simulation has been demonstrated in IEEE 30 bus system

The demand for the quality power is increasing nowadays due to various nonlinear loads. Voltage compensation is the main consideration in the power system because uncompensated system will lead to the system fault and the equipment connected to the power system may damage, hence it is very much necessary to keep the transmission line compensated. The compensation also makes the system stable. The multilevel inverters provide the better compensation than the normal inverter in the compensation unit. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is the compensation unit used to compensate the power system. DSTATCOM is the distribution static synchronous compensator placed in the distribution side. This project presents an investigation of nine-Level Cascaded H bridge (CHB) Inverter as Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) in Power System for compensation of reactive power and harmonics. The compensations of CHB inverter are low harmonic distortion, reduced number of switches and suppr...

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a lot of tiny sensing devices, which can monitor environment or other events. Because these devices run on battery, energy is an extremely critical resource for them. Thus, energy-efficient method need be carefully designed for data aggregation. Most of the existing energy-efficient algorithms always forward packets by cluster head or data aggregator. Both the structure of clustering and data aggregation can realize to gather data with energy-efficient method. In this paper, considering the concept of data aggregation we proposed a energy efficient data aggregator election (EEDAE) algorithm to reduce the energy consumption, when a WSN is used to gather data. The goal of this basic approach is to use the architecture of cluster and artificial intelligence technique to elect the data aggregator efficiently and gather data from the nodes sensed interesting event to the cluster head (CH) so as to reduce the transmission energy in a cluster. Ou...

Nowadays need of energy is must. Primary sources, used every day for our livelihood, will not last forever and we will have to face this problem. Even renewable energies, always considered as part of the solution, are not stable enough to substitute or significantly integrate our traditional system. Smart grid researchers try to face these challenges through the proposal of a new concept of intelligent grid equipped with sensors and devices able to constantly monitor demand and supply of the electrical grid. This architecture willbe able to direct energy only where and when it is needed, avoiding waste and improving power quality at the same time.

The impulsively fluctuating climatic conditions and the supplementary effects demand the protection of forestry and cultivation. Pests, bugs and insects are the vital issues that distress the development of crop. Eventually, monitoring and trapping of bugs becomes a more challenging task. The traditional human operators execute surveys of the traps dispersed over the field at regular intervals. This encompasses more work, requires considerable time and is not consistent. It is not effective on economic grounds too. These limitations in the existing systems call for automation with affordable cost. Effective pest trapping will be highly favourable to the farmers while capturing and sending the images of pests will be helpful for further analysis in agricultural fields. Moreover, this will be definitely helpful in reducing the usage of pesticides since automatic trapping is efficient and effective. An electronic trap for pest insects by an autonomous monitoring system using black ligh...

There are few practical restrictions in the assimilation of dispersed generation (DG) in the distribution scheme. Adding fairly big quantity of generation to the distribution network can affect the normal assumptions used in the protection plans of overcurrent fortification. This problem becomes more predominant when the DG capacity within the given area counter balances the load. The availability of DG is not constant and is dynamic in nature. The nature and the severity of fault current should also be accounted. The anti-islanding, the temporary over-voltages at the time of fault, reduction of sensitivity for extended feeder are the key issues which are discussed in this paper. This paper focuses on solving few issues related to integration of DG with the help of impedance relays which is used for distribution line protection.

Considering strict environmental concerns and compliances to protect our Globe, sustainable developments in maritime domains comprises of ship building process, transport by shipping and ship recycling process. All three phases having concerns to environmental impacts, but evidence of the impacts of present ship recycling process undermines the Maritime Education's contribution to sustainable development. Ship breaking process includes complete scrapping or partially dismantling of vessels. At the yard, various parts, equipment, hull sections, superstructure materials, pipes, gears etc. are segregated after dismantling. These segregated scraps are recycled and re-use in various industry which is the most important business for ship breaking industry. About 85% ship recycling of the globe are mainly in Bangladesh, India, China and Pakistan, where environmental impacts and health hazards are serious concerns same mentioned by Vally Athanasopoulou. In India, ship recycling process from long time is following in primitive way which is unsafe and has tremendous health hazards.

Automation plays a key role in shipping industry and aims towards minimal operating staff. However, the effective automation relies on effective controlling at various levels starting from shipbuilding to navigation. The industry is currently focussing on autonomous shipping which actually requires precise controlling. Although many conventional methods are available for control and automation with regard to automation, Artificial Intelligence Schemes (AIS) are widely attracting the maritime sector because of their benefits. The AIS along with fuzzy logic systems are offering promising results. The emerging use of AIS in a variety of maritime applications can act as a reference wpoint for new researchers. This paper aims to conduct a valid AIS study and to examine the various machine learning approaches used in various maritime applications. It is possible to achieve complete automation in the shipping industry by implementing a related technique.

The two most serious dangers to nearly 60 percent of the world's population living in Asian monsoon zones are the growing severity of droughts/floods and decreasing air quality from increased aerosols. These simultaneous challenges have driven a huge amount of study on the effects of aerosols in influencing Asian monsoon weather and climate during the last decade. An aerosol is a colloid of small solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air or another gas. The excess volume of aerosol in a certain place will have an impact on the health of living organisms as well as the regional climate. The Asian monsoon area is a major source of aerosol emissions from both man-made and natural sources. Aerosol loading patterns are extensively controlled by diverse meteorological and climatic regimens, which in turn are modified by aerosol impacts. Shipping emissions have garnered attention due to their harmful impact on regional climate and air quality at ports and along coasts across the world. As a result, recognising the aerosol in a certain place is critical. CO2, NOX, and SOX emissions from air pollution cause cloudiness and accelerate climate effect 'Radiative Forcing' (RF). Positive RF causes heat, while negative RF causes cooling. These also have an indirect influence on weather due to the Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) ability of clouds, which has a significant impact of gases and particles. An increase in Sulphur may result in a decrease in Negative RF. Several techniques are applied to assess the range of aerosols, such as LIDAR, photometers, particle analysing methods, and so on; in this case, we utilise a particulate analyser to determine the amount of aerosol. To find out, we maintained the particle counter and analyser on the ship's top deck and examined the aerosol concentration over the atmosphere of the south Indian coast.

Typical marine vehicles either use diesel or diesel-electric power, which produces toxic pollutants that impact the health of those who live near the harbour. The use of the Battery-operated Electric Propulsion (pure-electric) technology would decrease hazardous pollutants emitted by sea vehicles to zero. Concerns over critical environmental degradation and fossil fuel usage have captivated the automotive market, particularly in maritime vessels, in recent times. The oscillations generated by strong dynamic loads serve as an additional difficulty in ships. To improve stability in shipboard power systems, many generators are now maintained online at far lower than their efficient point. So, to increase the fuel mileage of shipboard power systems, a simple option, a compromise between fuel savings and durability, might be presumed: minimal generator operation with ensured safety. In contrast to previous systems in which propulsion and service loads are powered by distinct generators, propulsion and service loads are linked into a shared network in pure-electric ships to achieve reduced fuel economy with lower emissions. Integration of an energy storage system (ESS) is said to be a useful strategy for increasing the reliability of the shipboard power system. Batteries, ultra-capacitors, flywheels, and fuel cells are examples of energy storage technologies that are now employed in a variety of applications. Marine batteries are particularly developed for sea transport, having larger plates and more resilient structure to handle the stress and hammering that might arise on any powerboat. These batteries have been designed specifically to suit the prospective and future demands of marine transportation applications. This study examines many types of maritime energy storage devices that have been widely employed to enhance the overall efficiency of sea transport.

There is a promising opportunity for the sustainable growth of solar power is in our nation. The distinctive energy from sun received by the earth for one year is only about five thousand trillion kilowatt-hour. It is perceived that mainstream of those areas get 4-7 kWh/m2 for every 24 hours. The accessible solar energy can be pragmatically used to warm system/space heating and even to structure electrical energy by means of solar-thermal and solar-photovoltaics. Besides, there is a massive prospective to proliferate the photovoltaic power in our country. The admiring quality of solar is that it can as well be manufactured as distributed power, which agrees for adding on to the standing capacity within a short extent of time. Electrifying the rural regions can be well implemented via solar distributed power and it is applied for heating and cooling of villages, communities, townships and metropolitan areas in addition to the supply of electricity. The solar is ultimately safer than other modes of generating electrical power. Rather, even a tiny portion of collected solar energy may feasibly oblige the needs of the entire nation though it allude to concrete intricacies. Thermal power manufacturing is widely applied in the present-day Indian condition using coal as base material because of its economic aspects. By the long-term and persistent research work and introduction of new-fangled skills, solar energy can be produced at considerably minimum cost. This paper projects the principal challenges/barricades in attaining solar power in India, predominantly through photovoltaics, which could help as a valuable guidance for the solar engineers and lay concrete on the way of fetching the solar electric power and other applications appropriately.

Electrical energy has become part and parcel of our life as all the domestic modern appliances use electricity because of its cleanliness, availability and ease of control. Also, conservation of such energy is paramount not only on economic aspect but also to extend the life of resources for further use. Presently, most of the electricity is generated using power generating plants that use coal as fuel. In addition to produce energy, they do contaminate the environs by discharging flue gases chiefly carbon dioxide. The extent of carbon dioxide discharged into the air as an end result of actions of a specific individual, group or public is referred as carbon footprint and globally there is a call for reducing this carbon foot print to curtail its unfavorableimpacts on the society. Hence, though there are other resources like oil and gases are available for producing electrical energy, they do have the same effect. They are unsustainable. More than conserving the energy, it is highly needed to use renewable and sustainable energies to produce electricity. The cheap, clean and available renewable energy is solar energy. Photovoltaics (PV) is a guileless and smart method of hitching the solar energy. PV cells/solar cells are exclusive in that they reliably deliver electricity through the solar radiation hitting them. All the solar radiation falling on a PV cell or panel is not completely converted as electrical energy but it is decided by the materials used for PV cells. There are various other factors that judge the outcome of a solar panel namely, the temperature, solar irradiance, fill factor etc. The aim of this study is to explore and relate the various materials used for PV panels based on their properties and other significant factors. This will serve as a guide for researchers for choosing a proper material for a particular application.

Everything in the world, including the shipping industry, is powered by energy. There are numerous advanced energy-generation strategies, but it would be greatly valued if energy could be consistently derived from ship waste. Waste disposal is a difficult task in the shipping industry, so many studies are being conducted to find better ways to dispose of waste. According to regulatory agencies, India has a large source of both industrial and urban organic waste. The shipping industry, like any other, necessitates massive amounts of energy. On a daily basis, a massive amount of waste is generated, ranging from small crafts to ultra-large vessels (aerobic as well as anaerobic). So, there is a significant opportunity for capturing the energy from this waste, and both the difficulty of waste disposal and the depletion of conventional energy sources can be effectively addressed concurrently. This paper examines various means of generating energy from waste. Furthermore, the current state of Waste-to-Energy (WTE) in our country and around the world is discussed.
Motivation/Background: There is a perennial need for energy in all industry. This energy is pivotal in marine sector. There is huge amount of waste disposal into sea and IMO is keen on pollution control and de-carbonization. So, converting the waste serves two purposes viz. pollution control and green energy generation.
Method: Various techniques for generating energy from waste had been discussed.
Results: Waste-To-Energy is still a relatively unexplored technology in the shipping industry. Large cruise ships generate massive quantities of waste. This in and of itself represents a large avenue for WTE as a source of renewable energy on board ships. There are very few manufacturers venturing into the WTE segment to create power from ship waste. Scan ship, a Norwegian ship waste management system manufacturer, has established a system that uses microwave-assisted pyrolysis to transform carbon-based waste generated on ships into biofuels.
Conclusions: WTE is also a relatively new concept in the shipping industry. Countries such as Norway, which is successfully operating WTE plants on land, are progressively migrating the technology and paving the way for others. More initiatives like these can radically decrease the amount of waste that ships discharge into the sea, resulting in a more comprehensive ecosystem for all life forms.

The induction motors are widely used in industrial drives since of their low cost and flexibility. The control facet is very essential for any drive. This paper proposes an economical method of INDUCTION MOTOR speed control with efficient performance. The induction motor speed variation can be easily attained for a short range by stator voltage control. The terminal voltage across the stator winding of the motor can be varied to achieve the preferred speed control by controlling the firing angle of the semiconductor power devices (TRIAC in this paper). RASPBERRY PI 2(model B) plays an important in our project. Raspberry Pi is very small in size and it is a low cost device. Raspberry Pi has a Quadcore-broadcom BCM2836 900 MHz processor and 1GB RAM. It can perform all the work similar to a computer and can be referred as minicomputer. Python language must be used for this. It uses Raspbian operating system based on Debian distribution of LINUX.

There is a widespread changeover in the electrical power industry universally from old-style monopolistic outline towards a horizontally distributed competitive structure to come across the demand of rising consumption. When the transmission lines of derestricted system are incapable to oblige the entire service needs, the lines are overloaded or congested. The governor between customer and power producer is nominated as Independent System Operator (ISO) to lessen the congestion without obstructing transmission line restrictions. Among the existing approaches for congestion management, the frequently used approaches are reorganizing the generation and load curbing. There is a boundary for reorganizing the generators, and further loads may not be supplemented with the prevailing resources unless more private power producers are added in the system by considerably raising the cost. Hence, congestion is relaxed by appropriate Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices which boost...

ABSTRACT The demand for network communications is increasing every year, but the available resources are not increasing at the same rate. Bandwidth and network infrastructures are major issues in network related problems in remote areas for various applications. The current study uses Genetic Algorithm (GA) based optimization method to allocate the bandwidth related issues. In addition, it also considers the identification of optimal server location with minimal cost. In this regard , Geographical Information System (GIS) is used to identify the spatial location of network components (server setup) optimal location. The proposed methodology is demonstrated with a case study of National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) developed by Ministry of Human Resources Department (MHRD), Government of India, where the network optimization is of much importance.

This paper discuss about the protection of BUSBAR from any type of the fault. Busbars are the nerve-centers of power system. All feeders of a power station are connected to the busbar. Fault in any one of the feeders with respect to busbar may create a complete shut down. Such kind of unpredictable and unexpected damages are common in power plants. The paper helps in protecting busbar from such kinds of faults. Numerical Differential relay is being used to realize the same. The combination of low impedance and high impedance differential relays are used to identify the fault in the Busbar. The necessary time delay can be formulated using IDMT and DMT characteristics in a single simulation.

The micro grid is connected to the medium voltage level utility grid through circuit breakers. In islanded condition, a micro grid has to operate on its own, independent of the grid. At that condition there is a chance of occurring voltage and frequency deviation. In order to overcome this problem different MPPT control methods are implemented in this proposed project. The micro grid concept allows small distributed energy resources (DERs) to act in a coordinated manner to provide a necessary amount of active power and ancillary service when required. Result also shows an effective coordination among participating micro resources while considering the case of changing irradiance level. The irradiance level is traced by using MPPT algorithm. The improved incremental conductance algorithm is used in this project to get better result. Super capacitor is for storage control. The key issues discussed and associated with this project is the coordinated control of voltage, frequency, real and reactive power control. The simulation results are carried out in MATLAB. Index terms-Maximum power point tracking, voltage and frequency control, incremental conductance method.

Maintaining the voltage profile in transmission line is very much important to maintain powers system stability. Due to load fluctuations, the voltage in all the buses may not be maintained. FACTS devices are much helpful in voltage compensation. UPFC is one among the FACTS devices which is used to serve this purpose. The load is increased in IEEE 30 bus system to simulate voltage sag condition. The location of UPFC is found using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The power loss during fault and the corresponding dip in voltage is compensated using UPFC. The power flow shows that the voltage in all buses is maintained within the permissible limits. The entire simulation has been demonstrated in IEEE 30 bus system.

There are few practical restrictions in the assimilation of dispersed generation (DG) in the distribution scheme. Adding fairly big quantity of generation to the distribution network can affect the normal assumptions used in the protection plans of overcurrent fortification. This problem becomes more predominant when the DG capacity within the given area counter balances the load. The availability of DG is not constant and is dynamic in nature. The nature and the severity of fault current should also be accounted. The anti-islanding, the temporary over-voltages at the time of fault, reduction of sensitivity for extended feeder are the key issues which are discussed in this paper. This paper focuses on solving few issues related to integration of DG with the help of impedance relays which is used for distribution line protection.

The demand for the quality power is increasing nowadays due to various nonlinear loads. Voltage compensation is the main consideration in the power system because uncompensated system will lead to the system fault and the equipment connected to the power system may damage, hence it is very much necessary to keep the transmission line compensated. The compensation also makes the system stable. The multilevel inverters provide the better compensation than the normal inverter in the compensation unit. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is the compensation unit used to compensate the power system. DSTATCOM is the distribution static synchronous compensator placed in the distribution side. This project presents an investigation of nine-Level Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) Inverter as Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) in Power System for compensation of reactive power and harmonics. The compensations of CHB inverter are low harmonic distortion, reduced number of switches and suppression of switching losses.

This paper proposes the application of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique to find the optimal size and optimum location for the placement of DG in the radial distribution networks for active power compensation by reduction in real power losses and enhancement in voltage profile. In the first segment, the optimal size of DG is calculated at each bus using the exact loss formula and in the second segment the optimal location of DG is found by using the loss sensitivity factor. The analytical expression is based on exact loss formula. The optimal size of DG is calculated at each bus using the exact loss formula and the optimal location of DG is found by using the loss sensitivity factor. The results obtained from the PSO technique have also been compared with the analytical approach results. The proposed technique is tested on 15-bus and 69-bus test systems.

Poisonous Gas Detector is used to detect the harmful gases in an area for safety purposes. The proposed device is used to detect the various poisonous gas leakages and alert people so that they can be evacuated immediately to save the life. This device uses the electrochemical sensor which is sensitive to poisonous and flammable gases such as CH 4 (Methane), CO (carbon monoxide), H2S (Hydrogen sulfide), C 3 H 8 (Propane), LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). Already there are devices existing in the market for the same purpose but they are costly. Also they fail to detect many gases. The proposed model in this paper is cost effective and efficient. Moreover, the rate of response is high. Hence this device may be used as a multi gas detection apparatus. The proposed device is designed and controlled with the help of Atmel Atmega 328p_pu micro controller. It is programmed and tested with Atmel ICE and Arduino IDE. The circuit is tested with LPG gas which resulted in quick response. This device is used to detect the poisonous gases in sewage, LPG leakage in home, leakage of poisonous gas in industries, formation of poisonous gas in Mines, and cleaning the hazardous leftovers. A DC motor is connected to the device which is used into the sewage manhole to detect gases at different level thereby avoiding human usage in manholes.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a lot of tiny sensing devices, which can monitor environment or other events. Because these devices run on battery, energy is an extremely critical resource for them. Thus, energy-efficient method need be carefully designed for data aggregation. Most of the existing energy-efficient algorithms always forward packets by cluster head or data aggregator. Both the structure of clustering and data aggregation can realize to gather data with energy-efficient method. In this paper, considering the concept of data aggregation we proposed a energy efficient data aggregator election (EEDAE) algorithm to reduce the energy consumption, when a WSN is used to gather data. The goal of this basic approach is to use the architecture of cluster and artificial intelligence technique to elect the data aggregator efficiently and gather data from the nodes sensed interesting event to the cluster head (CH) so as to reduce the transmission energy in a cluster. Our simulation results show that EEDAE can improve energy efficiency, and thus prolong network lifetime. Index:-Cluster-Head, Aggregation, EEDAE Kohonen neural network model, Energy efficiency. I. INTRODUCION A wireless sensor network (WSN) of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. The more modern networks are bi-directional, also enabling control of sensor activity. The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance; today such networks are used in many industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, and so on. The WSN is built of "nodes"-from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where each node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a micro controller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting. A sensor node might vary in size from that of a down to the size of a grain of dust, although functioning "motes" of genuine microscopic dimensions have yet to be created. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from a few to hundreds of dollars, depending on the complexity of the individual sensor nodes. Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and communications bandwidth. The topology of the WSN can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network. The propagation technique between the hops of the network can be routing or flooding. Area monitoring is a common application of WSNs. In area monitoring, the WSN is deployed over a region where some phenomenon is to be monitored. A military example is the use of sensors detect enemy intrusion; a civilian example is the geo fencing of gas or oil pipelines. Area monitoring is most important part. The medical applications can be of two types: wearable and implanted. Wearable devices are used on the body surface of a human or just at close proximity of the user. The implantable medical devices are those that are inserted inside human body. There are many other applications too e.g. body position measurement and location of the person, overall monitoring of ill patients in hospitals and at homes. Body-area networks can collect information about an individual's health, fitness, and energy expenditure. issues in wireless sensor networks, some are listed below  Medium access scheme  Routing  Multicasting  Pricing scheme  Security  Quality of service provisioning  Self-Organization

The impulsively fluctuating climatic conditions and the supplementary effects demand the protection of forestry and cultivation. Pests, bugs and insects are the vital issues that distress the development of crop. Eventually, monitoring and trapping of bugs becomes a more challenging task. The traditional human operators execute surveys of the traps dispersed over the field at regular intervals. This encompasses more work, requires considerable time and is not consistent. It is not effective on economic grounds too. These limitations in the existing systems call for automation with affordable cost. Effective pest trapping will be highly favourable to the farmers while capturing and sending the images of pests will be helpful for further analysis in agricultural fields. Moreover, this will be definitely helpful in reducing the usage of pesticides since automatic trapping is efficient and effective. An electronic trap for pest insects by an autonomous monitoring system using black lights (Ultra Violet) and LED lights is suggested in this paper. A statistical analysis is made on the probable time of high pest population and a trap with three layers of different thickness is designed to capture various sizes of prominent pests. A low-cost image sensor is used to capture the images of trapped pests and the images are sent to a remote control station. The information thus acquired enhances the estimation of pest concentrations in farms. The entire analysis is carried out in paddy and brinjal fields and is supported by MSSRF (M S Swaminathan Research Foundation), Chennai.

The system presents a data-mining model for fault-zone identification of a flexible ac transmission system (FACTS)-based transmission line including a unified power-flow controller (UPFC), using ensemble decision trees. With the presence of UPFC to maintain the voltage stability of all the buses contains loads, lines with generators and their real and reactive power are compensated. Given the randomness in the ensemble of decision trees stacked inside the random forests model, it provides effective decision on fault-zone identification. Half-cycle postfault current and voltage samples from the fault inception are used as an input vector against target output for the fault after UPFC and for the fault before UPFC for fault-zone identification. The algorithm is tested on [MATLAB (SIMULINK)-version 2011] and also find out the various power system parameters such as voltage, current, real power , reactive power of all buses , generators are connected in the 14 bus power system network with simulated fault data are wide variations in operating parameters of the power system network, including noisy environment providing reliability with faster response time. The results of the presented approach using the Random Forest (RFs) model identify the fault zone and check the every buses and lines with its predicted ensemble value along with fault data. They are highly reliable identification of the fault zone in FACTS-based transmission lines and the results indicate that the ensemble tree is highly effective. Index Terms-Unified power flow controller, Data mining, Random forest, 14 bus system, MATLAB, PSAT.

Nowadays need of energy is must. Primary sources, used every day for our livelihood, will not last forever and we will have to face this problem. Even renewable energies, always considered as part of the solution, are not stable enough to substitute or significantly integrate our traditional system. Smart grid researchers try to face these challenges through the proposal of a new concept of intelligent grid equipped with sensors and devices able to constantly monitor demand and supply of the electrical grid. This architecture willbe able to direct energy only where and when it is needed, avoiding waste and improving power quality at the same time.

Background/Objectives: A protective relay should proficiently distinguish between fault, normal and abnormal
environments. The prime aim is to plan and coordinate the relays effectively during power system faults. Methods/
Statistical Analysis: ETAP simulation tool is adopted for appropriately operating the backup relays, after giving acceptable
time discernment for operating the primary region relays. The optimal identification of relay settings for both Main and
Standby Protection is achieved using Fault Current Limiters (FCL) and Coordination Time Interval (CTI). The distribution
set-up of Surana industries is considered for the analysis. Findings: The early detection of fault and automatic cutting
off of defected portion ensures high degree of protection and instigates proper planning in any power system network.
Normally the distribution system protection involves both principal relays and standby relays. The whole distribution
system is divided into numerous intersecting zones to guarantee complete protection. Protective relays must function
only for the precise protection for which they are intended, without functioning for any normal and short term tolerable
abnormal happenings. Hence, during the failure of primary protection, the backup relays provide protection after some
indicated time interval. The modern power systems use distributed network wherein which insertion and removal of DG
units are common. This disturbs the relay coordination and initiates frequent operation of standby relays. Deciding the
proper time interruption for the working of backup relays decides the protection quality in distribution link. Application/
Improvements: The protection coordination of distribution set-up of Surana industries are formulated in ETAP after
getting the power flow results using Newton-Raphson algorithm. Results show improvement over the existing methods.

The induction motors are widely used in industrial drives since of their low cost and flexibility. The control facet is very essential for any drive. This paper proposes an economical method of INDUCTION MOTOR speed control with efficient performance. The induction motor speed variation can be easily attained for a short range by stator voltage control. The terminal voltage across the stator winding of the motor can be varied to achieve the preferred speed control by controlling the firing angle of the semiconductor power devices (TRIAC in this paper). RASPBERRY PI 2(model B) plays an important in our project. Raspberry Pi is very small in size and it is a low cost device. Raspberry Pi has a Quadcore-broadcom BCM2836 900 MHz processor and 1GB RAM. It can perform all the work similar to a computer and can be referred as minicomputer. Python language must be used for this. It uses Raspbian operating system based on Debian distribution of LINUX.

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms are necessary because Photo-Voltaic (PV) arrays have a non-linear voltage-current characteristic with a unique point where the power produced is maximum. This point depends on the temperature of the panels and on the irradiation conditions. Both conditions change during the day and are also different depending on the season of the year. Furthermore, irradiation can change rapidly due to changing atmospheric conditions such as clouds. It is very important to track the MPP accurately under all possible conditions so that the maximum available power is always obtained. This paper presents the hardware design and implementation of a system that ensures a perpendicular profile of the solar panel with the sun in order to extract maximum energy falling on it. Renewable energy is rapidly gaining importance as an energy resource as fossil fuel prices Fluctuate. The unique feature of the proposed system is that instead of taking the earth as its reference, it takes the sun as a guiding source. Its active sensors constantly monitor the sunlight and rotate the panel towards the direction where the intensity of sunlight is maximum. Temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature value and is displays in the LCD and also this information can be viewed in PC. Due to the limited fossil energy and greenhouse effect, more and more countries are devoting to development and promotion of renewable energy sources. Among the various renewable energy sources, solar energy has the advantages of being inexhaustible and 2 Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources Volume 3 Issue 1 noiseless. Hence, installation of PV energy harvesting systems keeps a rather high growing rate in recent years. However, the output voltage / current of the solar cells changes rapidly with the irradiation.

The role of Independent System Operator (ISO) in the restructured power industry includes system control, capacity planning, transmission tariff and congestion management; the challenging task being minimizing the congestion. One of the popular techniques used to alleviate congestion is using Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices. The power system generally operates near its rated capacity in deregulated market because of intensive usage of transmission grids. So, the major issues that need to be addressed are improving the voltage profile and reducing the power loss in the electrical network. Motivation: The location of FACTS devices can improve the power flow in the line, maintain the bus profile and reduce the losses. However locating the ideal location is a NP problem. This study presents a novel heuristic method to determine the types of FACTS devices and its optimal location in a power system without violating the thermal and voltage limits. Power flow sensitivity index to find the optimal location of UPFC is suggested in this study. A hybrid fish bee swarm optimization is proposed which is based on Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Fish School Search (FSS) methods. This proposed algorithm is tested based on IEEE 30 bus system and line performances are studied.

Restructuring of monopolistic power systems is unavoidable in this day and age to cope up with the exponential growth of power demand. In developed countries restructuring is already in place while developing countries are adapting it. Besides the benefits to consumers in terms of economy and quality, there are some challenges existing especially in transmission while exercising deregulation. Transmission line congestion is one of the major challenges of Independent System Operator (ISO) in deregulated power market. Majorly, the economic aspects are considered for Congestion management. This Paper proposes a method to manage congestion considering both the economical and voltage stability aspects. Artificial Bee Colony algorithm (ABC) and Fish School Optimization (FSO) techniques are used for managing congestion. These techniques are implemented in 62 bus Indian utility system and the results are compared for various economical and stability constraints using proposed algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).

The unbundling of monopolistic vertically integrated power system is inevitable in present day electricity market scenario because of the radical growth in load demand. New liberalized electric power market includes changes in generation sources and sizes. Also, the uncertainty of transactions in unbundled power system poses more stress and may force the transmission networks to work closer to their operating limits. Most of the times, the transmission systems operate even beyond the transfer capability leading to line congestion. Congestion has a wide range of impacts depending on the market model of deregulated power system. The security and reliability of the system is adversely affected if congestion is not managed properly. Hence, congestion management is exceptionally important for Independent System Operator (ISO) of deregulated power system. The task of managing congestion is considered into a non-linear programming problem. So, an optimal power flow (OPF) frame work has been adopted to simulate congestion problems. The power world simulator is utilized for solving this problem. This study proposes an Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization technique for managing congestion in pool based electricity market. Re-dispatch of generation is extensively used in pool based market. The objective of proposed work is to minimize the cost of generator re-dispatch. Numerical results on IEEE 14 test bus system is presented for illustration and the results are compared with Newton's algorithm in terms of prominence of solution. The comprehensive experimental results ascertain that the ABC optimization is one among the challenging optimization methods for the proposed problem.