Researcher in the field of Croatian and European medieval history. Work on the critical edition of Latin and Glagolitic sources. Supervisors: Gerhard Jaritz; Henrik Birnbaum; Patrick Geary; Bariša Krekić; Mirjana Matijević-Sokol
Magistra famosa. Zbornik u čast Mirjani Matijević Sokol, 2023
The biography and historical role of the talented and much-appreciated
Venetian civil and militar... more The biography and historical role of the talented and much-appreciated Venetian civil and military engineer (magister) Francesco delle Barche have to date been only slightly discussed in Croatian and Italian historiography. Evidence for this is the fact that he is not even mentioned in Italian lexicons and also that he is only poorly covered in scholarly works by contemporary medievalists. In Croatian historiography there is but one paper, that of Sandra Begonja, which touched on the possible importance of Francesco the engineer, related, of course, to the siege of Zadar in 1345 to 1346. There were two other factors, apart from the lack relevant research, that prompted the writing of this paper about the distinguished late medieval engineer. The first is related to the historical tale of novelist August Šenoa about Francesco delle Barche, in which the author transformed him into a Zadar local, a traitor of the stamp of Judas, who sold his homeland for silver. Some aspects put forward in the Šenoa work are considered from the aspect of literary history, but on the whole are related to the period of the 19th century when the historical tale itself was written (1875). Naturally, the medieval setting and the time and space in which Francesco lived were seldom taken into consideration in such works, which is entirely understandable in view of the particular historiographic methods and sources that require an understanding of late medieval circumstances, primarily the social relationships, circumstances of the war and everyday life. A second factor behind the choice of theme was the Latin chronicle of an anonymous author entitled Chronica Jadretina, published some ten years back in a contemporary historiographic Italian critical edition. Currently, work is underway on a preparation of a critical edition in Croatian, engaging Olga Perić, Damir Karbić and Zoran Ladić. Unlike the already printed critical edition Obsidio Iadrensis, the author of which is an anonymous Zadar chronicler, the Italian chronicle provides important data about the engagement of Francesco delle Barche as Venetian military engineer during the Venetian siege of Zadar in 1345 to 1346. It needs to be said here that some time in February 1346, after a number of successful constructions of military machines and assistance provided to the high command in the devising of the strategy of the war against Zadar, he was accidentally killed while he was using one of the fighting machines that he had invented or significantly improved. As well as information from the chronicle, in several collections of sources and foreign works of scholarship, information was found about his operations in Istria and in the eastern Mediterranean (Candia, Heraklion) related to the rebuilding and renovation of the neglected harbours The sources and the references show that Francesco proved himself to be a highly skilled, talented civil engineer completely up to his tasks. One proof of this was his work on the dredging of the Venetian canals that led to the port. The sources show quite clearly that Francesco was an inhabitant of Venice, in which he had possessions in various locations. Most importantly, he was head of operations in the Arsenal, probably in the 1320s and early 1330s. All this, in combination with the fact that he had a very important task in one of the most important events of the Croatian Late Middle Ages – the Venetian siege of Zadar 1345-1346, shows that his life and professional activities deserve more attention from Croatian medieval studies.
Hrvati i Bugari. Diplomacija, politika, kultura i znanost. Zbornik radova sa znanstvenog skupa održanog povodom 30. obljetnice uspostave diplomatskih odnosa između Republike Bugarske i Republike Hrvatske, te 25. obljetnice uspostave znanstvene suradnje između Bugarske akademije znanosti i Hrvatsk..., 2024
Izrađeno tijekom rada na zajedničkom projektu Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i... more Izrađeno tijekom rada na zajedničkom projektu Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i društvene znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti i Instituta za balkanistiku s Centrom za trakologiju "Проф. Александър Фол" Bugarske akademije nauka Društvo, država i crkva kod Hrvata i Bugara tijekom stoljeća.
U radu se govori o nekim aspektima povijesne povezanosti Buga- ra i Dubrovčana u razdoblju kasnog srednjeg vijeka, osobito s obzirom na neke povijesne fenomene koji su obilježili razdoblje razvijenog i ka- snog srednjeg vijeka. Rad se temelji na analizi dvadesetak isprava veza- nih uz povijesne odnose Bugara i Dubrovčana u razvijenom i kasnom srednjem vijeku, što ih je u dva sveska objelodanilo nekoliko bugarskih medievista (Dubrovnishki dokumenti za istoriata na Balgaria i balgarite prez XIII – XV vek, T. 1 and T. 2). Knjige obuhvaćaju vremensko razdoblje od 1230. do 1505. godine.
Pilgrimage in the Christian Balkan World. The Path to Touch the Sacred and Holy, 2023
In this article, I will present the results of my research on the phenomenon of pilgrimaging in m... more In this article, I will present the results of my research on the phenomenon of pilgrimaging in medieval Istria and Dalmatia. The greatest part of the sources I considered in my paper are medieval Istrian and Dalmatian last wills which belong to so-called serial type of sources Numerous equal or similar data recorded in the content of all wills, codicills, and breviarii testamenti (e. g. names and surnames of testators, professions, social status, marital status, data topica, data chronica, reasons for recording the wills, choice of recipients of testamentary legacies, and so on) enable the grouping of these data according to certain principles. After that, the best way to research these grouped data is by applying quantitative analysis. The methodology of quantitative analysis of last wills was and is used by many medievalists and this methodology is particularly valuable in researching the problem of mortality, the social structure of testators, types of professions, gender of testators, distribution of pious legacies to various civic and ecclesiastical institutions and persons in urban and rural societies, etc. One theme that may be analyzed based on the research of last wills by applying the quantitative analysis is the phenomenon of pilgrimaging. Namely, many testators in the period from the thirteenth until the end of the fifteenth century often mention monetary or other types of legacies donated to persons willing to pilgrimage to loca sacra for the salvation of the souls of testators. There were also many testators personally pilgrimaging to various local, regional, and international pilgrim centers in Europe and the Middle East, and for that reason, they composed their wills in the chancelleries of communal notaries. The contours of the phenomenon of pilgrimaging in Croatia may be traced several centuries before Croats settled in their contemporary homeland. The first written document related to pilgrimaging in the Holly Land through continental Croatia (Slavonia) comes from the late Antique Period as testified by the anonymous pilgrim from Bordeaux in the first extant West European written pilgrim diary from 334-335 . The practice of pilgrimaging through Croatia continued in the medieval period and reached its peak in the Late Middle Ages. From the aspect of pilgrimaging, the entire medieval Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia was situated in a very important geographical and strategic position. Some of the most important pilgrim European land routes led through medieval Slavonia (e. g. via Danubia, Via Militaris). The antique Roman land route led from Senj through Croatian and Dalmatian hinterland towards the city and port of Durrës in Albania where it joined via Egnatia. All of these land roads lead to Constantinople, Palestine, and St. Catharine on Sinai. Yet, much more frequently palmieri used naval routes leading from Venice to Palestine ports of Jaffa, Acre, and some others to visit pilgrim shrines in Terra Sancta, Jerusalem, Constantinople, and St. Catharine on Sinai). In the High and Late Middle Ages, Besides Rome as an old pilgrim center, many new pilgrim shrines were established on the Apennine peninsula next to the new cult of saints such as St. Francis in Assisi or St. Anthony in Padua, as well as Marian shrines such as Loreto and Recanati. Naval routes from the East Adriatic to pilgrim shrines on the Apennine peninsula in started in the ports of Senj, Zadar, and Split. Both naval routes, those from Venice to the Holy Land and those from East Adriatic ports towards West Adriatic ports (Brindisi, Bari, Manfredonia, Fano, Ancona, Pesaro, and Rimini) were used by many Western European, Central European, and domestic pilgrims.
Pro refrigerio animae: Death and Memory in East-Central Europe. Fourteenth-Nineteenth Centuries, 2024
The main goal of this analysis will be to examine the reasons for the recording of the last wills... more The main goal of this analysis will be to examine the reasons for the recording of the last wills of testators from all layers of medieval Dalmatian communal societies (patricians, citizens, inhabitants, peasants in the districts, foreigners, and newcomers). The primary sources for this analysis are the unpublished and published last wills, codicils, and breviaria testamentorum from several Dalmatian communes (Zadar, Rab, Šibenik, Trogir, Split, and Dubrovnik) recorded in the period between the second half of the thirteenth and the end of the fifteenth century. As it is well known, the original reason for recording last wills which are to be found in all wills was the fear of sudden death without the last confession and receiving the Eucharist. Last wills from that period became one of the most important private-legal documents directed equally towards distributions of movable and immovable goods usually among the members of the nuclear family (wife, husband, father, mother, brother, sister) and towards strategic and thoughtfully distribution of pious, charitable, and solidary legacies aimed at the redemptions of testators’ souls to various individuals and institutions in accordance to contemporary religious trends Even at the first glance it is obvious that several groups of such reasons may be distinguished as dominant among Dalmatian testators: physical sickness and old age are most frequently mentioned reasons. Yet, some of the reasons for the recording of wills were caused by different intimate circumstances such as departures to pilgrimages, travels for business, entering religious orders, because of pregnancy, and some others. Finally, some of the reasons were consequences of specific historical circumstances such as epidemics of plague or organization of crusades against the infidels.
Social and Individual Mobility in Late Medieval and Renaissance Croatia in European Context, 2022
Based on the examination of last wills, statute laws, narrative sources, papal bulls, and decrees... more Based on the examination of last wills, statute laws, narrative sources, papal bulls, and decrees of Church councils from the period between the second half of the thirteenth and the end of the fifteenth century, the authors discuss the problem of female pilgrimages as the consequence of the improvement of the social, legal, and economic position of women in the East Adriatic communes in that period. In the early medieval period, the practice of pilgrimaging was a privilege confined exclusively to women from the most elite social layers of Croatian society. The first significant change happened in the second half of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth centuries when the offices of public notaries were introduced in the East Adriatic communes. That caused the increase in recording last wills in which most testators mentioned either personal or substantial pilgrimages. During the fourteenth century, the male pilgrims in all communes significantly prevailed over females. But in the fifteenth century, the religious spatial mobility of women reached its medieval peak. An almost equal number of male and female pilgrims to loca sacra in that century resulted from various changes in social, legal, economic, and ecclesiastical life in East Adriatic communes enabling greater spatial mobility of women. The process of “democratization“ of various aspects of daily life in communal societies such as the increase in literacy among women, positive changes in the attitude of ecclesiastical authorities towards women, their growing participation in the economy as well as the increasing share of statutory decrees related to women’s legal role in communal life significantly reflected on the improvement of the position of late medieval women in East Adriatic communes and the increase in their spatial mobility during the examined three centuries. The enhancement of the social status of women in East Adriatic communes in that period was also the consequence of positive ecclesiastical and theological approaches towards females and their morality. Of great importance was the theological reaffirmation of the Virgin Mary and Eve in the late scholastic and softer attitude of local and universal ecclesiastical authorities towards female spatial mobility, particularly pilgrimages starting from the thirteenth century.
Crkveni mješoviti pjevački zbor Župe Marije Pomoćnice na Knežiji : Salezijanska družba = The mixed church choir of St. Mary Help of Christians Parish in Knežija : The Salesian society] [Zvučna snimka] , 2010
Sažetak: Autor u radu donosi pregled povijesti Salezijanske družbe od njezina nastanka u 19-stolj... more Sažetak: Autor u radu donosi pregled povijesti Salezijanske družbe od njezina nastanka u 19-stoljetnoj Italiji, preko širenja diljem svijeta, do utemeljenja samostana i crkvenog i karitativnog djelovanja u Hrvatskoj i Zagrebu. Tekst je tiskan na hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku unutar CD sa zvučnom snimkom Crkvenog mješovitog pjevačkog zbora Župe Marije Pomoćnice na Knežiji u Zagrebu.
Na temelju neobjavljene arhivske građe koja se čuva u Arhivu Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu i Ar... more Na temelju neobjavljene arhivske građe koja se čuva u Arhivu Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu i Arhivu Rektorata Sveučilišta u Zagrebu kao i analizom dosadašnjih, iako malobrojnih, priloga o ovom hrvatskom intelektualcu autori su u ovom radu izložili neke dosada nepoznate činjenice iz života Milana Japunčića. Posebno su se osvrnuli na pitanje njegova školovanja do stjecanja akademskog stupnja 1905., kao i na njegov profesorski rad od prvog radnog mjesta u Zemunu do posljednjeg 1930. u Kragujevcu. Osobitu su pažnju posvetili analizi dosada nepoznatog Japunčićeva ratnog dnevnika u kojem je izložio svoje viđenje rata, monarhije, domovine i prijateljstva.
In this article, the author examines the appearance of plague epidemics in the Dalmatian commune ... more In this article, the author examines the appearance of plague epidemics in the Dalmatian commune of Šibenik in the late medieval period, from the Black Death in 1348 until the end of the fifteenth century. The analysis is based on the research of data from Šibenik’s statutory law – statutory decrees and later added novels (reformationes) – of the diplomatic relations and commissions between the Venetian central authorities and the commune of Šibenik, and of various communal published and unpublished sources. Yet, the most valuable data are the communal notary records, primarily last wills and inventories of goods, which enable the punctual examination of places where the plague epidemics raged in certain periods (villages, city, islands in the district). Last wills and inventories of goods are extremely valuable in establishing the beginning and ending of plague epidemics because they contain data on the dates of recording the wills, the death of testators, and the composing of inventories. These sources also allow us to examine the duration of plague epidemics. Thus, we know that some plague epidemics in the commune of Šibenik lasted for several months while others raged for one or even two years. The research has shown that the outbreaks of plague epidemics occurred much more frequently than has been hitherto assumed, either in the city of Šibenik or in the villages of its densely populated district. In any case, the research has shown that plague epidemic in the fifteenth-century commune of Šibenik appeared much more frequent than it has been considered until now. The author also discusses the health protection measures undertaken by the central Venetian and communal Šibenik authorities to prevent the spreading of plague epidemics, particularly within the city walls. The sources, especially last wills and inventories of goods, but also some other types of notary deeds, statutory law and its novels, as well as the ducales issued by the central Venetian government and decrees issued by the communal authorities, clearly show that the commune of Šibenik implemented the same healthy, medical, and hygiene measures available at the time as other European urban-rural societies. Deceased persons, as well as members of their nuclear families, were immediately put into isolation outside the city walls and situated in empty houses in the surrounding villages. The communal authorities, patricians, rich merchants, and members of clergy likewise found refugee in villages within the communal district or in their houses and palaces on communal islands. The mobility of villagers towards the city still existed, but they were only allowed to enter the fields near the city walls, not the city itself. The Venetian mercenaries were situated in towers close to the city gates and prevented the mobility of peasantry from the district into the city or vice versa. In the fifteenth century, the commune of Šibenik introduced quarantine and its communal hospitals and leper houses served as places for the accommodation of sick persons. There
were female and male persons (hospitalarii, hospitalarie, and sometimes mendicant friars) voluntarily caring for the infected persons. The communal authorities proclaimed statutory novels forbidding burials in church graveyards within the city walls as well as direct physical contacts between the participants and the deceased persons during the burial ceremonies, such as the customary expression of emotions by kissing the infectious body of the deceased person. Finally, the healthcare system in the late medieval commune of Šibenik included control over healthy denizens and isolation of infected persons. This involved a great number of professional medical workers who had graduated from various Italian universities as well as auxiliary medical workers such as barbers or herbalists. The statute of Šibenik shows that professional medical workers were very much honored by the communal denizens and authorities, which is best illustrated by their significant annual salaries and the relatively luxurious accommodation provided by the communal authorities.
9. ISTARSKI POVIJESNI BIENNALE. EMOTIO, AFFECTUS, SENSUS…: O OSJEĆAJIMA U POVIJESTI NA JADRANSKOM PROSTORU , 2021
Based on an analysis of wills, breviaries, and codicils of a large number of testators from the E... more Based on an analysis of wills, breviaries, and codicils of a large number of testators from the East Adriatic communal environments of the Central and Late Middle Ages and the impact of canon law, Roman law, and statutory regulations, the author addresses the issue of expressions of a variety of feelings overwhelming the testators at the time of making their last will – from fear about salvation and the struggle for eternal life in Heaven to the expressions of love, solidarity, and mercy for various groups or individual beneficiaries. He also looks at a web of positive and negative feelings for the testators expressed by individuals and groups, usually family members, friends, business partners, as well as groups seeking to exert infuence on creating a statement of the testators’ own free will.
Zbornik Odsjeka Za Povijesne Znanosti Zavoda Za Povijesne I Drustvene Znanosti Hrvatske Akademije Znanosti I Umjetnosti Zbornik Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti Ic Jazu Zbornik Historijskog Zavoda Ja Zbornik Historijskog Instituta Ja, Mar 1, 2003
Zbornik Odsjeka Za Povijesne Znanosti Zavoda Za Povijesne I Drustvene Znanosti Hrvatske Akademije Znanosti I Umjetnosti Zbornik Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti Ic Jazu Zbornik Historijskog Zavoda Ja Zbornik Historijskog Instituta Ja, Mar 1, 2004
Zbornik Odsjeka Za Povijesne Znanosti Zavoda Za Povijesne I Drustvene Znanosti Hrvatske Akademije Znanosti I Umjetnosti Zbornik Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti Ic Jazu Zbornik Historijskog Zavoda Ja Zbornik Historijskog Instituta Ja, Mar 1, 2000
Magistra famosa. Zbornik u čast Mirjani Matijević Sokol, 2023
The biography and historical role of the talented and much-appreciated
Venetian civil and militar... more The biography and historical role of the talented and much-appreciated Venetian civil and military engineer (magister) Francesco delle Barche have to date been only slightly discussed in Croatian and Italian historiography. Evidence for this is the fact that he is not even mentioned in Italian lexicons and also that he is only poorly covered in scholarly works by contemporary medievalists. In Croatian historiography there is but one paper, that of Sandra Begonja, which touched on the possible importance of Francesco the engineer, related, of course, to the siege of Zadar in 1345 to 1346. There were two other factors, apart from the lack relevant research, that prompted the writing of this paper about the distinguished late medieval engineer. The first is related to the historical tale of novelist August Šenoa about Francesco delle Barche, in which the author transformed him into a Zadar local, a traitor of the stamp of Judas, who sold his homeland for silver. Some aspects put forward in the Šenoa work are considered from the aspect of literary history, but on the whole are related to the period of the 19th century when the historical tale itself was written (1875). Naturally, the medieval setting and the time and space in which Francesco lived were seldom taken into consideration in such works, which is entirely understandable in view of the particular historiographic methods and sources that require an understanding of late medieval circumstances, primarily the social relationships, circumstances of the war and everyday life. A second factor behind the choice of theme was the Latin chronicle of an anonymous author entitled Chronica Jadretina, published some ten years back in a contemporary historiographic Italian critical edition. Currently, work is underway on a preparation of a critical edition in Croatian, engaging Olga Perić, Damir Karbić and Zoran Ladić. Unlike the already printed critical edition Obsidio Iadrensis, the author of which is an anonymous Zadar chronicler, the Italian chronicle provides important data about the engagement of Francesco delle Barche as Venetian military engineer during the Venetian siege of Zadar in 1345 to 1346. It needs to be said here that some time in February 1346, after a number of successful constructions of military machines and assistance provided to the high command in the devising of the strategy of the war against Zadar, he was accidentally killed while he was using one of the fighting machines that he had invented or significantly improved. As well as information from the chronicle, in several collections of sources and foreign works of scholarship, information was found about his operations in Istria and in the eastern Mediterranean (Candia, Heraklion) related to the rebuilding and renovation of the neglected harbours The sources and the references show that Francesco proved himself to be a highly skilled, talented civil engineer completely up to his tasks. One proof of this was his work on the dredging of the Venetian canals that led to the port. The sources show quite clearly that Francesco was an inhabitant of Venice, in which he had possessions in various locations. Most importantly, he was head of operations in the Arsenal, probably in the 1320s and early 1330s. All this, in combination with the fact that he had a very important task in one of the most important events of the Croatian Late Middle Ages – the Venetian siege of Zadar 1345-1346, shows that his life and professional activities deserve more attention from Croatian medieval studies.
Hrvati i Bugari. Diplomacija, politika, kultura i znanost. Zbornik radova sa znanstvenog skupa održanog povodom 30. obljetnice uspostave diplomatskih odnosa između Republike Bugarske i Republike Hrvatske, te 25. obljetnice uspostave znanstvene suradnje između Bugarske akademije znanosti i Hrvatsk..., 2024
Izrađeno tijekom rada na zajedničkom projektu Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i... more Izrađeno tijekom rada na zajedničkom projektu Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i društvene znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti i Instituta za balkanistiku s Centrom za trakologiju "Проф. Александър Фол" Bugarske akademije nauka Društvo, država i crkva kod Hrvata i Bugara tijekom stoljeća.
U radu se govori o nekim aspektima povijesne povezanosti Buga- ra i Dubrovčana u razdoblju kasnog srednjeg vijeka, osobito s obzirom na neke povijesne fenomene koji su obilježili razdoblje razvijenog i ka- snog srednjeg vijeka. Rad se temelji na analizi dvadesetak isprava veza- nih uz povijesne odnose Bugara i Dubrovčana u razvijenom i kasnom srednjem vijeku, što ih je u dva sveska objelodanilo nekoliko bugarskih medievista (Dubrovnishki dokumenti za istoriata na Balgaria i balgarite prez XIII – XV vek, T. 1 and T. 2). Knjige obuhvaćaju vremensko razdoblje od 1230. do 1505. godine.
Pilgrimage in the Christian Balkan World. The Path to Touch the Sacred and Holy, 2023
In this article, I will present the results of my research on the phenomenon of pilgrimaging in m... more In this article, I will present the results of my research on the phenomenon of pilgrimaging in medieval Istria and Dalmatia. The greatest part of the sources I considered in my paper are medieval Istrian and Dalmatian last wills which belong to so-called serial type of sources Numerous equal or similar data recorded in the content of all wills, codicills, and breviarii testamenti (e. g. names and surnames of testators, professions, social status, marital status, data topica, data chronica, reasons for recording the wills, choice of recipients of testamentary legacies, and so on) enable the grouping of these data according to certain principles. After that, the best way to research these grouped data is by applying quantitative analysis. The methodology of quantitative analysis of last wills was and is used by many medievalists and this methodology is particularly valuable in researching the problem of mortality, the social structure of testators, types of professions, gender of testators, distribution of pious legacies to various civic and ecclesiastical institutions and persons in urban and rural societies, etc. One theme that may be analyzed based on the research of last wills by applying the quantitative analysis is the phenomenon of pilgrimaging. Namely, many testators in the period from the thirteenth until the end of the fifteenth century often mention monetary or other types of legacies donated to persons willing to pilgrimage to loca sacra for the salvation of the souls of testators. There were also many testators personally pilgrimaging to various local, regional, and international pilgrim centers in Europe and the Middle East, and for that reason, they composed their wills in the chancelleries of communal notaries. The contours of the phenomenon of pilgrimaging in Croatia may be traced several centuries before Croats settled in their contemporary homeland. The first written document related to pilgrimaging in the Holly Land through continental Croatia (Slavonia) comes from the late Antique Period as testified by the anonymous pilgrim from Bordeaux in the first extant West European written pilgrim diary from 334-335 . The practice of pilgrimaging through Croatia continued in the medieval period and reached its peak in the Late Middle Ages. From the aspect of pilgrimaging, the entire medieval Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia was situated in a very important geographical and strategic position. Some of the most important pilgrim European land routes led through medieval Slavonia (e. g. via Danubia, Via Militaris). The antique Roman land route led from Senj through Croatian and Dalmatian hinterland towards the city and port of Durrës in Albania where it joined via Egnatia. All of these land roads lead to Constantinople, Palestine, and St. Catharine on Sinai. Yet, much more frequently palmieri used naval routes leading from Venice to Palestine ports of Jaffa, Acre, and some others to visit pilgrim shrines in Terra Sancta, Jerusalem, Constantinople, and St. Catharine on Sinai). In the High and Late Middle Ages, Besides Rome as an old pilgrim center, many new pilgrim shrines were established on the Apennine peninsula next to the new cult of saints such as St. Francis in Assisi or St. Anthony in Padua, as well as Marian shrines such as Loreto and Recanati. Naval routes from the East Adriatic to pilgrim shrines on the Apennine peninsula in started in the ports of Senj, Zadar, and Split. Both naval routes, those from Venice to the Holy Land and those from East Adriatic ports towards West Adriatic ports (Brindisi, Bari, Manfredonia, Fano, Ancona, Pesaro, and Rimini) were used by many Western European, Central European, and domestic pilgrims.
Pro refrigerio animae: Death and Memory in East-Central Europe. Fourteenth-Nineteenth Centuries, 2024
The main goal of this analysis will be to examine the reasons for the recording of the last wills... more The main goal of this analysis will be to examine the reasons for the recording of the last wills of testators from all layers of medieval Dalmatian communal societies (patricians, citizens, inhabitants, peasants in the districts, foreigners, and newcomers). The primary sources for this analysis are the unpublished and published last wills, codicils, and breviaria testamentorum from several Dalmatian communes (Zadar, Rab, Šibenik, Trogir, Split, and Dubrovnik) recorded in the period between the second half of the thirteenth and the end of the fifteenth century. As it is well known, the original reason for recording last wills which are to be found in all wills was the fear of sudden death without the last confession and receiving the Eucharist. Last wills from that period became one of the most important private-legal documents directed equally towards distributions of movable and immovable goods usually among the members of the nuclear family (wife, husband, father, mother, brother, sister) and towards strategic and thoughtfully distribution of pious, charitable, and solidary legacies aimed at the redemptions of testators’ souls to various individuals and institutions in accordance to contemporary religious trends Even at the first glance it is obvious that several groups of such reasons may be distinguished as dominant among Dalmatian testators: physical sickness and old age are most frequently mentioned reasons. Yet, some of the reasons for the recording of wills were caused by different intimate circumstances such as departures to pilgrimages, travels for business, entering religious orders, because of pregnancy, and some others. Finally, some of the reasons were consequences of specific historical circumstances such as epidemics of plague or organization of crusades against the infidels.
Social and Individual Mobility in Late Medieval and Renaissance Croatia in European Context, 2022
Based on the examination of last wills, statute laws, narrative sources, papal bulls, and decrees... more Based on the examination of last wills, statute laws, narrative sources, papal bulls, and decrees of Church councils from the period between the second half of the thirteenth and the end of the fifteenth century, the authors discuss the problem of female pilgrimages as the consequence of the improvement of the social, legal, and economic position of women in the East Adriatic communes in that period. In the early medieval period, the practice of pilgrimaging was a privilege confined exclusively to women from the most elite social layers of Croatian society. The first significant change happened in the second half of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth centuries when the offices of public notaries were introduced in the East Adriatic communes. That caused the increase in recording last wills in which most testators mentioned either personal or substantial pilgrimages. During the fourteenth century, the male pilgrims in all communes significantly prevailed over females. But in the fifteenth century, the religious spatial mobility of women reached its medieval peak. An almost equal number of male and female pilgrims to loca sacra in that century resulted from various changes in social, legal, economic, and ecclesiastical life in East Adriatic communes enabling greater spatial mobility of women. The process of “democratization“ of various aspects of daily life in communal societies such as the increase in literacy among women, positive changes in the attitude of ecclesiastical authorities towards women, their growing participation in the economy as well as the increasing share of statutory decrees related to women’s legal role in communal life significantly reflected on the improvement of the position of late medieval women in East Adriatic communes and the increase in their spatial mobility during the examined three centuries. The enhancement of the social status of women in East Adriatic communes in that period was also the consequence of positive ecclesiastical and theological approaches towards females and their morality. Of great importance was the theological reaffirmation of the Virgin Mary and Eve in the late scholastic and softer attitude of local and universal ecclesiastical authorities towards female spatial mobility, particularly pilgrimages starting from the thirteenth century.
Crkveni mješoviti pjevački zbor Župe Marije Pomoćnice na Knežiji : Salezijanska družba = The mixed church choir of St. Mary Help of Christians Parish in Knežija : The Salesian society] [Zvučna snimka] , 2010
Sažetak: Autor u radu donosi pregled povijesti Salezijanske družbe od njezina nastanka u 19-stolj... more Sažetak: Autor u radu donosi pregled povijesti Salezijanske družbe od njezina nastanka u 19-stoljetnoj Italiji, preko širenja diljem svijeta, do utemeljenja samostana i crkvenog i karitativnog djelovanja u Hrvatskoj i Zagrebu. Tekst je tiskan na hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku unutar CD sa zvučnom snimkom Crkvenog mješovitog pjevačkog zbora Župe Marije Pomoćnice na Knežiji u Zagrebu.
Na temelju neobjavljene arhivske građe koja se čuva u Arhivu Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu i Ar... more Na temelju neobjavljene arhivske građe koja se čuva u Arhivu Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu i Arhivu Rektorata Sveučilišta u Zagrebu kao i analizom dosadašnjih, iako malobrojnih, priloga o ovom hrvatskom intelektualcu autori su u ovom radu izložili neke dosada nepoznate činjenice iz života Milana Japunčića. Posebno su se osvrnuli na pitanje njegova školovanja do stjecanja akademskog stupnja 1905., kao i na njegov profesorski rad od prvog radnog mjesta u Zemunu do posljednjeg 1930. u Kragujevcu. Osobitu su pažnju posvetili analizi dosada nepoznatog Japunčićeva ratnog dnevnika u kojem je izložio svoje viđenje rata, monarhije, domovine i prijateljstva.
In this article, the author examines the appearance of plague epidemics in the Dalmatian commune ... more In this article, the author examines the appearance of plague epidemics in the Dalmatian commune of Šibenik in the late medieval period, from the Black Death in 1348 until the end of the fifteenth century. The analysis is based on the research of data from Šibenik’s statutory law – statutory decrees and later added novels (reformationes) – of the diplomatic relations and commissions between the Venetian central authorities and the commune of Šibenik, and of various communal published and unpublished sources. Yet, the most valuable data are the communal notary records, primarily last wills and inventories of goods, which enable the punctual examination of places where the plague epidemics raged in certain periods (villages, city, islands in the district). Last wills and inventories of goods are extremely valuable in establishing the beginning and ending of plague epidemics because they contain data on the dates of recording the wills, the death of testators, and the composing of inventories. These sources also allow us to examine the duration of plague epidemics. Thus, we know that some plague epidemics in the commune of Šibenik lasted for several months while others raged for one or even two years. The research has shown that the outbreaks of plague epidemics occurred much more frequently than has been hitherto assumed, either in the city of Šibenik or in the villages of its densely populated district. In any case, the research has shown that plague epidemic in the fifteenth-century commune of Šibenik appeared much more frequent than it has been considered until now. The author also discusses the health protection measures undertaken by the central Venetian and communal Šibenik authorities to prevent the spreading of plague epidemics, particularly within the city walls. The sources, especially last wills and inventories of goods, but also some other types of notary deeds, statutory law and its novels, as well as the ducales issued by the central Venetian government and decrees issued by the communal authorities, clearly show that the commune of Šibenik implemented the same healthy, medical, and hygiene measures available at the time as other European urban-rural societies. Deceased persons, as well as members of their nuclear families, were immediately put into isolation outside the city walls and situated in empty houses in the surrounding villages. The communal authorities, patricians, rich merchants, and members of clergy likewise found refugee in villages within the communal district or in their houses and palaces on communal islands. The mobility of villagers towards the city still existed, but they were only allowed to enter the fields near the city walls, not the city itself. The Venetian mercenaries were situated in towers close to the city gates and prevented the mobility of peasantry from the district into the city or vice versa. In the fifteenth century, the commune of Šibenik introduced quarantine and its communal hospitals and leper houses served as places for the accommodation of sick persons. There
were female and male persons (hospitalarii, hospitalarie, and sometimes mendicant friars) voluntarily caring for the infected persons. The communal authorities proclaimed statutory novels forbidding burials in church graveyards within the city walls as well as direct physical contacts between the participants and the deceased persons during the burial ceremonies, such as the customary expression of emotions by kissing the infectious body of the deceased person. Finally, the healthcare system in the late medieval commune of Šibenik included control over healthy denizens and isolation of infected persons. This involved a great number of professional medical workers who had graduated from various Italian universities as well as auxiliary medical workers such as barbers or herbalists. The statute of Šibenik shows that professional medical workers were very much honored by the communal denizens and authorities, which is best illustrated by their significant annual salaries and the relatively luxurious accommodation provided by the communal authorities.
9. ISTARSKI POVIJESNI BIENNALE. EMOTIO, AFFECTUS, SENSUS…: O OSJEĆAJIMA U POVIJESTI NA JADRANSKOM PROSTORU , 2021
Based on an analysis of wills, breviaries, and codicils of a large number of testators from the E... more Based on an analysis of wills, breviaries, and codicils of a large number of testators from the East Adriatic communal environments of the Central and Late Middle Ages and the impact of canon law, Roman law, and statutory regulations, the author addresses the issue of expressions of a variety of feelings overwhelming the testators at the time of making their last will – from fear about salvation and the struggle for eternal life in Heaven to the expressions of love, solidarity, and mercy for various groups or individual beneficiaries. He also looks at a web of positive and negative feelings for the testators expressed by individuals and groups, usually family members, friends, business partners, as well as groups seeking to exert infuence on creating a statement of the testators’ own free will.
Zbornik Odsjeka Za Povijesne Znanosti Zavoda Za Povijesne I Drustvene Znanosti Hrvatske Akademije Znanosti I Umjetnosti Zbornik Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti Ic Jazu Zbornik Historijskog Zavoda Ja Zbornik Historijskog Instituta Ja, Mar 1, 2003
Zbornik Odsjeka Za Povijesne Znanosti Zavoda Za Povijesne I Drustvene Znanosti Hrvatske Akademije Znanosti I Umjetnosti Zbornik Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti Ic Jazu Zbornik Historijskog Zavoda Ja Zbornik Historijskog Instituta Ja, Mar 1, 2004
Zbornik Odsjeka Za Povijesne Znanosti Zavoda Za Povijesne I Drustvene Znanosti Hrvatske Akademije Znanosti I Umjetnosti Zbornik Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti Ic Jazu Zbornik Historijskog Zavoda Ja Zbornik Historijskog Instituta Ja, Mar 1, 2000
This paper examines the emergence and extent of voluntary reclusion in medieval Dalmatian commune... more This paper examines the emergence and extent of voluntary reclusion in medieval Dalmatian communes on the basis of last wills from Zadar, Šibenik, Trogir, Split, and Dubrovnik as recorded by Dalmatian notaries from the mid-thirteenth to the late fifteenth century. The analysis focuses above all on quantitative and qualitative analyses of the wills in order to explore the social position and gender of testators leaving pious legacies to recluses, the types of these legacies, and, when possible, the locations of their cells.
Na temelju analize neobjavljenih i objavljenih vrela, autor razmatra šibenska hodočašća, destinac... more Na temelju analize neobjavljenih i objavljenih vrela, autor razmatra šibenska hodočašća, destinacije, proslave Jubileja u Rimu, marijanska loca sancta u inozemstvu i Hrvatskoj u kasnom srednjem vijeku.
On the occasion of the anniversary of eight centuries of Dominicans in Croatia in Dubrovnik (24th... more On the occasion of the anniversary of eight centuries of Dominicans in Croatia in Dubrovnik (24th-25th of September 2021) was organized international congress related to the history of Dominicans in Croatia.
БЪЛГАРО-ХЪРВАТСКИ НАУЧНИ, КУЛТУРНИ И ДУХОВНИ ВРЪЗКИ / BULGARIAN-CROATIAN SCIENTIFIC, CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL RELATIONS, 2021
In the article, the author examines the importance of medieval Western and Eastern European land ... more In the article, the author examines the importance of medieval Western and Eastern European land and naval routes passing through medieval Croatia and Bulgaria. Most of these medieval roads had a great economic, military, political, diplomatic, and religious importance in connecting West with East Europe but also with Asia Minor where most important Christian pilgrim shrines were located. There were several land roads used by Western pilgrims, merchants, crusader armies, and other travelers leading from England, France, Germany, Hungary but also from Croatia such as traditional (old Roman) via Danubia, via Militaris, via Egnatia, or via Diagonalis. All of Christian pilgrims went through Bulgarian cities, fortresses, and ports on the Black sea (Varna, Nesebăr i. e. Mesembrija, and Burgas) where many of them boarded on Bulgarian, Genoese or Venetian ships and traveled to Constantinople or even further, across the Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean, to the Holly Land. Many land roads lead from Nordic area across the Baltic sea and from Northern Slavic regions (Novgorod, Smolensk, Lagoda, Bildozer) and followed great Slavic rivers (Dniester, Dnepr, Don or Volga) which flowed into the Western shores of the Black sea. There Nordic and Slavic pilgrims often mixed with Western European pilgrims making civilizational, trade, intellectual, and religious contacts. Therefore, Bulgarian Black sea ports were very important in building all kinds of human contacts between Eastern and Western Christians, Bulgarians and Croats as well. The increase in importance of Adriatic Sea, Black sea, and Eastern Mediterranean started from the end of the eleventh century primarily because of flourishing of idea of crusading against the Arabs and the liberation of Palestine. Parallel with crusade armies, individual pilgrims or groups of pilgrims started to travel much more frequently to the Terra sancta and to most important Christian shrines situated in Palestine and especially in Jerusalem. From that period until the Ottoman conquest of the Black sea, Orthodox and Catholic pilgrims traveling by naval routes from Black sea and Adriatic Sea often met in various ports on the islands in Aegean Sea and Mediterranean. There is no doubt that these ports were places of making contacts between Bulgarian and Croatian pilgrims to Holly Land. Equally important places of contacts between Eastern and Western Christians, as well as between Bulgarians and Croats, were cities, fortresses, and ports on the Eastern shore of Mediterranean such as Antioch, Tripoli, Beirut, Sidon, Tyre, Acre, and Jaffa. The developed network of medieval naval and land routes between Bulgaria and Croatia may be considered as some kind of medieval “initiative of two seas“ because it played very important role in connecting two sides of universitas Christianorum. Moreover, by taking into account countless Nordic and Slavic pilgrims situated in the area around the Baltic Sea and traveling to Constantinople and the Holly Land by the Black Sea, Aegean Sea and Mediterranean, there appeared a medieval echo of modern idea called “initiative of three seas“. In the Middle Ages that idea was based on Christianity as main link which regardless of all theological differences, still united Eastern and Western parts of Christian Europe and believers from both confessional groups. Therefore, it may be stated that the idea known as “initiative of three seas“ has its roots in the period between XIth and XIIth century.
BILTEN DRUŠTVA ZA OČUVANJE ŠIBENSKE BAŠTINE JURAJ DALMATINAC, 2020
Obrisi fenomena hodočašća pojavljuju se već u kasnoantičkom, odnosno ranokršćanskom razdoblju. Pr... more Obrisi fenomena hodočašća pojavljuju se već u kasnoantičkom, odnosno ranokršćanskom razdoblju. Prakticiranje hodočašćenja kao jedan od izričaja pobožnosti kršćanskih vjernika imaju dugu tradiciju i sežu u prva stoljeća kršćanstva, pri čemu je njihov razvoj čvrsto povezan uz štovanje kultova svetaca te raznih relikvija, odnosno moći vezanih uz njih osobno (tijelo ili dio tijela, komadi odjeće i sl.) ili kao čudotvornih likovnih i kiparskih prikazanja njihova lika ili sakralnih objekata koji su nosili titular nekog sveca. Pri kreiranju sakralne mape srednjovjekovne Europe te hagiotopografije na kopnenim mrežama putova, kao i na obalama uz važne pomorske putove na Sredozemlju ponajviše je utjecala univerzalna i lokalna Crkva. No, sakralna mapa nastala je i kao skupni imaginarij velikog broja obrazovanijih hodočasnika koji su upozoravali druge putnike da se na nekom mjestu čuva važna relikvija. Na kreiranje srednjovjekovne mape europskih cesta utjecali su i ranosrednjovjekovni geografi i obrazovani putnici svih vrsta. U kreiranju i prezentaciji te mreže putova oni su se naslanjali u velikoj mjeri na tradiciju razgranate rimske mreže cesta. Tijekom ranog srednjeg vijeka upravo je naslijeđena rimska mreža trgovačkih, vojnih i diplomatskih kopnenih i pomorskih putova bila temelj na kojem su nastajala, pored povremenih postaja, prenoćišta i gostinjaca za trgovce i vojnike, i ranosrednjovjekovna hodočasnička središta-loca sancta. Izbori pojedinih mjesta kao hodočasničkih središta, prepoznati kao važni zbog posjedovanja vrijednih svetačkih moći, bitno su utjecali na kreiranje cjelokupne srednjovjekovne mreže kopnenih i pomorskih putova. Izbor nekog mjesta za hodočasničko središte, ovisno o popularnosti kulta pojedinog sveca, uvijek je doprinosio gospodarskom razvitku i općem društvenom razvitku takvog grada i regije.Obzirom da se Šibenik, kao i ostale istočnojadranske komune na kopnu ili na otocima, tijekom razvijenog i kasnog srednjeg vijeka nalazio na jednom od najvažnijih hodočasničkih i trgovački putova ne samo sa zapada Europe u Svetu Zemlju nego i sa sjevera Europe prema hodočasničkim središtima na Apeninskom poluotoku, fenomen hodočašćenja znatno je doprinio njegovom općem civilizacijskom razvitku, a naravno i gospodarstvu. Šibenčani su, promatravši strane hodočasnike, čitajući hagiografska djela Jakova de Voragine, znajući za papinske oproste od grijeha ne samo u Rimu nego i u Asiziju, Padovi, Recanatiju itd., a i zbog činjenica da je njihova katedrala posvećena sv. Jakovu apostolu te da je u komuni djelovala istoimena bratovština , a što su bili dodatni impulsi popularizaciji hodočašća kao vjerskog čina , bili vrlo skloni hodočašćenju u razne internacionalne (prije svega Rim i sv. Jakov u Composteli), regionalne (npr. Trsat) i lokalne /primjerice marijanske na području Trogrske komune u Dridu i u Zažičnom u bliskoj unutrašnjosti) hodočasničke centre.
Povijest Hrvata, knj. III, Vrijeme sazrijevanja, vrijeme razaranja. Hrvatske zemlje u kasnome srednjem vijeku, 2019
Zoran Ladić-Goran Budeč / Neki aspekti privatnog i obiteljskog života te razine materijalne kultu... more Zoran Ladić-Goran Budeč / Neki aspekti privatnog i obiteljskog života te razine materijalne kulture stanovništva Hrvatske u kasnom srednjem vijeku 213 Neki aspekti privatnog i obiteljskog života te razine materijalne kulture stanovništva Hrvatske u kasnom srednjem vijeku * Zoran Ladić Goran Budeč U ovom će tekstu, koliko to prostor dopušta, biti razmotrena tri aspekta kasnosred-njovjekovne povijesti Hrvatske koja još uvijek nisu dostatno istražena, iako se danas njima intenzivno bavi suvremena historiografija. Spomenute teme mogu se defini-rati u odnosu na ranije dominantne istraživačke teme kao značajan odmak povje-sničara od isključivog proučavanja tzv. izuzetnih povijesnih (primjerice političkih, crkvenih, ratnih) događaja i istaknutih povijesnih osoba koje su imale značajan utjecaj na povijesna zbivanja u određenom trenutku, nerijetko utječući na zbivanja u sljedećim desetljećima pa i stoljećima. Pomičući težište istraživanja, povjesničari se-uglavnom pod utjecajem tzv. treće generacije škole Annales kojoj su pripadali primjerice Jacques Le Goff, Pierre Chaunu ili Philippe Áriès-usredotočuju na raz-matranje naoko manje važnih aspekata prošlosti, uloge naizgled nevažnih osoba ili skupina u jednako tako prividno nevažnim povijesnim okolnostima. Povjesničari svakodnevice nastoje ukazati na jednak značaj tzv. iznimno važnih događaja i osoba te njima istovremenih, ali naoko beznačajnih događaja i osoba u kreiranju povijesne zbilje u određenom razdoblju. U svom nastojanju da to postignu povjesničari su se koristili raznim istraživačkim metodama i znanstvenim pristupima, primjerice kvantitativnom ili demografskom metodom ili prozopografijom i hagiografijom. Na pojačani interes povjesničara za proučavanje povijesti svakodnevnog života u svim njegovim refleksijama utjecala je i činjenica da su se povjesničari okrenuli i drugim vrstama vrela. Od pisanih vrela sve veću su pažnju počeli privlačiti biljež-nički spisi, narativni izvori poput dnevnika, legendi, životopisa ili kronika, matične knjige, kanonske vizitacije, obiteljski fondovi, a na važnosti su dobila i materijalna vrela (arheološka, slike i njihov ikonografski sadržaj i program), kao i ona koja se mogu podvrgnuti antropološkoj analizi. Sva su ta vrela svojim svježim, do sada sla-bo ili nikako uočenim sadržajima i motivima otvorila vrata prema novim temama u istraživanju prošlosti, pa tako i privatnog života, obitelji i materijalne kulture. Treba reći da istraživanje triju spomenutih tema ne pretpostavlja istraživanje samo nižih društvenih staleža već se bavi svim staleškim skupinama. Od samih početaka proučavanja povijesti svakodnevice otvarala su se nova istraži-vačka pitanja. Danas, kada je povijest postala interdisciplinarna znanost koja se ko-risti informacijama i metodologijama drugih znanosti, kao npr. povijesti umjetno-sti, arheologije, povijesti književnosti, sociologije i dr., otvaraju se doista nebrojena * Zoran Ladić napisao je uvodni dio i potpoglavlja »Obitelj«, »Brak« i »Djeca i djetinjstvo«, a Goran Bu-deč potpoglavlje »Neki aspekti materijalne kulture stanovnika kasnosrednjovjekovnih hrvatskih zemalja«.
Povijest Hrvata, knj. III, Vrijeme sazrijevanja, vrijeme razaranja. Hrvatske zemlje u kasnome srednjem vijeku, 2019
Teritorijalne i administrativne promjene u crkvenoj organizaciji u kasnom srednjem vijeku Osmanli... more Teritorijalne i administrativne promjene u crkvenoj organizaciji u kasnom srednjem vijeku Osmanlijska ekspanzija u 14. i 15. stoljeću u potpunosti je izmijenila odnose u krš-ćanskoj ekumeni u jugoistočnoj Europi. U navedenom razdoblju Osmanlije su svoju vlast proširili nad Grčkom, Bugarskom, Makedonijom, Albanijom, Srbijom, Cr-nom Gorom i Bosnom i Hercegovinom, a ugrožavali su i područja južne Ugarske, Srijema i Slavonije. Prijeteći val zapljuskivao je hrvatski teritorij tijekom čitavog 15. stoljeća, sve dok se u 16. stoljeću nije u potpunosti prelio njegovim velikim dijelom svevši ga na »ostatke ostataka nekoć slavnog Hrvatskog Kraljevstva«. Posljedice osmanskoga osvajanja Bosne (1463), ali i dijelova hrvatskoga teritorija bile su porazne, osobito za katolicizam, budući da je prodorom Osmanlija duboko u tki-vo hrvatske države velik broj biskupskih sjedišta bio utrnut, a mnoge biskupije ostale su bez svojih biskupa ili ih se imenovalo samo nominalno kako bi se očuvalo vladar-sko pravo ingerencije pri njihovu izboru. Biskup često nije imao nikakve mogućnosti djelovanja na terenu i zbog vanjskog je faktora bio spriječen vršiti skrb nad povje-renom mu pastvom. Makarska biskupija, koja se nalazila na graničnom području prema Osmanskome Carstvu, jedna je od prvih čiji su teritorij zauzeli Osmanlije. U razdoblju od 1482. do 1614. Sveta Stolica uopće nije imenovala biskupe za Makarsku biskupiju jer je s njezina područja otišao velik broj katoličkoga stanovništva zajedno sa svećenstvom. Biskupsku službu na području Makarske biskupije vršili su ili bisku-pi Bosanske ili drugih, susjednih, biskupija. Sredinom 15. stoljeća za duvanjskoga bi-skupa postavljen je franjevac Nikola Zadranin (1460), koji je zbog učestalih osmanlij-skih progona bio prisiljen napustiti svoju biskupiju i otići u Italiju. Njegov nasljednik Vid de Ruschis odabrao je Split za svoje privremeno prebivalište, odakle je upravljao Duvanjskom, Makarskom i Stonskom biskupijom. Biskupsku službu izvan sjedišta Duvanjske biskupije vršio je od 1507. godine franjevac Toma de Corduba, a naslijedio ga je franjevac Danijel Vocensis. On je u svoju biskupiju doveo svećenike glagoljaše, kako bi liturgijski i jezično bili što bliži narodu, međutim, zbog stalnog osmanlijskog pritiska, morao je i on, zajedno s njima, pobjeći iz svoje biskupije. * Zrinka Novak napisala je potpoglavlja »Teritorijalne i administrativne promjene u crkvenoj organiza-ciji u kasnom srednjem vijeku« i »Djelovanje redova u kasnome srednjem vijeku«, a Zoran Ladić potpo-glavlje »Osnovni izričaji intimne i društvene pobožnosti u kasnom srednjem vijeku«.
Dana 27. srpnja ovaj svijet, u kojem je sve materijalno prolazno, na našu veliku žalost napustio ... more Dana 27. srpnja ovaj svijet, u kojem je sve materijalno prolazno, na našu veliku žalost napustio je Franjo Šanjek, svećenik dominikanac odnosno pripadnik Reda braće propovjednika (Ordo praedicatorum) te redoviti član Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti.
Autor u radu, na temelju neobjavljenih i objavljenih oporuka, razmatra pojavu novih vrsta legata ... more Autor u radu, na temelju neobjavljenih i objavljenih oporuka, razmatra pojavu novih vrsta legata koje su kasnosrednjovjekovni dalmatinski oporuèitelji darivali u pobone svrhe: odjeaee i tkanina, hrane i prirod-nih proizvoda, slika, liturgijskih predmeta i oltara te knjiga. Te vrste lega-ta koje se ukljuèuju u oporuke zbog pojave novih vrsta primatelja kao posljedice porasta gradskog stanovnitva, a i zbog porasta kulturne i umjetnièke razine u kasnosrednjovjekovnim dalmatinskim gradovima vrijedan su izvor za prouèavanje svakodnevnoga ivota i materijalne kulture u Dalmaciji toga doba. Kljuène rijeèi: Dalmacija, kasni srednji vijek, svakodnevni ivot, materijalna kultura irenje obièaja zapisivanja oporuka meðu pripadnicima svih slojeva dalmatinskih komuna, u drugoj polovini 13. stoljeaea, 1 odluèno je utjecalo i na promjene u vrstama oporuènih legata pro anima i ad pias causas te u izboru primatelja pobonih legata. Naime, u ranijem razdoblju oporuèitelji su bili pripadnici najviih komunalnih drutvenih sloje-va koji su ostavljali iskljuèivo bogate novèane ili zemljine legate i to, bez iznimke, raznim crkvenim ustanovama, a najèeaee benediktinskim samostanima ili najviemu gradskom kleru. Od druge polovine 13. stoljeaea svoje oporuke biljee i pripadnici siromanih i sred-njih slojeva koji imaju neto drugaèiji senzibilitet u izboru primatelja. 2 S rijetkim iznimka-ma, i njihove su materijalne i financijske moguaenosti znatno slabije i nisu doputale dari-vanje zemljinih posjeda ili novca, to ih je prisiljavalo na potragu za drugim vrstama 1 O procesu demokratizacije u sastavljanju oporuka u Dalmaciji od sredine 13. st. vidi: Zoran Ladiae, O nekim oblicima brige za siromane i marginalne pojedince i grupe u dalmatinskim komunama u kasnom srednjem vijeku, Zbornik Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i drutvene znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, vol. 20, Zagreb, 2002., str. 4. 2 Do promjene u senzibilitetu dolo je takoðer u tom razdoblju kao posljedica velikih promjena u pobonosti uvjetovanih pojavom mendikantskih redova, flagelantskog pokreta i nekih drugih religioznih motiva. O toj promjeni, koja se u europskoj historiografiji naziva socijalno kraeanstvo, vidi: Ladiae, O nekim, str. 3-4.
U radu autor na osnovu izvorne građe iz zadarskog arhiva (fond notarskih spisa) razmatra oblike i... more U radu autor na osnovu izvorne građe iz zadarskog arhiva (fond notarskih spisa) razmatra oblike i smjerove hodočašća iz Zadra u drugoj polovici XIV. stoljeća. U uvodnom dijelu prikazana je dosadašnja literatura o navedenoj problematici (F. Gestrin, J. Kolanović, F. Šanjek, itd.),. te razmatra pojam hodočašća u srednjem vijeku prema leksičkoj gradi i statu-tima srednjovjekovnih dalmatinskih gradova. Iscrpno su obrađeni smjerovi hodočašća iz Zadra, kao i hodočasnička stjecišta (Rim, Jeruzalem, Assisi, sv. Jakov de Compostela, te brojna manja značajna središta). Posebna pažnja posvećena je načinu izvršenja hodočašća, koja su mogla biti osobna ili zamjenička putem oporučnog legata, kao i troškovima predviđenim za njihovo izvršenje. Rad je popraćen tabelarnim i kartografskim prilozima. Aufgrund der Dokumente aus dem Archiv von Zadar (Notar-Niederschriften) untersucht der Autor die Formen und die Richtungen der Wallfahrten, die in der zweiten Hiilfte des 14. Jahrhunderts aus Zadar in verschiedene Richtungen unternommen wurden. In der Einleitung findet man Literatur zu dieser Frage (F. Gestrin, J. Kolanović, F. Šanjek, usw.) und eine Erliiutarung des Wallfahrtabegriffes, nicht nur nach dem Inhalt, sondern auch nach den Statuten der dalmatischen Städte. Ausführlich erforscht ist sowohl, in welche Richtungen die Wallfahrten gingen, alsauch die Wallfahrtsorte (Rom, Jerusalem, Assisi, St. Jakobus de Compostela und zahlreiche weniger berühmto Orto). Mit besonderer Aaufmerksamkeit wird untersucht, auf welche Woise die Wallfahrten ausgefiührt wurden: Einzeln, in Gruppen, durch einen testamentarisch bestimmten Vertreter. Ein wichtiger Punkt sind auch die Kosten der Wallfahrten.
Based on the analysis of published and unpublished sources (in the first place wills and city sta... more Based on the analysis of published and unpublished sources (in the first place wills and city statutes) for the history of four Dalmatian communes (Zadar, Trogir, Dubrovnik and Kotor) and relying on methodological models made by contemporary European medievalists, the author in this article discusses the issue of the attitude of the communal population towards the poor and other more or less marginalized strata of late medieval Dalmatian urban societies. Particular attention has been paid to individual care and to a certain extent also to that which was communal for poor individuals and groups during the period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. Taking into account the character of the sources (wills), the following features are analyzed in this article: a) hospitals, b) poor individuals (pauperes, pauperes Christi), c) orphans (orphan;) and particularly poor orphaned girls (puele orphane), d) illegitimate and adopted children (bastardi, ilegitimi, adoptivi) slaves and servants (famuli, ancile, servi). The author dedicated particular attention to the analysis of the co-relations of gender and social position of those testators leaving bequests to the poor and marginalized, and the types of bequest left to them. From the end of the thirteenth century the choice of the recipients of bequests in Dalmatian communes becomes very diversified. In contrast to the previous period, when the recipients of bequests pro remedio anime were exclusively Benedictine monasteries and nunneries, during the Late Middle Ages orphans, poor girls, illegitimate children, slaves, servants and hospitals became more and more frequently the recipients of such bequests. On the one hand, this was due to the economic development and changes of religiosity in Dalmatian communes, and on the other it was a consequence of a so-called "democratization" in writing wills as a usual practice for members of all strata within urban society, who in turn became more and more sensitive to the increasing problem of poverty and marginalization in bigger urban centers of late medieval Dalmatia. The analysis also reveals interesting data related to the social structure of the testators making charitable bequests to the poor and the marginalized. Generally speaking, the individuals from all strata of communal society expressed equal solidarity towards all mentioned groups of recipients. In this respect a particular role was played precisely by the democratization of the practice of writing wills mentioned above. It seems logical that the testators from social strata lower than the patricians (those styled as cives and habitatores) would be more sensitive to the needs of persons which were, for whatever reason, placed on the social margins, because they themselves might sooner or later face a similar fate. This would explain the relatively large number of charitable bequests donated by the testators belonging to these groups. However, the analysis also showed that the testators belonging to the patricians also expressed equal charity towards the poor and the marginalized. The reason for such an attitude on the part of the patricians may be found in the changes in popular piety at that time. Specifically, during the eleventh and the twelfth centuries members of the urban elite were the strongest support to traditional, rather introspective, Christianity, best embodied through Benedictine monasticism, as individuals from that stratum showed also by rich testamentary bequests to particular Benedictine monasteries; however, in the thirteenth century, when the mendicants became popular, the patriciate stratum, always the first to accept new ideas (which may be understood also as a certain following of fashion), was the first to start richly endowing the newly established convents of the Franciscans and the Dominicans. Old Benedictine monasteries were further supported more from loyalty to the tradition, and because of networks of relations established during previous centuries between certain families and these monasteries, than from reasons of particular piety which was transferred to the mendicants. Taking into account the fact that the mendicants were bearers of the so-called "social Christianity" it does not seem strange that the testators from the ranks of patricians, as their faithful supporters, accepted the practice of charitable donations to the poor and marginalized groups and individuals as one of the basic themes.
This article is based on an analysis of documents of Slavonian noblemen and priests drawn up in R... more This article is based on an analysis of documents of Slavonian noblemen and priests drawn up in Rome in 1433. They accompanied King Sigismund during his visit to Rome where he was crowned as the Holy Roman Emperor. The documents were published as part of a collection of sources entitled: "Historical records of the Zagreb Archdiocese" by A. Lukinovic. Ali these documents are basically religious in nature. They particularly express feelings of sinfulness and a consequent desire for forgiveness. Some of the charters express the Medieval (and not only Medieval) belief in the supernatural power of the saints. In the first part the author briefly presents the political circumstances in the Late Medieval Slavonia, which were at that time fairly anarchic, expressed in a continuous succession of wars. This was the period of wars against the Bosnian rulers, the Venetian Republic and the Ottomans. The obsession with war was intensified by constant battles between individual magnates and noblemen and the theft of each other's property. The Slavonian aristocracy of that time may therefore be called, as some contemporary historians underlined, "bellatores". The noblemen analyzed in the article traveled to various pilgrim shrines in Rome. In the second part "On nobility and priests, and places mentioned in the Roman documents from 1433", the author, examining literature and sources, presents details regarding those noblemen and priests who took part in the mentioned events as well as as well as regarding their places of origin. The persons mentioned in these documents are little known or completely unknown in other historical records. Most of them are not to be found in other documents from that period. They were mainly members of the lower noblemen class, simply entitled as "nobiles". Members of the well-known magnate family Cupor are only the exception, and in examine charters they are entitled "nobiles de baronum genere Chupor". Members of this family held positions of significant responsibility in the Medieval KIngdom of Hungary-Croatia. Alongside the noblemen, individual priests are also mentioned. They were parish priests from the Zagreb diocese. The third part of this article, entitled "On Religious motifs in the documents of 1433", is divided into three parts according to the basic motifs which appear in each of these documents: 1. the parish churches who received absolution, 2. requests for individual absolution 3. requests for the purchase of relics of saints. Absolution from sins is certainly the strongest motif represented in all of these documents. The most numerous are requests to the Pope to issue privileges for the forgiveness of sins to all who visit certain parish churches on various holy days. Ali the churches mentioned are rarely found in sources and it is sometimes hard to locate them exactly. These details are therefore very valuable. Since medieval society was largely static and most people, especially villagers, could not travel to Rome to receive absolution, this act by their feudal lords or priests can be seen as an expression of concern for their subjects or parishioners. In this way ordinary people were given the opportunity to receive absolution from sins, which was extremely important in medieval religious life. By receiving the right to give absolution from sins, the parish church lifted itself above many other similar churches in the area, since it was in possession of the "instrument" able to release many souls from sin. Such church therefore became far more attractive to believers from other churches in the close neighborhood and from further regions. The gathering of people in one place at a specific holy day greatly advanced urban economic growth. The holding of fairs and the founding of markets caused the growth of economic power of the nobility , but also gave greater prominence to the parish priest. Another important motif was the desire expressed by the Slavonian nobility and priests for personal absolution from sins. A total of six documents contain requests for personal absolution, and in some cases absolution is sought for individual members of noblemen families, who were also presented in Rome. Absolution is sought for wives, mothers, brothers and sisters. The Medieval world was noted for the active involvement of the saints in everyday life. The role of the saints as intercessor between the believer and God was particularly important. Their aid was sought in sickness, or when setting out on a long and dangerous journey. The visual (the facades and interiors of churches) and the written world (hagiographic writings on the lives of the saints was one of the favorite genres of the Middle Ages), full of scenes of events from the lives of various saints. It is therefore understandable that throughout the entire Middle Ages a great deal of homage was paid to the relics of saints. It was considered to be a blessing for believers to be in the vicinity of relics because of their miraculous power. Churches who possessed the relics of a saint were always more attractive for believers and frequently became sites of pilgrimage, and subsequently trading centers and fairs as a result of the movement of a large number of people. These were probably the reasons which motivated these Slavonian noblemen and priests to buy relics in Rome. The daily reality of war was probably an additional motive, especially fear of the approaching Ottomans. In Rome at that time there was a highly developed trade of relics of a wide variety of saints. This reached a climax after 1300, when Pope Boniface VIII pronounced the first Jubilee, attracting many pilgrims to the city "ad limina apostolorum". Drawn by the opportunity to make a quick profit, many traders sold fake relics. Moreover, the increasing number of saints nominated by local authorities, created a flood of relics being sold without any proof of their authenticity. Therefore the papal Curia took over control of the canonization of saints and the authenticity of their relics. This was the reason why four Slavonian nobles and priests turned to Pope Eugene IV with a request for the purchase of some relics. The omnipresence of sin, absolution for the salvation of the soul, belief in the supernatural power of relics are some of the basic motifs of medieval religion. As these documents show, these motifs were also present in Medieval Slavonia. We may say that the people of Slavonia, although they lived on the edge of Western European Christianitv, accepted the religious values of Western civilization and shared in the late Medieval world view.
In the paper author presents basic Information concerning the interest of American historians in ... more In the paper author presents basic Information concerning the interest of American historians in Croatian medieval historv. The article is result of author's research in the University Research Library at University of California at Los Angeles in USA. Author gives information about main fields of interest of American historians in Croatian Middle Ages (Beneventan script, Zadar, Bosnian Christian, Dubrovnik etc.). The list of around 50 studies is given in the footnotes following the text. Generally, as author concludes, it may be stated that works written by American historians are not as much worth as those written by Croatian historians. Yet, the importance of American studies write on the Croatian Middle Ages lies in the fact that English language is today "lingua franca" and is regularly consulted in writing of syntheses of European medieval history.
In this article the authors examine creation and development of the cults of saints in the mediev... more In this article the authors examine creation and development of the cults of saints in the medieval and early modern communes situated on the East Adriatic shore particularly focusing on influence of Marian cult on pious life of inhabitants of East Adriatic urban settlements. Based on the data from unpublished and published written and visual sources the authors also analyses the creation and increase in popularity of Marian cult from the Early Middle Ages to Renaissance paying particular attention to historical reasons which influenced the flourishing of Marian cult in Istrian and Dalmatian communes in the late medieval Renaissance period. For this purpose the authors examined notary records, chronicles, pilgrim diaries as well as votive images from various Istrian and Dalmatian communes.
Autor u radu razmatra ulogu raznih crkvenih osoba, od zadarskog nadbiskupa, raznih svećenika, do ... more Autor u radu razmatra ulogu raznih crkvenih osoba, od zadarskog nadbiskupa, raznih svećenika, do samog pape, vezano uz mletačku opsadu Zadra 1345./1346. godine te pitanje poimanja časti od strane crkvenih osoba posebice prema kralju, ali i svim ostalim magnatima te Mlečanima uključenim u ovu povijsnu epizodu.
The article publishes the last testaments from the city of Trogir which can be found in the archi... more The article publishes the last testaments from the city of Trogir which can be found in the archive of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The testaments contain valuable data on economic circumstances, religious life, social conditions and family relations of the area in which they were initially recorded. The testaments date from the 1370s and were recorded by the Tragurin notary, Vannes Dominici Iahannis from Fermo. U prilogu su objavljene trogirske oporuke koje se nalaze u Arhivu HAZU u Zagrebu. Ove oporuke pružaju vrijedne podatke o gospodarskim prilikama, religioznom životu, te obiteljskim i društvenim odnosima u sredini u kojoj su nastale. Potječu iz 70-ih godina 14. stoljeća, a napisao ih je notar Vannes Dominici Iohannis iz Ferma.
Rewiev of the book written by Valentina Živković on piety and Art in the late medieval and early ... more Rewiev of the book written by Valentina Živković on piety and Art in the late medieval and early modern Kotor in Monte Negro
Zbornik je posvećen sv. Dominiku, čija je baština, zasađena u hrvatskom narodu već osam stoljeća,... more Zbornik je posvećen sv. Dominiku, čija je baština, zasađena u hrvatskom narodu već osam stoljeća, iznjedrila velik broj Dominikovim duhom nadahnutih znanstvenika, umjetnika i drugih djelatnika za javno dobro. U knjizi su predstavljeni radovi osoba koje su, nadahnute likom sv. Dominika i njegovim vjerskim djelovanjem, izraženim ponajbolje u hagiografskim djelima, znatno pridonijele općem razvitku hrvatske znanosti, umjetnosti i kulture. Cjelokupna kulturna, znanstvena i općenito zainteresirana javnost u Hrvatskoj protekle godine, uz nekoliko drugih, obilježila je veliku obljetnicu posvećenu ne jednoj osobi ili nekom točno datiranu događaju, već 800 godina od dolaska braće propovjednika ili dominikanaca na prostore današnje Hrvatske. Upućenije u ulogu dominikanskog reda u kreiranju hrvatskih i zajedničkih europskih civilizacijskih dosega nije začudilo što je prisjećanje na tu obljetnicu rezultiralo održavanjem nekoliko prigodnih okruglih stolova, znanstvenih skupova, a u dnevnim novinama napisan je i poveći broj članaka kojima se nastojalo informirati hrvatsku javnost o fratres ordinis predicatorum, koji su, iako crkveni red, tijekom osam stoljeća boravka u Hrvatskoj ostavili dubok trag i stvarali nove putove u promišljanjima o znanosti, kulturi i umjetnosti hrvatskoga svjetovnog društva. Naime, do početka 13. stoljeća stariji crkveni redovi, primjerice benediktinci, svoj život i rad na zemlji ostvarivali su kroz introspektivno kršćanstvo, zatvoreno ili jedva malo odškrinuto za svjetovna kretanja i druženje s običnim vjernicima, izuzev pripadnika društvene elite. S pojavom Dominika i Franje u gotovo istom povijesnom trenutku, ali i papa s početka 13. stoljeća (Inocent III. i Honorije III), koji su osjećali dolazak novog vremena, obilježena sve većom ulogom stanovnika nižih društvenih staleža europskih urbanih sredina u pobožnim kretanjima, teologiji i religioznosti općenito, dolazi do velikog preokreta u dotad, s aspekta mobilnosti društvenih struktura, pasivnom europskom društvu. Radove u knjizi objelodanili su najugledniji poznavatelji Dominikovog djela, kako iz Hrvatske tako i inozemstva (npr. papa Benedikt XVI, Bruno Cadoré, Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Alojzije Stepinac, Frane Franić, Marin Srakić, Vinko Puljić, Josip Bozanić i dr.).
Zbornik Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i društvene znanosti HAZU, 37, 2019
Knjiga koja se ovdje ukratko predstavlja nastala je u povodu sedamdesete godišnjice ro-đenja ugle... more Knjiga koja se ovdje ukratko predstavlja nastala je u povodu sedamdesete godišnjice ro-đenja uglednog austrijskog i srednjoeuropskog povjesničara Gerharda Jaritza. Pripremajući knjigu za tisak, u naslovu spomenuti urednici su se odlučili za pomalo drukčiji način od do-sadašnjih obilježavanja sličnih obljetnica. Naime, knjiga ne sadrži priloge medievista koji su tijekom više desetljeća njegova rada surađivali s G. Jaritzem. Nasuprot tome, urednici knjige koncipirali su je kao još jedno prisjećanje na pisani opus, znanstvene interese te znanstvene aktivnosti G. Jaritza prisjetivši nas da je bio voditelj ili suradnik na više međunarodnih proje-kata, urednik ili član uredništava vrlo uglednih medievističkih izdanja (primjerice za srednju Europu nezaobilazne serijske publikacije Medium Aevum Quotidianum ili pak među medievi-stima cijelog svijeta utjecajnog izdanja Studies in the History of Daily Life (800−1600) u izdanju ugledne izdavačke kuće Brepols). Pored toga, o njegovom ugledu kazuje i činjenica da je bio organizator niza radionica, okruglih stolova i međunarodnih znanstvenih skupova te tijekom više godina član organizacijskih odbora godišnjih susreta medievista iz cijelog svijeta na zna-menitim skupovima u Leedsu i Kalamazoou.
Svi oni znanstvenici s raznih područja društveno-humanističkih znanosti koji se izravno bave ili ... more Svi oni znanstvenici s raznih područja društveno-humanističkih znanosti koji se izravno bave ili u svojim istraživanjima dodiruju neke aspekte hrvatske medievistke odnosno hrvatskog srednjeg vijeka, ali i šira publika koja je u Hrvatskoj uvijek pokazivala osobiti interes i simpatije prema raznolikim hrvatskim srednjovjekovnim pojavama, s velikim su zadovoljstvom dočekali novost da je koncem 2017. godine objelodanjena knjiga Leksikon hrvatskog srednjovjekovlja koju su priredili Franjo Šanjek i Branka Grbavac.
Zbornik Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti ZPDZ Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 2018
Autor donosi prikaz knjige Josipa Bratulića "Svetost i čovječnost. Rasprave o hrvatskoj hagiograf... more Autor donosi prikaz knjige Josipa Bratulića "Svetost i čovječnost. Rasprave o hrvatskoj hagiografiji".
Zbornik Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i društvene znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 2017
Opis putovanja Jurja Husa. Descriptio peregrinationis Georgii Huszthii, ur. Mario Kolar, prevela ... more Opis putovanja Jurja Husa. Descriptio peregrinationis Georgii Huszthii, ur. Mario Kolar, prevela Zrinka Blažević, predgovor Irena Radej Miličić, Društvo hrvatskih književnika-Podravsko-prigorski ogranak, Koprivnica 2017., 184 str. Svi znanstvenici koji se na razne načine bave hodočašćima, putovanjima, civilizacijskim i kulturološkim dodirima u ranom novom vijeku sa zahvalnošću su dočekali kritičko izdanje i tiskanje knjige-putopisa Opis putovanja Jurja Husa. Descriptio peregrinationis Georgii Huszthii iz 1566. godine. Time se, kako napominje Irena Radej Miličić u uvodnom poglavlju naslov-ljenom Izvještaj s rubova carstva: Juraj Hus i njegov zarobljenički putopis, renesansna putopisna literatura hrvatske provenijencije proširuje za još jedan vrijedan povijesni izvor, književno os-tvarenje i djelo hrvatske renesansne latinističke protuosmanske proze. Radi se o dosada slabo korištenom, iako ne i nepoznatom, izvoru renesansnih osobina koji je sastavio Hrvat iz mjesta Rasinja pored Koprivnice-Juraj Hus. Ista priređivačica ovog izdanja napominje da zapravo postoje dvije redakcije Husova rukopisa.
Prikaz knjige Hrvatski povijesni atlas autora Vlatke Dugački i Krešimira Regana sa velikim tekstu... more Prikaz knjige Hrvatski povijesni atlas autora Vlatke Dugački i Krešimira Regana sa velikim tekstualnim prilozima, ilustracijama i većim brojem novotumačenih karata.
Prikaza kritičkog izdanja jednog od najstarijih putopisno-hodočasničkih vrela Hrvatske iz sredine... more Prikaza kritičkog izdanja jednog od najstarijih putopisno-hodočasničkih vrela Hrvatske iz sredine 16. stoljeća autora Jurja Husa.
Miroslav Kurelac autor je niz studija i rasprava na temu Izvori za povijest sre-dnjeg vijeka pri ... more Miroslav Kurelac autor je niz studija i rasprava na temu Izvori za povijest sre-dnjeg vijeka pri čemu je središte njegova znanstvenog istraživanja bilo usmjereno na razdoblje renesanse i humanizma u Hrvatskoj. Proučavajući hrvatsku historio-grafiju XVI-XVIL stoljeća njegov znanstveni interes najviše su privukli život i djelo Ivana Lučića Luciusa. Na samom početku knjige, u uvodu, autor objašnjava zašto Ivana Lučića Lu-ciusa možemo nazvati ocem hrvatske historiografije. Naime, Lucius je bio prvi povjesničar koji je u svojim brojnim dijelima primjenio znanstvena kritička načela. Svojim znanstvenim radom Lucius se uklapao u opća europska kretanja svoga vremena i "pripadao prvim eruditima, znanstvenicima novoga doba, velikim učenjacima-povjesničarima i njegovo će djelo bit ugrađeno u temelje hrvatske i moderne europske povijesne znanosti"
Ocjene i prikazi Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 33 (... more Ocjene i prikazi Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 33 (2015), str. 283-367 o anžuvinskom naslijedstvu i vlasti u Poljskoj, i u okvirima poljske, a ne samo mađarske i hr-vatske i drugih historiografija, što je više nego zadovoljavajući rezultat ove knjige. Éva B. Halász Krešimir Kužić, Hrvatska obala u putopisima njemačkih hodočasnika XIV. do XVII. st. – opora, vinorodna, kršćanska, Književni krug, Split 2013., 623 str. Knjiga koju ovdje predstavljamo djelo je uglednog hrvatskog povjesničara Krešimira Ku-žića koji se, pored niza drugih tema nerijetko iz tzv. sitne povijesti, bavi i hodočašćima kao srednjovjekovnim i ranonovovjekovnim religioznim fenomenom zapadnog kršćanstva. Ovo napominjemo samo zato da ukažemo na činjenicu da je rad na ovoj knjizi imao dugogodiš-nje predradnje, " sondiranje " manjih tema unutar fenomena hodočašća, istraživanje izvora te strane i domaće relevantne literature. Odmah na početku valja reći da je K. Kužić morao ulo-žiti veliki napor u analizu izvora, prije svega zbog činjenice da su svi ili gotovo svi pisani vi-sokonjemačkim jezikom, a kako je autor razmatrao putopise iz raznih dijelova Svetog Rim-skog Carstva, razumljivo je da se povremeno suočavao i s dijalektološkim jezičnim problemi-ma. No, zahvaljujući izvrsnom poznavanu suvremenog njemačkog, vjerojatno koristeći rječ-nike za visokonjemački, a i na temelju osobnih procjena o značenju pojedinih riječi, autor je izuzetno kvalitetno i lijepo preveo pojedine dijelove promatranih hodočasničkih djela. O tome najbolje kazuju izvrsni prijevodi dijelova pojedinih hodočasničkih putopisa, a posebice uku-sno i vješto prevedeni pojedini stihovi. Poznato je da su se još Petar Matković u drugoj polovini 19. st, a potom i Jorjo Tadić počet-kom 20. stoljeća bavili razmatranjem srednjovjekovnih i renesansnih hodočasničkih dnevni-ka i putopisa, osobito obzirom na problematiku putovanja, trgovine, susreta civilizacija i dru-gih aspekata te time znatno doprinijeli našoj spoznaji o doživljaju hrvatskih zemalja, ljudi i gradova od strane zapadno-europskih hodočasnika. Zbog toga su njihovi radovi već stoljeće i pol nezaobilazni u istraživanju spomenute problematike, pa se i danas citiraju u gotovo svim radovima koji se bave hodočašćima, trgovinom i putovanjima u spomenutom razdoblju. Ko-načno, otprilike 150 godine poslije tiskanja Matkovićevih radova u kojima donosi prijepise ni-za hodočasničkih dnevnika i putopisa, tiskana je knjiga K. Kužića u kojoj je autor tematici ho-dočašća i informacijama koje one pružaju za proučavanje hrvatske povijesti, prije svega Istre i Dalmacije, pristupio koristeći nove metodološke obrasce i obrađujući teme koje naše rani-je povjesničare nisu previše zanimale, a odnose se na danas izuzetno popularnu granu u hi-storiografiji – proučavanje svakodnevnog života. Zato autor u poglavlju naslovljenom Hodo-časnici i hodočašća (11-64) i napominje da bismo bez hodočasničkih dnevnika " ostali uskraće-ni za crtice o većinom anonimnim Hrvatima s kojima su se oni susretali ne samo na Jadranu nego i u drugim dijelovima Sredozemlja " (10). Danas je općenito prihvaćena činjenica da se u europskim knjižnicama i samostanima krije barem nekoliko stotina hodočasničkih dnevnika i putopisa od kojih mnogi nisu još niti otkriveni, a kamoli tiskani i predstavljeni javnosti. No, K. Kužić je u knjizi izlistao vrlo velik broj njemačkih hodočasničkih dnevnika, točnije njih 91, i to za razdoblje od sredine 14. stoljeća (hodočasnik Johann od Bodmana, 1356.-1395.) do po-četka 17. stoljeća (hodočasnik Georg Christoph od Neitzschitza, prije 1600.-1637.). Zanimljivo je društvena pripadnost pisaca hodočasničkih dnevnika pa su tako 12 osoba bili crkvene osobe, 53 osobe građani, a 26 pripadnici zemaljskog plemstva. No, autor je obradio 76 putopisa jer mu neki nisu bili dostupni. Njemački su hodočasnici najčešće putovali u skupinama na či-jem je čelu bio neki od pripadnika visokog njemačkog plemstva (vojvode, markgrofovi, izbor-ni knezovi, knezovi, grofovi), bogati građanin (gradski načelnici, zlatari, trgovci rudom i ze-mljoposjednici) ili pripadnik klera (franjevci, kanonici). Naravno, autor ne zaboravlja niti one osobe koje su bile niže na društvenoj ljestvici, osobito one u službi njemačkih magnata, a radi se o konjušarima, kuharima, sobarima, tumačima te služinčadi.
Svaki povijesni materijal pokušali smo sagledati što je objektivnije moguće, vodeći se pritom osj... more Svaki povijesni materijal pokušali smo sagledati što je objektivnije moguće, vodeći se pritom osjećajem profesionalne znanstvene odgovornosti te ljubavlju prema istini, kakva god ona bila / Nismo zaobišli političku, vojnu i socijalnu povijest jer su one ugrađene u temelje hrvatskoga nacionalnog identiteta i državnosti / U prijelomnom razdoblju naše povijesti, na razmeđu srednjega i ranoga novog vijeka, hrvatski etnički identitet bio je već u potpunosti razvijen U nakladi Matice hrvatske nedavno je objavljena knjiga Nova zraka u europskom svjetlu: hrvatske zemlje u ranome srednjem vijeku. Riječ je o prvom svesku Matičine biblioteke Povijest Hrvata, jednom od središnjih projekata naše najstarije kulturne ustanove, a izlazak knjige iz tiska bio je povod za razgovor s dr. sc. Zoranom Ladićem s Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti HAZU-a, glavnim urednikom edicije.
Jakovlje u prošlosti. Srednji i rani novi vijek/ Jakovlje in the Past. Medieval and Early Modern Period, 2013
Istraživanje prošlosti manjih naselja, nekada sela,
nije nimalo lak posao i zahtijeva profesional... more Istraživanje prošlosti manjih naselja, nekada sela, nije nimalo lak posao i zahtijeva profesionalno historiografsko znanje, osobito poznavanje arhivske građe i relevantne literature, ali se istraživač takvih tema treba oboružati i velikom dozom strpljenja u nastojanju da razriješi pojedine povijesne probleme. Jer, za takva mjesta koja su nekada bila sela, nema sačuvanih velikih i jedinstvenih fondova pisane, arheološke ili vizualne građe, a osobito ne za tako davna vremena kao što su srednji ili rani novi vijek, što bi omogućilo znatno jednostavnije istraživanje građe i povijesnu rekonstrukciju. Istraživači tek povremeno, ponekad u sretnim i slučajnim okolnostima, pronalaze razbacane podatke iz kojih nastoje istkati objektivnu i istinitu priču. Zato je i prošlost Jakovlja, kao i niza drugih manjih hrvatskih naselja, uglavnom slabo istražena. Uz gore spomenuto, razlog tome valja tražiti u činjenici što je Jakovlje sve do suvremenog razdoblja, pa tako i u srednjem i ranom novom vijeku, bilo selo od gotovo zanemarive važnosti u odnosu na urbana i dvorska središta hrvatskog političkog, gospodarskog, društvenog i kulturnog života. Izrazito ruralnog karaktera, sakriveno od svih važnih povijesnih zbivanja, bez nekog kulturnog pa i gospodarskog značaja, izvan dosega važnih prometnih smjerova, ovo naselje kao da su stoljećima zaobilazile sve značajne civilizacijske tekovine. Na prvi se pogled čini kao da ovo mjesto, a nekada selo, u prošlosti smješteno na rubu velikog i značajnog susedgradsko-stubičkog vlastelinstva, sa nekoliko domova i nekoliko desetaka stanovnika iz najnižeg društvenog staleža – zavisnih seljaka, gotovo i nije imalo značajnu povijest. No, je li tome doista tako? I, koja su mjerila na temelju kojih se sudi što je bilo značajno u prošlosti ili je važno danas? Ima li i malo, u tadašnja vremena zabačeno, 5 selo svoju prošlost koja je značajna barem za njegove današnje stanovnike, za osobe koji su iz njega podrijetlom ili za sve one koji su jednostavno zaljubljeni u ovaj kraj? I, koliko se povijesna važnost ovog sela i njegovih stanovnika mogla raspoznati u složenoj i velikoj slici brojnih značajnih zbivanja i istaknutih pojedinaca (bitaka, buna, velikaša i znamenitih seoskih vođa) koji su obilježili prostor sjeverozapadne Hrvatske kroz nemirna stoljeća? Doduše, baš kao što je i primjereno uobičajenom pogledu na prošlost, vezano uz Jakovlje nešto je poznatija povijest kurije danas poznate kao Sixta, prvi puta podignute vjerojatno sredinom 17. stoljeća, a koja uistinu predstavlja prvi simbol izlaska naselja iz povijesne anonimnosti. Zato i ne čudi da je upravo o ovom dvorcu napisano nekoliko vrijednih monografija u kojima se spominju osnovni povijesni podatci o vlasnicima, razrađuju arhitektonske karakteristike i umjetnička baština kurije u Jakovlju. Ovdje treba spomenuti danas malo poznatu činjenicu da je u Jakovlju još stotinjak godina prije kurije, već 1564.-1566. godine, postojao plemićki marof, odnosno kompleks različitih gospodarskih zgrada, staja i skladišta, a u kojem je povremeno boravio i vlasnik posjeda Jakovlja. No, kako se radilo o drvenim i uglavnom zdanjima gospodarske namjene, one su teško podnosile breme prolaznosti vremena i nakon zapuštanja brzo nestale. Malo je toga poznato o vremenima 14. 15. i 16. stoljeća, o dobu kada je selo Jakovlje nastalo i, što je važnije, opstalo, i kada je bilo tek jedno od tisuća malenih hrvatskih sela beznačajnih za pismene ljude onoga doba koji su nam podatke o njemu i njegovim stanovnicima ostavili, pomalo ironično, gotovo isključivo vezano uz prikupljanje poreza, radne, novčane ili naturalne rente. Nešto malo podataka zahvaljujemo i nemilim, teškim vremenima kada su sjeverozapad Hrvatske, tijekom 15. i 16. stoljeća, postojano pljačkale osmanlijske vojske ili 6 kada je isti taj prostor bio uzburkan seljačkim pobunama početkom ranog novog vijeka. Za razdoblja koja su prethodila 15. i 16. stoljeću pisani su izvori još šutljiviji pa se selo Jakovlje pojavljuje tek u ispravama koje je zagrebački kaptol kao vjerodostojno mjesto sastavljao za slavonske, hrvatske i ugarske velikaše, a prilikom teritorijalnog dijeljenja velikog susedgradsko-stubičkog vlastelinstva. No, upravo zahvaljujući jednom takvom dokumentu danas znamo i godinu u kojoj se po prvi puta u pisanim vrelima spominje pagus odnosno selo Jakovlje – 1340. godine.
Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum Meridionalium, sv. 54, Djela pisaca hrvatske povijesti, sv. 6 (Zagreb: HAZU), 2007
U knjizi se donosi znanstven-kritičko izdanje djela Obsidio Iadrensis nepoznatog autora iz 14. st... more U knjizi se donosi znanstven-kritičko izdanje djela Obsidio Iadrensis nepoznatog autora iz 14. st. u kojem se opisuje mletačka opsada Zadra 1345.-1346. godine. Izvršena je transkripcija i transliteracija djela, dodan je kritički aparat (variae lectiones i bilješke) te su napisane povijesne i jezične uvodne studije.
The analysis of Dalmatian urban last wills from the Late Middle Ages shows great similarity to th... more The analysis of Dalmatian urban last wills from the Late Middle Ages shows great similarity to the results previously reached by European scholars dealing with this subject in other regions. As in other parts of the Mediterranean, and to a certain extent also in continental Europe, the process of change in the expression and sensibility of religiosity started in the second half of the thirteenth century. These changes in some aspects of religious practice were related mainly to changes within the church (primarily the appearance of the mendicant orders) and urban society (economic development and population increase in the cities). Changes in religiosity may be clearly followed through such research into last wills, which precisely in the Late Middle Ages are submitted to a process of “democratization”. Thus, all members of urban communities were given an opportunity to compose their wills. As has been proved for other European cities from the same period, Dalmatian wills also show the influence of this process of “democratization” on the development of so-called “social Christianity.” Generally, it may be stated that the analysis of urban last wills of Dalmatian testators points to great similarities in the social, economic, and religious development of late medieval Dalmatian cities in comparison to the cities in other European (particularly Mediterranean) regions.
Nada Klaić i njezin znanstveni i nastavni doprinos razvoju historiografije. Zbornik radova sa zna... more Nada Klaić i njezin znanstveni i nastavni doprinos razvoju historiografije. Zbornik radova sa znanstvenoga skupa s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem održanog u Zagrebu 29.-30. studenog 2013. godine, edited by Tomislav Galović & Damir Agičić, Zagreb: Hrvatski nacionalni odbor za povijesne znanosti, Društvo za hrvatsku povjesnicu, Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu – FF-press, 2014., 639 pp. [Nada Klaić and her scholarly and teaching contribution to the development of historiography. Proceedings of the scientific conference with international participation held in Zagreb from 29 to 30 November 2013]
Spisi istarskih bilježnika, sv. II. Registri porečkih bilježnika Henrika de Artizanibus (1433. – 1434.) i Antuna de Teodoris (1435. – 1449.)/The Deeds of Istrian Notaries II. The Registers of Poreč's Notaries Henrik de Artizanibus (1433- 1434) and Antun de Teodoris (1435-1449), vol. 1 , 2018
In the book is given transcription of the oldest extant and until now unpublished Poreč's notary ... more In the book is given transcription of the oldest extant and until now unpublished Poreč's notary book from the middle and the second half of the fifteenth century. The book contains editor's introduction written by Mirjana Matijević-Sokol, introductory study concerning Poreč's notary records and communal notaries written by Zoran Ladić, transcription of around 140 documents, and indexes done by Marino Martinčević. Transcription of Latin notary deeds and regests in Croatian are done by Zoran Ladić.
The critical edition and translation of Croatian Glagolitic and Cyrillic diplomatic sources from ... more The critical edition and translation of Croatian Glagolitic and Cyrillic diplomatic sources from the period between 1100 and 1549.
Autor razmatra pomalo prikrivenu dimenziju srednjovjekovnih istočnojadranskih oporuka kao vrela k... more Autor razmatra pomalo prikrivenu dimenziju srednjovjekovnih istočnojadranskih oporuka kao vrela koja, zbog svog snažnog intimnog karaktera, sadrže niz motiva vezanih uz izražavanje osjećaja odnosno emocija muškaraca i žena svih društvenih staleža komunalnih društava. Iako izrazito važna kao pravni dokument, oporuka već u svojim uvodnim formulama ukazuje na jedan od temeljnih emotivnih motiva koji čovjek promišlja tijekom cijelog svog života – osjećaj prolaznosti ovozemaljskog života i približavanja njegovu neminovnom završetku u dominantno izraženom osjećaju intimnog odnosa prema smrti. U oporukama često piše: Nihil est certius morte et nihil incertius hora mortis što ukazuje da oporuka nije samo pravna isprava usmjerena na raspodjelu pokretnih i nepokretnih dobara. Zbog doživljaja blizine smrti i zbog želje da se za nju što bolje pripreme, a u cilju postizanja vječnog života u Raju, oporučitelji kao u nekoj strateškoj duhovnoj igri nastoje ostvariti dva temeljna cilja – raspodjela dobara nasljednicima i raspodjela dobara “za spas duše” i postizanje vječnog života. Iako naizgled egoistične, fraze pro remedio anime i pro anima zapravo često prikrivaju emocije oporučitelja određene njihovim vlastitim intimnim i pobožnim promišljanjima i iskustvima, ali i emocije koje su nastale kao proizvod društvenih okolnosti, odnosno utjecaja okoline – prijatelja, poslovnih partnera, slugu, ispovjednika, krsnih kumova, dragih članova obitelji - na oporučitelje. Raznoliki oblici osjećaja prožimaju sadržaj oporuka uzrokovani dvojnošću bića oporučitelja. Sve to čini oporuke vrijednim izvorom za proučavanje raznolikih individualnih i društvenih izričaja osjećajnosti srednjovjekovnog čovjeka.
Uploads
Papers by Zoran Ladić
Venetian civil and military engineer (magister) Francesco delle Barche have to date been only slightly discussed in Croatian and Italian historiography. Evidence for this is the fact that he is not even mentioned in Italian lexicons and also that he is only poorly covered in scholarly works by contemporary medievalists. In Croatian historiography there is but one paper, that of Sandra Begonja, which touched on the possible importance of Francesco the engineer, related, of course, to the siege of Zadar in 1345 to 1346. There were two other factors, apart from the lack relevant research, that prompted the writing of this paper about the distinguished late medieval engineer. The first is related to the historical tale of novelist August Šenoa about Francesco delle Barche, in which the author transformed him into a Zadar local, a traitor of the stamp of Judas, who sold his homeland for silver. Some aspects put forward in the Šenoa work are considered from the aspect of literary history, but on the whole are related to the period of the 19th century when the historical tale itself was written (1875). Naturally, the medieval setting and the time and space in which Francesco lived were seldom taken into consideration in such works, which is entirely understandable in view of the particular historiographic methods and sources that require an understanding of late medieval circumstances, primarily the social relationships, circumstances of the war and everyday life. A second factor behind the choice of theme was the Latin chronicle of an anonymous author entitled Chronica Jadretina, published some ten years back in a contemporary historiographic Italian critical edition. Currently, work is underway on a preparation of a critical edition in Croatian, engaging Olga Perić, Damir Karbić and Zoran Ladić. Unlike the already printed critical edition Obsidio Iadrensis, the author of which is an anonymous Zadar chronicler, the Italian chronicle provides important data about the engagement of Francesco delle Barche as Venetian military engineer during the Venetian siege of Zadar in 1345 to 1346. It needs to be said here that some time in February 1346, after a number of successful constructions of military machines and assistance provided to the high command in the devising of the strategy of the war against Zadar, he was accidentally killed while he was using one of the fighting machines that he had invented or significantly improved. As well as information from the chronicle, in several collections of sources and foreign works of scholarship, information was found about his operations in Istria and in the eastern Mediterranean (Candia, Heraklion) related to the rebuilding and renovation of the neglected harbours The sources and the references show that Francesco proved himself to be a highly skilled, talented civil engineer completely up to his tasks. One proof of this was his work on the dredging of the Venetian canals that led to the port. The sources show quite clearly that Francesco was an inhabitant of Venice, in which he had possessions in various locations. Most importantly, he was head of operations in the Arsenal, probably in the 1320s and early 1330s. All this, in combination with the fact that he had a very important task in one of the most important events of the Croatian Late Middle Ages – the Venetian siege of Zadar 1345-1346, shows that his life and professional activities deserve more attention from Croatian medieval studies.
U radu se govori o nekim aspektima povijesne povezanosti Buga-
ra i Dubrovčana u razdoblju kasnog srednjeg vijeka, osobito s obzirom
na neke povijesne fenomene koji su obilježili razdoblje razvijenog i ka-
snog srednjeg vijeka. Rad se temelji na analizi dvadesetak isprava veza-
nih uz povijesne odnose Bugara i Dubrovčana u razvijenom i kasnom
srednjem vijeku, što ih je u dva sveska objelodanilo nekoliko bugarskih
medievista (Dubrovnishki dokumenti za istoriata na Balgaria i balgarite prez XIII – XV vek, T. 1 and T. 2). Knjige obuhvaćaju vremensko razdoblje od 1230. do 1505. godine.
The contours of the phenomenon of pilgrimaging in Croatia may be traced several centuries before Croats settled in their contemporary homeland. The first written document related to pilgrimaging in the Holly Land through continental Croatia (Slavonia) comes from the late Antique Period as testified by the anonymous pilgrim from Bordeaux in the first extant West European written pilgrim diary from 334-335 . The practice of pilgrimaging through Croatia continued in the medieval period and reached its peak in the Late Middle Ages. From the aspect of pilgrimaging, the entire medieval Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia was situated in a very important geographical and strategic position. Some of the most important pilgrim European land routes led through medieval Slavonia (e. g. via Danubia, Via Militaris). The antique Roman land route led from Senj through Croatian and Dalmatian hinterland towards the city and port of Durrës in Albania where it joined via Egnatia. All of these land roads lead to Constantinople, Palestine, and St. Catharine on Sinai. Yet, much more frequently palmieri used naval routes leading from Venice to Palestine ports of Jaffa, Acre, and some others to visit pilgrim shrines in Terra Sancta, Jerusalem, Constantinople, and St. Catharine on Sinai). In the High and Late Middle Ages, Besides Rome as an old pilgrim center, many new pilgrim shrines were established on the Apennine peninsula next to the new cult of saints such as St. Francis in Assisi or St. Anthony in Padua, as well as Marian shrines such as Loreto and Recanati. Naval routes from the East Adriatic to pilgrim shrines on the Apennine peninsula in started in the ports of Senj, Zadar, and Split. Both naval routes, those from Venice to the Holy Land and those from East Adriatic ports towards West Adriatic ports (Brindisi, Bari, Manfredonia, Fano, Ancona, Pesaro, and Rimini) were used by many Western European, Central European, and domestic pilgrims.
were female and male persons (hospitalarii, hospitalarie, and sometimes mendicant friars) voluntarily caring for the infected persons. The communal authorities proclaimed statutory novels forbidding burials in church graveyards within the city walls as well as direct physical contacts between the participants and the deceased persons during the burial ceremonies, such as the customary expression of emotions by kissing the infectious body of the deceased person. Finally, the healthcare system in the late medieval commune of Šibenik included control over healthy denizens and isolation of infected persons. This involved a great number of professional medical workers who had graduated from various Italian universities as well as auxiliary medical workers such as barbers or herbalists. The statute of Šibenik shows that professional medical workers were very much honored by the communal denizens and authorities, which is best illustrated by their significant annual salaries and the relatively luxurious accommodation provided by the communal authorities.
Venetian civil and military engineer (magister) Francesco delle Barche have to date been only slightly discussed in Croatian and Italian historiography. Evidence for this is the fact that he is not even mentioned in Italian lexicons and also that he is only poorly covered in scholarly works by contemporary medievalists. In Croatian historiography there is but one paper, that of Sandra Begonja, which touched on the possible importance of Francesco the engineer, related, of course, to the siege of Zadar in 1345 to 1346. There were two other factors, apart from the lack relevant research, that prompted the writing of this paper about the distinguished late medieval engineer. The first is related to the historical tale of novelist August Šenoa about Francesco delle Barche, in which the author transformed him into a Zadar local, a traitor of the stamp of Judas, who sold his homeland for silver. Some aspects put forward in the Šenoa work are considered from the aspect of literary history, but on the whole are related to the period of the 19th century when the historical tale itself was written (1875). Naturally, the medieval setting and the time and space in which Francesco lived were seldom taken into consideration in such works, which is entirely understandable in view of the particular historiographic methods and sources that require an understanding of late medieval circumstances, primarily the social relationships, circumstances of the war and everyday life. A second factor behind the choice of theme was the Latin chronicle of an anonymous author entitled Chronica Jadretina, published some ten years back in a contemporary historiographic Italian critical edition. Currently, work is underway on a preparation of a critical edition in Croatian, engaging Olga Perić, Damir Karbić and Zoran Ladić. Unlike the already printed critical edition Obsidio Iadrensis, the author of which is an anonymous Zadar chronicler, the Italian chronicle provides important data about the engagement of Francesco delle Barche as Venetian military engineer during the Venetian siege of Zadar in 1345 to 1346. It needs to be said here that some time in February 1346, after a number of successful constructions of military machines and assistance provided to the high command in the devising of the strategy of the war against Zadar, he was accidentally killed while he was using one of the fighting machines that he had invented or significantly improved. As well as information from the chronicle, in several collections of sources and foreign works of scholarship, information was found about his operations in Istria and in the eastern Mediterranean (Candia, Heraklion) related to the rebuilding and renovation of the neglected harbours The sources and the references show that Francesco proved himself to be a highly skilled, talented civil engineer completely up to his tasks. One proof of this was his work on the dredging of the Venetian canals that led to the port. The sources show quite clearly that Francesco was an inhabitant of Venice, in which he had possessions in various locations. Most importantly, he was head of operations in the Arsenal, probably in the 1320s and early 1330s. All this, in combination with the fact that he had a very important task in one of the most important events of the Croatian Late Middle Ages – the Venetian siege of Zadar 1345-1346, shows that his life and professional activities deserve more attention from Croatian medieval studies.
U radu se govori o nekim aspektima povijesne povezanosti Buga-
ra i Dubrovčana u razdoblju kasnog srednjeg vijeka, osobito s obzirom
na neke povijesne fenomene koji su obilježili razdoblje razvijenog i ka-
snog srednjeg vijeka. Rad se temelji na analizi dvadesetak isprava veza-
nih uz povijesne odnose Bugara i Dubrovčana u razvijenom i kasnom
srednjem vijeku, što ih je u dva sveska objelodanilo nekoliko bugarskih
medievista (Dubrovnishki dokumenti za istoriata na Balgaria i balgarite prez XIII – XV vek, T. 1 and T. 2). Knjige obuhvaćaju vremensko razdoblje od 1230. do 1505. godine.
The contours of the phenomenon of pilgrimaging in Croatia may be traced several centuries before Croats settled in their contemporary homeland. The first written document related to pilgrimaging in the Holly Land through continental Croatia (Slavonia) comes from the late Antique Period as testified by the anonymous pilgrim from Bordeaux in the first extant West European written pilgrim diary from 334-335 . The practice of pilgrimaging through Croatia continued in the medieval period and reached its peak in the Late Middle Ages. From the aspect of pilgrimaging, the entire medieval Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia was situated in a very important geographical and strategic position. Some of the most important pilgrim European land routes led through medieval Slavonia (e. g. via Danubia, Via Militaris). The antique Roman land route led from Senj through Croatian and Dalmatian hinterland towards the city and port of Durrës in Albania where it joined via Egnatia. All of these land roads lead to Constantinople, Palestine, and St. Catharine on Sinai. Yet, much more frequently palmieri used naval routes leading from Venice to Palestine ports of Jaffa, Acre, and some others to visit pilgrim shrines in Terra Sancta, Jerusalem, Constantinople, and St. Catharine on Sinai). In the High and Late Middle Ages, Besides Rome as an old pilgrim center, many new pilgrim shrines were established on the Apennine peninsula next to the new cult of saints such as St. Francis in Assisi or St. Anthony in Padua, as well as Marian shrines such as Loreto and Recanati. Naval routes from the East Adriatic to pilgrim shrines on the Apennine peninsula in started in the ports of Senj, Zadar, and Split. Both naval routes, those from Venice to the Holy Land and those from East Adriatic ports towards West Adriatic ports (Brindisi, Bari, Manfredonia, Fano, Ancona, Pesaro, and Rimini) were used by many Western European, Central European, and domestic pilgrims.
were female and male persons (hospitalarii, hospitalarie, and sometimes mendicant friars) voluntarily caring for the infected persons. The communal authorities proclaimed statutory novels forbidding burials in church graveyards within the city walls as well as direct physical contacts between the participants and the deceased persons during the burial ceremonies, such as the customary expression of emotions by kissing the infectious body of the deceased person. Finally, the healthcare system in the late medieval commune of Šibenik included control over healthy denizens and isolation of infected persons. This involved a great number of professional medical workers who had graduated from various Italian universities as well as auxiliary medical workers such as barbers or herbalists. The statute of Šibenik shows that professional medical workers were very much honored by the communal denizens and authorities, which is best illustrated by their significant annual salaries and the relatively luxurious accommodation provided by the communal authorities.
Aufgrund der Dokumente aus dem Archiv von Zadar (Notar-Niederschriften) untersucht der Autor die Formen und die Richtungen der Wallfahrten, die in der zweiten Hiilfte des 14. Jahrhunderts aus Zadar in verschiedene Richtungen unternommen wurden. In der Einleitung findet man Literatur zu dieser Frage (F. Gestrin, J. Kolanović, F. Šanjek, usw.) und eine Erliiutarung des Wallfahrtabegriffes, nicht nur nach dem Inhalt, sondern auch nach den Statuten der dalmatischen Städte. Ausführlich erforscht ist sowohl, in welche Richtungen die Wallfahrten gingen, alsauch die Wallfahrtsorte (Rom, Jerusalem, Assisi, St. Jakobus de Compostela und zahlreiche weniger berühmto Orto). Mit besonderer Aaufmerksamkeit wird untersucht, auf welche Woise die Wallfahrten ausgefiührt wurden: Einzeln, in Gruppen, durch einen testamentarisch bestimmten Vertreter. Ein wichtiger Punkt sind auch
die Kosten der Wallfahrten.
methodological models made by contemporary European medievalists, the author in this article discusses the issue of the attitude of the communal population towards the poor and other more or less marginalized strata of late medieval Dalmatian urban societies. Particular attention has been paid to individual care and to a certain extent also to that which was communal for poor individuals and groups
during the period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. Taking into account the character of the sources (wills), the following features are analyzed in this article: a) hospitals, b) poor individuals (pauperes,
pauperes Christi), c) orphans (orphan;) and particularly poor orphaned girls (puele orphane), d) illegitimate and adopted children (bastardi, ilegitimi, adoptivi) slaves and servants (famuli, ancile, servi). The author dedicated particular attention to the analysis of the co-relations of gender and social position of those testators leaving bequests to the poor and marginalized, and the types of bequest left to them.
From the end of the thirteenth century the choice of the recipients of bequests in Dalmatian communes becomes very diversified. In contrast to the previous period, when the recipients of bequests pro remedio anime were exclusively Benedictine monasteries and nunneries, during the Late Middle Ages orphans, poor girls, illegitimate children, slaves, servants and hospitals became more and more frequently the recipients of such bequests. On the one hand, this was due to the economic development and changes of religiosity in Dalmatian communes, and on the other it was a consequence of a so-called "democratization" in writing wills as a usual practice for members of all strata within urban
society, who in turn became more and more sensitive to the increasing problem of poverty and marginalization in bigger urban centers of late medieval Dalmatia. The analysis also reveals interesting data related to the social structure of the testators making charitable bequests to the poor and the marginalized. Generally speaking, the individuals from all strata of communal society expressed equal solidarity towards all mentioned groups of recipients. In this respect a particular role was played precisely by the democratization of the practice of writing wills mentioned above. It seems logical that the testators from social strata lower than the patricians (those styled as cives and habitatores) would be more sensitive to the needs of persons which were, for whatever reason, placed on the social margins, because they themselves might sooner or later face a similar fate. This would explain the relatively large number of charitable bequests donated by the testators belonging to
these groups. However, the analysis also showed that the testators belonging to the patricians also expressed equal charity towards the poor and the marginalized. The reason for such an attitude on the
part of the patricians may be found in the changes in popular piety at that time. Specifically, during the eleventh and the twelfth centuries members of the urban elite were the strongest support to traditional,
rather introspective, Christianity, best embodied through Benedictine monasticism, as individuals from that stratum showed also by rich testamentary bequests to particular Benedictine monasteries; however, in the thirteenth century, when the mendicants became popular, the patriciate stratum, always the first to accept new ideas (which may be understood also as a certain following of fashion), was the first to start richly endowing the newly established convents of the Franciscans and the Dominicans. Old Benedictine monasteries were further supported more from loyalty to the tradition, and because of networks of relations established during previous centuries between certain families and these monasteries, than from reasons of particular piety which was transferred to the mendicants. Taking into account the fact that the mendicants were bearers of the so-called "social Christianity" it does not seem strange that the testators from the ranks of patricians, as their faithful supporters, accepted the practice of charitable donations to the poor and marginalized groups and individuals as one of the basic themes.
collection of sources entitled: "Historical records of the Zagreb Archdiocese" by A. Lukinovic. Ali these documents are basically religious in nature. They particularly express feelings of sinfulness and a consequent desire for forgiveness. Some of the charters express the Medieval (and not only Medieval) belief in the supernatural power of the saints. In the first part the author briefly presents the political circumstances in the Late Medieval Slavonia, which were at that time fairly anarchic, expressed in a continuous succession of wars. This was
the period of wars against the Bosnian rulers, the Venetian Republic and the Ottomans. The obsession with war was intensified by constant battles between individual magnates and noblemen and the theft of each other's property. The Slavonian aristocracy of that time may therefore be called, as some contemporary historians underlined, "bellatores". The noblemen analyzed in the article traveled to various pilgrim shrines in Rome. In the second part "On nobility and priests, and places mentioned in the Roman documents from 1433", the author, examining literature and sources, presents details regarding those noblemen and priests who took part in the mentioned events as well as as well as regarding their places of origin. The persons mentioned in these documents are little known or completely unknown in other historical records. Most of them are not to be found in other documents from that period. They were mainly members of the lower noblemen class, simply entitled as "nobiles". Members of the well-known magnate family Cupor are only the exception, and in examine charters they are entitled "nobiles de baronum genere Chupor". Members of this family
held positions of significant responsibility in the Medieval KIngdom of Hungary-Croatia. Alongside the noblemen, individual priests are also mentioned. They were parish priests from the Zagreb diocese.
The third part of this article, entitled "On Religious motifs in the documents of 1433", is divided into three parts according to the basic motifs which appear in each of these documents: 1. the parish churches who received absolution, 2. requests for individual absolution 3. requests for the purchase of relics of saints. Absolution from sins is certainly the strongest motif represented in all of these documents.
The most numerous are requests to the Pope to issue privileges for the forgiveness of sins to all who visit certain parish churches on various holy days. Ali the churches mentioned are rarely found in sources and it is sometimes hard to locate them exactly. These details are therefore
very valuable. Since medieval society was largely static and most people, especially villagers, could not travel to Rome to receive absolution, this act by their feudal lords or priests can be seen as an expression of concern for their subjects or parishioners. In this way ordinary people were given the opportunity to receive absolution from sins, which was extremely important in medieval religious life. By receiving the right to give absolution from sins, the parish church lifted
itself above many other similar churches in the area, since it was in possession of the "instrument" able to release many souls from sin. Such church therefore became far more attractive to believers from other churches in the close neighborhood and from further regions. The gathering of people in one place at a specific holy day greatly advanced urban economic growth. The holding of fairs and the founding of markets caused the growth of economic power of the nobility , but also gave greater prominence to the parish priest. Another important motif was the desire expressed by the Slavonian nobility and priests for personal absolution from sins. A total of six documents contain requests for personal absolution, and in some cases absolution is sought for individual members of noblemen families, who were also presented in Rome. Absolution is sought for wives, mothers, brothers and sisters. The Medieval world was noted for the active involvement of the saints in everyday life. The role of the saints as intercessor between the believer and God was particularly important. Their aid was sought in sickness, or when setting out on a long and dangerous journey. The visual (the facades and interiors of churches) and the written world (hagiographic writings on the lives of the saints was one of the favorite genres of the Middle Ages), full of scenes of events from the lives
of various saints. It is therefore understandable that throughout the entire Middle Ages a great deal of homage was paid to the relics of saints. It was considered to be a blessing for believers to be in the vicinity of relics because of their miraculous power. Churches who possessed the relics of a saint were always more attractive for believers and frequently became sites of pilgrimage, and subsequently trading centers and fairs as a result of the movement of a large number of people. These were probably the reasons which motivated these Slavonian noblemen and priests to buy relics in Rome. The daily reality of war was probably an additional motive, especially fear of the approaching Ottomans. In Rome at that time there was a highly developed trade of relics of a wide variety of saints. This reached a climax after 1300, when Pope Boniface VIII pronounced the first Jubilee, attracting many pilgrims to the city "ad limina apostolorum". Drawn by the opportunity to make a quick profit, many traders sold fake relics. Moreover, the increasing number of saints nominated by local authorities, created a flood of relics being sold without any proof of their authenticity. Therefore the papal Curia took over control of the canonization of saints and the authenticity of their relics. This was the reason why four Slavonian nobles and priests turned to Pope Eugene IV with a request for the purchase of some relics.
The omnipresence of sin, absolution for the salvation of the soul, belief in the supernatural power of relics are some of the basic motifs of medieval religion. As these documents show, these motifs were also present in Medieval Slavonia. We may say that the people of Slavonia, although they lived on the edge of Western European Christianitv, accepted the religious values of Western civilization and shared in the late Medieval world view.
fields of interest of American historians in Croatian Middle Ages (Beneventan script, Zadar, Bosnian Christian, Dubrovnik etc.). The list of around 50 studies is given in the footnotes following the text. Generally, as author concludes, it may be stated that works written by American
historians are not as much worth as those written by Croatian historians. Yet, the importance of American studies write on the Croatian Middle Ages lies in the fact that English language is today "lingua
franca" and is regularly consulted in writing of syntheses of European medieval history.
U prilogu su objavljene trogirske oporuke koje se nalaze u Arhivu HAZU u Zagrebu. Ove oporuke pružaju vrijedne podatke o gospodarskim prilikama, religioznom životu, te obiteljskim i društvenim odnosima u sredini u kojoj su nastale. Potječu iz 70-ih godina 14. stoljeća, a napisao ih je notar Vannes Dominici Iohannis iz Ferma.
nije nimalo lak posao i zahtijeva profesionalno historiografsko
znanje, osobito poznavanje arhivske građe i
relevantne literature, ali se istraživač takvih tema treba
oboružati i velikom dozom strpljenja u nastojanju
da razriješi pojedine povijesne probleme. Jer, za takva
mjesta koja su nekada bila sela, nema sačuvanih velikih
i jedinstvenih fondova pisane, arheološke ili vizualne
građe, a osobito ne za tako davna vremena kao što su
srednji ili rani novi vijek, što bi omogućilo znatno jednostavnije
istraživanje građe i povijesnu rekonstrukciju.
Istraživači tek povremeno, ponekad u sretnim i
slučajnim okolnostima, pronalaze razbacane podatke
iz kojih nastoje istkati objektivnu i istinitu priču. Zato
je i prošlost Jakovlja, kao i niza drugih manjih hrvatskih
naselja, uglavnom slabo istražena. Uz gore spomenuto,
razlog tome valja tražiti u činjenici što je Jakovlje sve
do suvremenog razdoblja, pa tako i u srednjem i ranom
novom vijeku, bilo selo od gotovo zanemarive važnosti
u odnosu na urbana i dvorska središta hrvatskog političkog,
gospodarskog, društvenog i kulturnog života.
Izrazito ruralnog karaktera, sakriveno od svih važnih
povijesnih zbivanja, bez nekog kulturnog pa i gospodarskog
značaja, izvan dosega važnih prometnih smjerova,
ovo naselje kao da su stoljećima zaobilazile sve
značajne civilizacijske tekovine. Na prvi se pogled čini
kao da ovo mjesto, a nekada selo, u prošlosti smješteno
na rubu velikog i značajnog susedgradsko-stubičkog
vlastelinstva, sa nekoliko domova i nekoliko desetaka
stanovnika iz najnižeg društvenog staleža – zavisnih
seljaka, gotovo i nije imalo značajnu povijest. No, je
li tome doista tako? I, koja su mjerila na temelju kojih
se sudi što je bilo značajno u prošlosti ili je važno
danas? Ima li i malo, u tadašnja vremena zabačeno,
5
selo svoju prošlost koja je značajna barem za njegove
današnje stanovnike, za osobe koji su iz njega podrijetlom
ili za sve one koji su jednostavno zaljubljeni u
ovaj kraj? I, koliko se povijesna važnost ovog sela i njegovih
stanovnika mogla raspoznati u složenoj i velikoj
slici brojnih značajnih zbivanja i istaknutih pojedinaca
(bitaka, buna, velikaša i znamenitih seoskih vođa)
koji su obilježili prostor sjeverozapadne Hrvatske kroz
nemirna stoljeća? Doduše, baš kao što je i primjereno
uobičajenom pogledu na prošlost, vezano uz Jakovlje
nešto je poznatija povijest kurije danas poznate kao
Sixta, prvi puta podignute vjerojatno sredinom 17.
stoljeća, a koja uistinu predstavlja prvi simbol izlaska
naselja iz povijesne anonimnosti. Zato i ne čudi da je
upravo o ovom dvorcu napisano nekoliko vrijednih
monografija u kojima se spominju osnovni povijesni
podatci o vlasnicima, razrađuju arhitektonske karakteristike
i umjetnička baština kurije u Jakovlju. Ovdje
treba spomenuti danas malo poznatu činjenicu da je u
Jakovlju još stotinjak godina prije kurije, već 1564.-1566.
godine, postojao plemićki marof, odnosno kompleks
različitih gospodarskih zgrada, staja i skladišta, a u
kojem je povremeno boravio i vlasnik posjeda Jakovlja.
No, kako se radilo o drvenim i uglavnom zdanjima
gospodarske namjene, one su teško podnosile breme
prolaznosti vremena i nakon zapuštanja brzo nestale.
Malo je toga poznato o vremenima 14. 15. i 16. stoljeća,
o dobu kada je selo Jakovlje nastalo i, što je važnije,
opstalo, i kada je bilo tek jedno od tisuća malenih hrvatskih
sela beznačajnih za pismene ljude onoga doba
koji su nam podatke o njemu i njegovim stanovnicima
ostavili, pomalo ironično, gotovo isključivo vezano uz
prikupljanje poreza, radne, novčane ili naturalne rente.
Nešto malo podataka zahvaljujemo i nemilim, teškim
vremenima kada su sjeverozapad Hrvatske, tijekom 15.
i 16. stoljeća, postojano pljačkale osmanlijske vojske ili
6
kada je isti taj prostor bio uzburkan seljačkim pobunama
početkom ranog novog vijeka. Za razdoblja koja su
prethodila 15. i 16. stoljeću pisani su izvori još šutljiviji
pa se selo Jakovlje pojavljuje tek u ispravama koje je
zagrebački kaptol kao vjerodostojno mjesto sastavljao
za slavonske, hrvatske i ugarske velikaše, a prilikom teritorijalnog
dijeljenja velikog susedgradsko-stubičkog
vlastelinstva. No, upravo zahvaljujući jednom takvom
dokumentu danas znamo i godinu u kojoj se po prvi
puta u pisanim vrelima spominje pagus odnosno selo
Jakovlje – 1340. godine.