Paul Kua
The University of Hong Kong, History, Alumnus
- History of Sino-Western communications and cultural exchanges, Mission history in Asia, History of Youth Movements, esp. Scouting, History of orders, decorations and medals, History of Education, Taiwan Studies, and 7 moreHong Kong studies, British Colonial History in Malaya, Colonization (British Empire), Dutch Formosa, Portuguese Discoveries and Expansion, Postcolonial Studies, and Jesuits in Chinaedit
- Independent researcher & Affiliate Assistant Professor, History Dept., Univ. of Hong Kong Fellow, Royal Historical So... moreIndependent researcher & Affiliate Assistant Professor, History Dept., Univ. of Hong Kong
Fellow, Royal Historical Society
Pg. Dip. (theology), Oxford Univ.
Ph. D. (history), Univ. of Hong Kong
M. Sc. (Internet computing), Univ. of Hong Kong
Cert. of Spec (marketing), Kellogg, Northwestern Univ.
M. B. A. (finance), UCLA
B. A., Pomona Collegeedit
(Due to copyright restrictions this pdf file is only an excerpt of the full article.) Missionaries Robert Morrison and William Milne founded the Anglo-Chinese College (ACC) in 1818 in Malacca, and it continued to operate there until 1843,... more
(Due to copyright restrictions this pdf file is only an excerpt of the full article.) Missionaries Robert Morrison and William Milne founded the Anglo-Chinese College (ACC) in 1818 in Malacca, and it continued to operate there until 1843, when it relocated to Hong Kong. As the first Protestant school for Chinese and Europeans in Asia founded by the first two missionaries to China from the London Missionary Society, it has attracted much interest in cross-disciplinary missiological and historical studies, in the West and in the East, then and now; though few focus on its students, often giving scant details. This article provides an overview of the three types of ACC students from these earliest years, highlighting some prominent ones, including Walter Henry Medhurst, James Legge, Leang Fah and Ho Tsun-sheen. Drawing on many primary and secondary sources, it explores the activities and lives of these people in school and after graduation, in the hope of gaining new insights into the roles they played in Sino-Western cultural exchanges, dissemination of Christianity, and development of parts of Asia in the nineteenth century.
Research Interests:
The legend that Portuguese sailors in the Sixteenth Century were the first Europeans to discover Taiwan and call it Formosa has a long history and is well-known to many, though typically also embellished with conflicting details.... more
The legend that Portuguese sailors in the Sixteenth Century were the first Europeans to discover Taiwan and call it Formosa has a long history and is well-known to many, though typically also embellished with conflicting details. Recently, some historians rejected this legend and claim that it was the Spanish navigator Francisco Gali who named the Island in 1584. This paper examines relevant rutters, maps and other documents, mostly Portuguese, re-constructs the history of Formosa’s “discovery” and “naming”, eliminates historically erroneous claims and moves us closer to an informed consensus on the matter.
A lenda de que os marinheiros portugueses do século XVI foram os primeiros europeus a descobrir Taiwan e a chamá-la de Formosa tem uma longa história e é bem conhecida por muitos, embora também seja tipicamente embelezada com detalhes conflituantes. Recentemente, alguns historiadores rejeitaram essa lenda e afirmaram que foi o navegador espanhol Francisco Gali quem deu o nome à ilha em 1584. Este artigo examina roteiros, mapas e outros documentos relevantes, principalmente portugueses, reconstrói a história da “descoberta” e do “batismo” da Formosa, elimina as alegações historicamente errôneas e aproxima-nos de um consenso informado sobre o assunto.
A lenda de que os marinheiros portugueses do século XVI foram os primeiros europeus a descobrir Taiwan e a chamá-la de Formosa tem uma longa história e é bem conhecida por muitos, embora também seja tipicamente embelezada com detalhes conflituantes. Recentemente, alguns historiadores rejeitaram essa lenda e afirmaram que foi o navegador espanhol Francisco Gali quem deu o nome à ilha em 1584. Este artigo examina roteiros, mapas e outros documentos relevantes, principalmente portugueses, reconstrói a história da “descoberta” e do “batismo” da Formosa, elimina as alegações historicamente errôneas e aproxima-nos de um consenso informado sobre o assunto.
Research Interests:
( Due to copyright restrictions only the first few pages of this article is downloadable, Link to the published article: https://academic.oup.com/library/article-abstract/23/1/68/6546639) French Jesuit Joseph Prémare, a missionary to... more
( Due to copyright restrictions only the first few pages of this article is downloadable, Link to the published article:
https://academic.oup.com/library/article-abstract/23/1/68/6546639)
French Jesuit Joseph Prémare, a missionary to Qing Dynasty China, had completed by the end of 1728 the draft of a book entitled Notitia linguæ sinicæ, intended to assist aspiring Catholic missionaries from Europe in learning the Chinese language. One of the original manuscripts sent from Canton to Paris, now held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, was “rediscovered” in the 1810s by the French sinologist Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, and became the source for some manuscript copies, made mostly before the work’s eventual publication in 1831. This paper examines two of these manuscript copies dated between 1825 and 1830, held respectively in the Archive of the School of Oriental and African Studies in London and the the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich, both important in their own ways, and both somewhat misunderstood and largely neglected by recent studies.
https://academic.oup.com/library/article-abstract/23/1/68/6546639)
French Jesuit Joseph Prémare, a missionary to Qing Dynasty China, had completed by the end of 1728 the draft of a book entitled Notitia linguæ sinicæ, intended to assist aspiring Catholic missionaries from Europe in learning the Chinese language. One of the original manuscripts sent from Canton to Paris, now held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, was “rediscovered” in the 1810s by the French sinologist Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, and became the source for some manuscript copies, made mostly before the work’s eventual publication in 1831. This paper examines two of these manuscript copies dated between 1825 and 1830, held respectively in the Archive of the School of Oriental and African Studies in London and the the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich, both important in their own ways, and both somewhat misunderstood and largely neglected by recent studies.
Research Interests:
This article retells the story of a Chinese language textbook, the Notitia linguæ sinicæ, written by a Catholic missionary in China for the use of Catholic missionaries to that country, and eventually printed by a Catholic mission press... more
This article retells the story of a Chinese language textbook, the Notitia linguæ sinicæ, written by a Catholic missionary in China for the use of Catholic missionaries to that country, and eventually printed by a Catholic mission press in China for the same purpose. It would have been a simple and short tale, if not for the fact that this many-faceted journey took one-hundred-and-sixty-five years to complete, involved crossing and re-crossing the two leading Christian traditions of Catholicism and Protestantism, took the work across great distances from Canton to Paris, London, Malacca, back to Canton and then to Hong Kong, and required the use of the Chinese language, both its higher form and the more day-to-day version, but also of Latin and English.
Research Interests:
The Anglo-Chinese College was founded by British missionaries Robert Morrison and William Milne in the relatively well established Dutch/British colony of Malacca in 1818, and removed to the young British colony of Hong Kong in 1843. The... more
The Anglo-Chinese College was founded by British missionaries Robert Morrison and William Milne in the relatively well established Dutch/British colony of Malacca in 1818, and removed to the young British colony of Hong Kong in 1843. The first Protestant school in Asia, started by the first two Protestant missionaries to China, it produced a number of prominent 'old boys', both European and Chinese, and significant publications in Chinese and in English. Accordingly, it has generated considerable interest in academic and religious research, both in the West and in the east. however, few of these studies have focused on the physical aspects of the institution, preferring to examine the personalities involved and the impact and influence of the school. Based on a study of relevant primary sources, this paper provides details about the original location of the College, gives a brief overview of the physical facilities on the school grounds, and examines the library collection of this early Western-style educational institution in Asia.
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來華法國人耶穌會士馬若瑟於十八世紀初完成《漢語劄記》一書，希望透過它的刊行協助歐洲傳教士及知識分子學習漢語。可惜此願望要遲至一個世紀後才終於實現。多年來中外學者研究《漢語劄記》的各種原稿本、重抄本和刊行本，在不同範疇裏發表相當數量的文章及專著。透過檢視現藏於歐洲三個圖書館裏的抄本、先後於亞洲三個城市裏印刷的刊本以及相關史料，本文比較抄本和刊本的内容及探討該書重抄面世以至出版流傳的歷史脈絡，提出一些不見於現有學術研究的資訊和推論或有別於當今學術論述的結論和觀點，供對此課題有興趣... more
來華法國人耶穌會士馬若瑟於十八世紀初完成《漢語劄記》一書，希望透過它的刊行協助歐洲傳教士及知識分子學習漢語。可惜此願望要遲至一個世紀後才終於實現。多年來中外學者研究《漢語劄記》的各種原稿本、重抄本和刊行本，在不同範疇裏發表相當數量的文章及專著。透過檢視現藏於歐洲三個圖書館裏的抄本、先後於亞洲三個城市裏印刷的刊本以及相關史料，本文比較抄本和刊本的内容及探討該書重抄面世以至出版流傳的歷史脈絡，提出一些不見於現有學術研究的資訊和推論或有別於當今學術論述的結論和觀點，供對此課題有興趣的學者們參考。
French Jesuit missionary to China Joseph Prémare finished drafting Notitia linguæ sinicæ in Canton in 1728 and sent the original manuscript to Europe shortly after, hoping to facilitate learning of the Chinese language by fellow missionaries and interested intellectuals there through its publication. His wish of having it broadly distributed in the West was fraught with difficulties from the start. Almost a century later, after the rediscovery of another original manuscript in the Bibliothèque du Roi in Paris by French Sinologist Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, it achieved a first, very limited, wave of circulation in Europe by way of manual copies made from this original or its copies. This was followed by three further waves of wider circulation in the form of printed editions issued successively in Asia in the remainder of the 19th Century.
Over the years, scholars from the East and the West have studied various aspects of the important work by Prémare. This article closely re-examined three European manuscript copies and three Asian published versions of the Notitia and related historical documents, and offered alternative views from past studies by Abel-Rémusat, Henri Cordier, Knud Lundbæk and Li Zhen, or filled knowledge gaps in them.
The European copies of the Notitia represented samples of the first wave of circulation of Prémare’s magnum opus, between the 1810s and the 1840s, starting with the first such copy made by Abel-Rémusat. The manuscript copy now held in the Archives of the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, rarely examined by researchers, is especially important. Being the copy used for the first published edition in 1831, it functioned as the bridge for the second wave of broader circulation. Just as importantly, it also contains valuable insights on provenance and circulation history, and acts as a reliable standard for comparisons with two other known European copies currently held by two leading European libraries.
Specifically, the paper has attempted to: 1) reconstruct the full provenance history and provide some distinguishing features, hitherto largely ignored by academic research, of the manuscript copy of the Notitia now held by the SOAS Archives in London (CWML MSS 300), referred to here as “Julien Copy A”; 2) re-confirm the identity of the copyist, previously challenged by some studies, of the copy now held by the British Library in London (O/C ADD. 11708), referred to here as “Julien Copy B”; 3) establish the identity of the copyist, contrary to conclusions drawn in a recent journal article, of the copy now held in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich (Cod. Sin. 1, [Guangzhou] 1830), referred to here as the “Neumann Copy”; and, finally, 4) clarify the publication history and the roles of the parties involved, sometimes misunderstood by certain researchers, of the first published edition issued by the Anglo-Chinese College of Malacca.
French Jesuit missionary to China Joseph Prémare finished drafting Notitia linguæ sinicæ in Canton in 1728 and sent the original manuscript to Europe shortly after, hoping to facilitate learning of the Chinese language by fellow missionaries and interested intellectuals there through its publication. His wish of having it broadly distributed in the West was fraught with difficulties from the start. Almost a century later, after the rediscovery of another original manuscript in the Bibliothèque du Roi in Paris by French Sinologist Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, it achieved a first, very limited, wave of circulation in Europe by way of manual copies made from this original or its copies. This was followed by three further waves of wider circulation in the form of printed editions issued successively in Asia in the remainder of the 19th Century.
Over the years, scholars from the East and the West have studied various aspects of the important work by Prémare. This article closely re-examined three European manuscript copies and three Asian published versions of the Notitia and related historical documents, and offered alternative views from past studies by Abel-Rémusat, Henri Cordier, Knud Lundbæk and Li Zhen, or filled knowledge gaps in them.
The European copies of the Notitia represented samples of the first wave of circulation of Prémare’s magnum opus, between the 1810s and the 1840s, starting with the first such copy made by Abel-Rémusat. The manuscript copy now held in the Archives of the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, rarely examined by researchers, is especially important. Being the copy used for the first published edition in 1831, it functioned as the bridge for the second wave of broader circulation. Just as importantly, it also contains valuable insights on provenance and circulation history, and acts as a reliable standard for comparisons with two other known European copies currently held by two leading European libraries.
Specifically, the paper has attempted to: 1) reconstruct the full provenance history and provide some distinguishing features, hitherto largely ignored by academic research, of the manuscript copy of the Notitia now held by the SOAS Archives in London (CWML MSS 300), referred to here as “Julien Copy A”; 2) re-confirm the identity of the copyist, previously challenged by some studies, of the copy now held by the British Library in London (O/C ADD. 11708), referred to here as “Julien Copy B”; 3) establish the identity of the copyist, contrary to conclusions drawn in a recent journal article, of the copy now held in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich (Cod. Sin. 1, [Guangzhou] 1830), referred to here as the “Neumann Copy”; and, finally, 4) clarify the publication history and the roles of the parties involved, sometimes misunderstood by certain researchers, of the first published edition issued by the Anglo-Chinese College of Malacca.
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荷蘭人林氏侯登（Jan Huyghen van Linschoten）在印度趁替大主教工作之便收集了 大量的葡萄牙人與一些西班牙人的航海日誌，並在回國後將之編輯成書，刊行了《葡 萄牙人東方航海紀錄》，把這些珍貴而秘密的航海資訊公諸於世。這本書的出版間接促 使了荷蘭人以及後來英國人等前往亞洲各國探險、貿易以至開拓殖民地。該書部分航 海日誌所描述的航線涉及臺灣，多與中日之間的航程有關，亦有一份是從澳門至南美 洲的。這些曾途經臺灣本島的北端或南端的航線紀錄年代框架涵蓋1540... more
荷蘭人林氏侯登（Jan Huyghen van Linschoten）在印度趁替大主教工作之便收集了 大量的葡萄牙人與一些西班牙人的航海日誌，並在回國後將之編輯成書，刊行了《葡 萄牙人東方航海紀錄》，把這些珍貴而秘密的航海資訊公諸於世。這本書的出版間接促 使了荷蘭人以及後來英國人等前往亞洲各國探險、貿易以至開拓殖民地。該書部分航 海日誌所描述的航線涉及臺灣，多與中日之間的航程有關，亦有一份是從澳門至南美 洲的。這些曾途經臺灣本島的北端或南端的航線紀錄年代框架涵蓋1540 年代至1580 年代，所以亦提供了十六世紀中後期歐洲人描繪和稱呼該島可靠的一手資料。本文首 先回顧林氏侯登的生平和得以接觸葡萄牙人與西班牙人秘密檔案的因由，以至成書的 背景，簡單地介紹此書1595 年荷蘭文初版和1598 年英文譯本的情況；繼而分析一共 7 份航海日誌的先後時序和相關內容，最後在參閱當時的地圖和其他輔助文獻後探討 這些海誌與臺灣本島名稱的關係，尤其是「福爾摩沙」這個名字的起源，並提出一些 與近年研究推論不同的觀點，提供對此課題有興趣的讀者們參考。
The Dutch author and navigator Jan Huyighen van Linschoten, while being the secretary of the archbishop of Portuguese India in the 1580s, took advantage of his position to accumulate a large amount of valuable and secret Portuguese and Spanish “‘roteiros”’/rutters, and shared this information with many in Europe by way of the publication of his Reys-gheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers in Orienten in 1595. The appearance of this book and several European translations encouraged many Dutch and later other Europeans to venture into Asia and enter the race for trade and colonization; and, to some extent, hastened the decline of the Portuguese and Spanish overseas empires. Some rutters in the book dated between the 1540s and the 1580s recorded voyages which passed by the northern or southern tips of the main island of Taiwan, the sightings of which they often recorded as these were important landmarks along the voyages. In the interest of sorting out the different legends and the true history related to the naming of Taiwan as “‘Formosa/Fermosa/Fremosa/ Hermosa”’ Island (literally “‘Beautiful Island”’ in Portuguese or Spanish, modern or archaic), these rutters constitute useful Sixteenth-Century first-hand sources. After a brief introduction on the author Linschoten and his various books on navigation issued in the 1590s, this article analyses a total of seven relevant rutters from Reys-gheschrift in an attempt to determine both their recording dates and their contents related to Taiwan, and, finally, examines these rutters in the contexts of Portuguese and other European maps and some other supplementary primary sources to ascertain the history of the origin and timing of the name “‘Formosa”’, putting forward conclusions which differ somewhat in terms of timing from the prevailing legends on the matter, and, in particular, the “‘revisionist”’ views postulated recently by some which credited the naming to the Spanish instead of the Portuguese.
The Dutch author and navigator Jan Huyighen van Linschoten, while being the secretary of the archbishop of Portuguese India in the 1580s, took advantage of his position to accumulate a large amount of valuable and secret Portuguese and Spanish “‘roteiros”’/rutters, and shared this information with many in Europe by way of the publication of his Reys-gheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers in Orienten in 1595. The appearance of this book and several European translations encouraged many Dutch and later other Europeans to venture into Asia and enter the race for trade and colonization; and, to some extent, hastened the decline of the Portuguese and Spanish overseas empires. Some rutters in the book dated between the 1540s and the 1580s recorded voyages which passed by the northern or southern tips of the main island of Taiwan, the sightings of which they often recorded as these were important landmarks along the voyages. In the interest of sorting out the different legends and the true history related to the naming of Taiwan as “‘Formosa/Fermosa/Fremosa/ Hermosa”’ Island (literally “‘Beautiful Island”’ in Portuguese or Spanish, modern or archaic), these rutters constitute useful Sixteenth-Century first-hand sources. After a brief introduction on the author Linschoten and his various books on navigation issued in the 1590s, this article analyses a total of seven relevant rutters from Reys-gheschrift in an attempt to determine both their recording dates and their contents related to Taiwan, and, finally, examines these rutters in the contexts of Portuguese and other European maps and some other supplementary primary sources to ascertain the history of the origin and timing of the name “‘Formosa”’, putting forward conclusions which differ somewhat in terms of timing from the prevailing legends on the matter, and, in particular, the “‘revisionist”’ views postulated recently by some which credited the naming to the Spanish instead of the Portuguese.
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French Jesuit Joseph Prémare (1666-1736) arrived in China in the late 17th century as a missionary; and in the early 18th century, while exiled to Canton by the Qing court, he drafted Notitia linguæ sinicæ, his magnum opus intended to... more
French Jesuit Joseph Prémare (1666-1736) arrived in China in the late 17th century as a missionary; and in the early 18th century, while exiled to Canton by the Qing court, he drafted Notitia linguæ sinicæ, his magnum opus intended to help Europeans learn Chinese. His hope to have this published in Europe was realized a century later and only in Asia, partly due to efforts to sabotage it by Étienne Fourmont (1683-1745), to whom Prémare had sent the manuscript. In recent years, scholars East and West have shown interest in the various manuscripts and publications of the work and have issued articles and even monographs with different approaches to this topic, supplementing the already rich studies of earlier, mostly Western, sinologists. This paper first sorts out the history surrounding the original manuscript sent to Fourmont; then examines the original manuscript currently held by the British Library; and offers alternative views and fills knowledge gaps in past studies by Henri Cordier (1849-1925), Knud Lundbæk (1912-1995) and Li Zhen 李真 on various aspects of manuscript studies related to this work. Specifically, this paper
1. concludes that the British Library manuscript is not an incomplete version of the one received by Fourmont, as contended in earlier research, but fragments of a distinct third manuscript;
2. deduces that this British manuscript comes between the copy received by Fourmont, i.e., the most recent, and that which is currently held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, i.e., the oldest;
3. identifies François Montigny (1669-1742) as the earlier owner of the British manuscript, before it was owned by Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1783-1835), and then
purchased by the British Museum; and
4. suggests that the British manuscript can enrich the known texts of this work, with a
new chapter and some improvements, and can provide a better manuscript for a possible new translation of the book.
法國耶穌會士馬若瑟 (Joseph Prémare, 1666-1736) 在十七世紀末抵達中國，開始傳道；十八世紀初被清廷流放於廣州時，撰寫了《漢語劄記》(Notitia linguæ sinicæ) 一書，希望透過它幫助洋人學習漢語。此書完成後，馬氏將稿本寄回巴黎，請傅爾蒙 (Étienne Fourmont, 1683-1745) 替他在歐洲刊行。可惜所托非人，出版願望要在一個世紀後才得以在亞洲實現。近年來中外學者對《漢語劄記》的不同稿本和刊本頗感興趣，在此課題的各個範疇裡發表了不少文章甚至專著，補充早年主要出自外國漢學家相當豐富的論述。根據相關的一手和二手資料，本文首先重新梳理第一份原始稿本的背景歷史，然後審閲現藏於大英圖書館的另一份原始稿本，並就稿本數量、流傳歷史及稿本內容的幾個問題，提出一些發現和觀點，充實或修改現有著作在這些方面的結論。
1. concludes that the British Library manuscript is not an incomplete version of the one received by Fourmont, as contended in earlier research, but fragments of a distinct third manuscript;
2. deduces that this British manuscript comes between the copy received by Fourmont, i.e., the most recent, and that which is currently held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, i.e., the oldest;
3. identifies François Montigny (1669-1742) as the earlier owner of the British manuscript, before it was owned by Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1783-1835), and then
purchased by the British Museum; and
4. suggests that the British manuscript can enrich the known texts of this work, with a
new chapter and some improvements, and can provide a better manuscript for a possible new translation of the book.
法國耶穌會士馬若瑟 (Joseph Prémare, 1666-1736) 在十七世紀末抵達中國，開始傳道；十八世紀初被清廷流放於廣州時，撰寫了《漢語劄記》(Notitia linguæ sinicæ) 一書，希望透過它幫助洋人學習漢語。此書完成後，馬氏將稿本寄回巴黎，請傅爾蒙 (Étienne Fourmont, 1683-1745) 替他在歐洲刊行。可惜所托非人，出版願望要在一個世紀後才得以在亞洲實現。近年來中外學者對《漢語劄記》的不同稿本和刊本頗感興趣，在此課題的各個範疇裡發表了不少文章甚至專著，補充早年主要出自外國漢學家相當豐富的論述。根據相關的一手和二手資料，本文首先重新梳理第一份原始稿本的背景歷史，然後審閲現藏於大英圖書館的另一份原始稿本，並就稿本數量、流傳歷史及稿本內容的幾個問題，提出一些發現和觀點，充實或修改現有著作在這些方面的結論。
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Research Interests:
This article retells the story of a Chinese language textbook, the Notitia linguæ sinicæ, written by a Catholic missionary in China for the use of Catholic missionaries to that country, and eventually printed by a Catholic mission press... more
This article retells the story of a Chinese language textbook, the Notitia linguæ sinicæ, written by a Catholic missionary in China for the use of Catholic missionaries to that country, and eventually printed by a Catholic mission press in China for the same purpose. It would have been a simple and short tale, if not for the fact that this many-faceted journey took one-hundred-and-sixty-five years to complete, involved crossing and re-crossing the two leading Christian traditions of Catholicism and Protestantism, took the work across great distances from Canton to Paris, London, Malacca, back to Canton and then to Hong Kong, and required the use of the Chinese language, both its higher form and the more day-to-day version, but also of Latin and English.
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(Sample pages only. Researchers interested in a FREE full ebook please send your email address, name and institution to propiuspress@pm.me, which will send you a code and steps to get one from Google Books. Print book is available on... more
(Sample pages only. Researchers interested in a FREE full ebook please send your email address, name and institution to propiuspress@pm.me, which will send you a code and steps to get one from Google Books. Print book is available on Amazon and in some libraries.)
The narratives and analyses developed in this book cover the "what, how, when and who" and the "why and so what" of the history of Hong Kong Scouting from 1910 to 2010, using a large volume of primary sources. It tells the story of Hong Kong Scouting based on the theme of citizenship training for youth and its defining categories, especially that of race, class, gender and age, both colonial and post-colonial. It is also richly illustrated with many interesting and instructive images, both from private and archival sources. It is a critical study aimed at both general readers and specialists with more specific interests, and should enrich their understanding of the histories of Scouting, youth, citizenship education, the colonies, the British Empire, decolonization, China and Hong Kong
First edition of this book, Scouting in Hong Kong, 1910-2010, relying heavily on a doctoral dissertation, was published in 2011 by Scout Association of Hong Kong, when the Hong Kong youth movement celebrated its centenary. Despite a reasonably large print run, copies of this hardcover edition are largely sold out, though they are still available in most public and academic libraries in Hong Kong and some leading ones around the world. This second edition, retitled Scouting in Hong Kong, 1910-2010: Citizenship training in colonial and Chinese contexts, is issued in 2024 in paperback and ebook formats. The paperback edition, being a full-color publication with numerous illustrations, is somewhat costly. Readers are encouraged to opt for the environmentally-responsible ebook edition, which is more economical and full-text searchable, and has navigation aids. The second edition contains corrections, revisions, new writeups, and extra illustrations and footnotes, drawing from additional sources and more recent studies, including two subsequent books in Chinese on the same topic by this author. The same chapter structure of the first edition and, to the extent possible, similar pagination are kept. The Appendices now include information up to 2023 and the bibliography and index have been updated and cleaned up. However, no attempt has been made in Chapter 6 to extend coverage of history of Hong Kong Scouting beyond the cut-off year of the first edition, i. e., 2010. Both the first and the second editions are available for free partial preview
on Google Books.
The narratives and analyses developed in this book cover the "what, how, when and who" and the "why and so what" of the history of Hong Kong Scouting from 1910 to 2010, using a large volume of primary sources. It tells the story of Hong Kong Scouting based on the theme of citizenship training for youth and its defining categories, especially that of race, class, gender and age, both colonial and post-colonial. It is also richly illustrated with many interesting and instructive images, both from private and archival sources. It is a critical study aimed at both general readers and specialists with more specific interests, and should enrich their understanding of the histories of Scouting, youth, citizenship education, the colonies, the British Empire, decolonization, China and Hong Kong
First edition of this book, Scouting in Hong Kong, 1910-2010, relying heavily on a doctoral dissertation, was published in 2011 by Scout Association of Hong Kong, when the Hong Kong youth movement celebrated its centenary. Despite a reasonably large print run, copies of this hardcover edition are largely sold out, though they are still available in most public and academic libraries in Hong Kong and some leading ones around the world. This second edition, retitled Scouting in Hong Kong, 1910-2010: Citizenship training in colonial and Chinese contexts, is issued in 2024 in paperback and ebook formats. The paperback edition, being a full-color publication with numerous illustrations, is somewhat costly. Readers are encouraged to opt for the environmentally-responsible ebook edition, which is more economical and full-text searchable, and has navigation aids. The second edition contains corrections, revisions, new writeups, and extra illustrations and footnotes, drawing from additional sources and more recent studies, including two subsequent books in Chinese on the same topic by this author. The same chapter structure of the first edition and, to the extent possible, similar pagination are kept. The Appendices now include information up to 2023 and the bibliography and index have been updated and cleaned up. However, no attempt has been made in Chapter 6 to extend coverage of history of Hong Kong Scouting beyond the cut-off year of the first edition, i. e., 2010. Both the first and the second editions are available for free partial preview
on Google Books.
Research Interests:
(Sample pages only. Researchers interested in a FREE full ebook please send your email address, name and institution to propiuspress@pm.me, which will send you a code and steps to get one thru Google Books. Paperback version is available... more
(Sample pages only. Researchers interested in a FREE full ebook please send your email address, name and institution to propiuspress@pm.me, which will send you a code and steps to get one thru Google Books. Paperback version is available on Amazon and some academic and public libraries.)
Europe meets Formosa, 1510-1662 contains two parts, each covering some aspects of East-West encounters on Formosa, better known today to many as Taiwan. Part I investigates the history of Portuguese “discovery” and “naming” of the island as Formosa, in the context of conflicting claims and recent scholarly debates in Taiwan which challenged the conventional wisdom on this matter. Part II deals with the story of Dutch efforts to educate, civilise and convert the Aboriginal Peoples of Formosa, examining motives of the coloniser for pursuing this project, differentiating identities such as race (tribal village), age, gender, language, and faith which had influenced school policies over time, and responses of the tribes ranging from cooperative partnerships to belligerent conflicts.
The studies reconstruct historical events in the 16th and the 17th centuries. But, as shall be shown, Portuguese “naming” of the island and Dutch “civilising” of its indigenes retain some relevance for the Chinese majority as well as the Aboriginal minority in Taiwan to this date, hundreds of years later.
Europe meets Formosa, 1510-1662 contains two parts, each covering some aspects of East-West encounters on Formosa, better known today to many as Taiwan. Part I investigates the history of Portuguese “discovery” and “naming” of the island as Formosa, in the context of conflicting claims and recent scholarly debates in Taiwan which challenged the conventional wisdom on this matter. Part II deals with the story of Dutch efforts to educate, civilise and convert the Aboriginal Peoples of Formosa, examining motives of the coloniser for pursuing this project, differentiating identities such as race (tribal village), age, gender, language, and faith which had influenced school policies over time, and responses of the tribes ranging from cooperative partnerships to belligerent conflicts.
The studies reconstruct historical events in the 16th and the 17th centuries. But, as shall be shown, Portuguese “naming” of the island and Dutch “civilising” of its indigenes retain some relevance for the Chinese majority as well as the Aboriginal minority in Taiwan to this date, hundreds of years later.
(因版權限制，本文檔只含此書數章每章若干頁及書前後幾頁，欲閲讀全文可往香港公共圖書館及各大學圖書館等借閲，亦可透過三聯書店，商務書店，誠品書店等各大書店的門市部或網上書店訂購)。... more
(因版權限制，本文檔只含此書數章每章若干頁及書前後幾頁，欲閲讀全文可往香港公共圖書館及各大學圖書館等借閲，亦可透過三聯書店，商務書店，誠品書店等各大書店的門市部或網上書店訂購)。
《香港童軍故事》的結構很簡單，全書一共有十五編「故事」，前五編回顧一次大戰前運動剛開始的事情，中間五編大致討論兩次大戰期間的歷史，而最後五編探討二次大戰後的發展。每一章都是一個獨立而可以分開閱讀的童軍故事，儘量按發生時間的先後次序安排，但有需要時不同故事的時間框架亦會有不同程度的重疊。雖說是香港的故事，但運動源於英國，通行全球，敘述時偶然也需要「離題」。擧例︰第一編談的是運動在英國的誕生，第三編講的是貝登堡的世界之旅，而第九編在論述時則涉及當時中國和不少其他國家的童軍誓詞。
就故事取題而言，本書是選擇性而非全面性的。本港童軍運動有超過一百年的歷史，發展至今，即使不包括已經離開運動的舊成員及不再活躍的旅團，也有十萬成員和一千多個旅團，他們都有自己的故事，運動歷史十分複雜多元。本書篇幅有限，作者只能在各個時期裡挑選出一些相對重要和有趣的題材來探討，期望讀者看完後能夠對運動的主要趨勢有一些比較有深度的理解。
就史料運用而言，本書採用大量原始資料、書本刊物、其他文獻和圖片文物等。這些主要來自香港及英國童軍總會檔案室、兩地的政府檔案館、各大中外圖書館、多份當年報章、海內外新舊成員和他們家人的捐贈或分享及作者多年蒐集的徽章、文獻、照片、明信片以至舊香煙牌 (採用香煙牌絕無鼓勵吸煙之意，但它們曾風行一時，往往能以簡單有趣之彩圖闡釋以前運動的情況)等，其中不乏罕為人知甚至獨一無二的資料，十分可貴。
就研究態度而言，本書希望能夠做到「忠於史實，善惡必書」，而非「為政治、為意識形態、為個人或團體的需要而服務」。 十九世紀德國歷史學家蘭克（Leopold von Ranke）要求治史者在客觀地研究資料後，不多不少地寫出史實（wie es eigentlich gewesen ist）。 但近代學者則認為這是不足夠也不可能的，因為研究歷史必須挑選史蹟和闡釋往事，「歷史敘述者......不是無所不知或大功無私」。 我們只能夠提醒自己在評論時不要以今天的標準量度昨日的人事，更要設身處地，避免「律己以寬、待人以嚴」的陋習。但筆者畢竟是運動中人，小學及中學時當童軍得益良多，年長後自發地當義工時親身感受到「施比受更為有福」的道理，多年來總的來說一直樂在其中，有時難免「當局者迷」，如果敘述有時過於詳盡、評論偶然有失偏頗，請運動內外讀者見諒包涵。
《香港童軍故事》的結構很簡單，全書一共有十五編「故事」，前五編回顧一次大戰前運動剛開始的事情，中間五編大致討論兩次大戰期間的歷史，而最後五編探討二次大戰後的發展。每一章都是一個獨立而可以分開閱讀的童軍故事，儘量按發生時間的先後次序安排，但有需要時不同故事的時間框架亦會有不同程度的重疊。雖說是香港的故事，但運動源於英國，通行全球，敘述時偶然也需要「離題」。擧例︰第一編談的是運動在英國的誕生，第三編講的是貝登堡的世界之旅，而第九編在論述時則涉及當時中國和不少其他國家的童軍誓詞。
就故事取題而言，本書是選擇性而非全面性的。本港童軍運動有超過一百年的歷史，發展至今，即使不包括已經離開運動的舊成員及不再活躍的旅團，也有十萬成員和一千多個旅團，他們都有自己的故事，運動歷史十分複雜多元。本書篇幅有限，作者只能在各個時期裡挑選出一些相對重要和有趣的題材來探討，期望讀者看完後能夠對運動的主要趨勢有一些比較有深度的理解。
就史料運用而言，本書採用大量原始資料、書本刊物、其他文獻和圖片文物等。這些主要來自香港及英國童軍總會檔案室、兩地的政府檔案館、各大中外圖書館、多份當年報章、海內外新舊成員和他們家人的捐贈或分享及作者多年蒐集的徽章、文獻、照片、明信片以至舊香煙牌 (採用香煙牌絕無鼓勵吸煙之意，但它們曾風行一時，往往能以簡單有趣之彩圖闡釋以前運動的情況)等，其中不乏罕為人知甚至獨一無二的資料，十分可貴。
就研究態度而言，本書希望能夠做到「忠於史實，善惡必書」，而非「為政治、為意識形態、為個人或團體的需要而服務」。 十九世紀德國歷史學家蘭克（Leopold von Ranke）要求治史者在客觀地研究資料後，不多不少地寫出史實（wie es eigentlich gewesen ist）。 但近代學者則認為這是不足夠也不可能的，因為研究歷史必須挑選史蹟和闡釋往事，「歷史敘述者......不是無所不知或大功無私」。 我們只能夠提醒自己在評論時不要以今天的標準量度昨日的人事，更要設身處地，避免「律己以寬、待人以嚴」的陋習。但筆者畢竟是運動中人，小學及中學時當童軍得益良多，年長後自發地當義工時親身感受到「施比受更為有福」的道理，多年來總的來說一直樂在其中，有時難免「當局者迷」，如果敘述有時過於詳盡、評論偶然有失偏頗，請運動內外讀者見諒包涵。
Research Interests:
(本頁附有此書第一章和書尾索引全文; 讀者亦可以透過Google Books搜索文本，或透過WorldCat搜索各國圖書館藏書地點及向一些大型公立或大學圖書館借閲此書)。... more
(本頁附有此書第一章和書尾索引全文; 讀者亦可以透過Google Books搜索文本，或透過WorldCat搜索各國圖書館藏書地點及向一些大型公立或大學圖書館借閲此書)。
除了前言、後記及附件外，本書主要內容分為五章，每章大概討論約十年至三十年的發展。第一章《始創．暫停》討論一次大戰前運動的萌芽期，第二章《復甦．華化》探討一次大戰後至日治時期的情況，第三章《重建．普及》和第四章《改革．獨立》分析二次大戰結束後至1977年運動的發展。最後，第五章《擴展．回歸》討論1977年香港童軍運動獨立後至今的歷史，包括招收女成員、成員年幼化及1997年香港主權回歸祖國後運動的趨勢與挑戰。
本書討論香港童軍歷史，倚重大量本港報章或官方文件，經常採用所謂「港式中文」的語法(例如虛詞「的」字的省缺和文言文之影響)和詞彙(例如身份而非身分，單車而非自行車)，請習慣標準中文的讀者見諒。又因為參考很多英文及其他外文資料與書籍，難免有一些外來語及外文引用句，需要翻譯時會多用意譯而非直譯，有時亦會附上原文。外來語之略語於書前另行編列，方便讀者查閱。其餘有關附注、中英文姓名、數字、標點符號及童軍詞彙的處理請見凡例編。
本書之原始資料和參考書籍大部分來自英國童軍總會基維爾檔案館、英國國家檔案館、香港童軍檔案室、香港歷史檔案館、大英圖書館、香港中央圖書館、香港大學圖書館及香港中文大學圖書館。亦有一些資料來自其他地方，包括中國國家圖書館、上海圖書館、臺北中央圖書館、美國國會圖書館及波士頓公共圖書館；和倫敦大學(亞非學院)，加州大學(洛杉機及柏克萊分校)，史丹福大學，克萊蒙特大學，衛斯理大學，英屬哥倫比亞大學，新加坡大學及孟買大學的圖書館。
書內用作插圖的童軍歷史照片主要來自香港童軍檔案室，其中不乏珍貴的戰前相片。基維爾童軍檔案館及香港歷史檔案館借出少量香港童軍總會缺乏的舊照片，聖安德烈堂則提供了我們以為已失傳多年的貝登堡訪港留影。許多資深童軍慷慨捐贈或分享二次大戰後的童軍文獻、圖片、徽章及紀念品等，充實本書多處圖解。有不少插圖來自作者多年蒐集的徽章、文獻、照片、明信片以至舊香煙牌等。採用香煙牌絕對沒有鼓勵吸煙的意思，但香煙牌曾風行一時，其中與童軍有關者往往能以簡單有趣之彩圖闡釋以前運動的情況，作為插圖十分理想。
除了前言、後記及附件外，本書主要內容分為五章，每章大概討論約十年至三十年的發展。第一章《始創．暫停》討論一次大戰前運動的萌芽期，第二章《復甦．華化》探討一次大戰後至日治時期的情況，第三章《重建．普及》和第四章《改革．獨立》分析二次大戰結束後至1977年運動的發展。最後，第五章《擴展．回歸》討論1977年香港童軍運動獨立後至今的歷史，包括招收女成員、成員年幼化及1997年香港主權回歸祖國後運動的趨勢與挑戰。
本書討論香港童軍歷史，倚重大量本港報章或官方文件，經常採用所謂「港式中文」的語法(例如虛詞「的」字的省缺和文言文之影響)和詞彙(例如身份而非身分，單車而非自行車)，請習慣標準中文的讀者見諒。又因為參考很多英文及其他外文資料與書籍，難免有一些外來語及外文引用句，需要翻譯時會多用意譯而非直譯，有時亦會附上原文。外來語之略語於書前另行編列，方便讀者查閱。其餘有關附注、中英文姓名、數字、標點符號及童軍詞彙的處理請見凡例編。
本書之原始資料和參考書籍大部分來自英國童軍總會基維爾檔案館、英國國家檔案館、香港童軍檔案室、香港歷史檔案館、大英圖書館、香港中央圖書館、香港大學圖書館及香港中文大學圖書館。亦有一些資料來自其他地方，包括中國國家圖書館、上海圖書館、臺北中央圖書館、美國國會圖書館及波士頓公共圖書館；和倫敦大學(亞非學院)，加州大學(洛杉機及柏克萊分校)，史丹福大學，克萊蒙特大學，衛斯理大學，英屬哥倫比亞大學，新加坡大學及孟買大學的圖書館。
書內用作插圖的童軍歷史照片主要來自香港童軍檔案室，其中不乏珍貴的戰前相片。基維爾童軍檔案館及香港歷史檔案館借出少量香港童軍總會缺乏的舊照片，聖安德烈堂則提供了我們以為已失傳多年的貝登堡訪港留影。許多資深童軍慷慨捐贈或分享二次大戰後的童軍文獻、圖片、徽章及紀念品等，充實本書多處圖解。有不少插圖來自作者多年蒐集的徽章、文獻、照片、明信片以至舊香煙牌等。採用香煙牌絕對沒有鼓勵吸煙的意思，但香煙牌曾風行一時，其中與童軍有關者往往能以簡單有趣之彩圖闡釋以前運動的情況，作為插圖十分理想。
Research Interests:
(The enclosed PDF file of the book contains the full introduction, table of contents and index. The book is also available for partial view on Google books, interested readers can also search on Worldcat for available copies in nearby... more
(The enclosed PDF file of the book contains the full introduction, table of contents and index. The book is also available for partial view on Google books, interested readers can also search on Worldcat for available copies in nearby libraries to check it out from many leading academic and public libraries around the world).
The narratives and analyses developed here covered the “what, how, when and who” and the “why and so what” of the development of the Hong Kong Scout Movement from 1910 to 2010, using a large volume of primary sources. It tells the story of Hong Kong Scouting based on the theme of citizenship training for youth and its defining categories, especially that of race, class, gender, and age, both colonial and post-colonial. The book is also richly illustrated with interesting and instructive images, many of which came from the newly set-up Hong Kong Scout Archives, yet to be opened to the public. While published by the Scout Association it is not meant to be an institutional hagiography. Instead, it is aimed at both general readers and readers with more specific interests, and should enrich their understanding of the histories of Scouting, youth, citizenship education, the colonies, the British Empire, decolonization, China and Hong Kong.
The narratives and analyses developed here covered the “what, how, when and who” and the “why and so what” of the development of the Hong Kong Scout Movement from 1910 to 2010, using a large volume of primary sources. It tells the story of Hong Kong Scouting based on the theme of citizenship training for youth and its defining categories, especially that of race, class, gender, and age, both colonial and post-colonial. The book is also richly illustrated with interesting and instructive images, many of which came from the newly set-up Hong Kong Scout Archives, yet to be opened to the public. While published by the Scout Association it is not meant to be an institutional hagiography. Instead, it is aimed at both general readers and readers with more specific interests, and should enrich their understanding of the histories of Scouting, youth, citizenship education, the colonies, the British Empire, decolonization, China and Hong Kong.
Research Interests:
This chapter outlines the extant orders and decoration of China, including those in the Mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. The Pdf contains only the first and the last pages of the chapter, which is in pp. 999-1031 of the book... more
This chapter outlines the extant orders and decoration of China, including those in the Mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. The Pdf contains only the first and the last pages of the chapter, which is in pp. 999-1031 of the book entitled World Orders of Knighthood & Merit, edited by Guy Stair Sainty and Rafal Heydel-Mankoo, and published by Burke's Peerage & Gentry in 2006. The book is available in many leading libraries. An online version of the publication is also accessible by subscription through:
https://www.burkespeerage.com/preview.php?book=Preview%20of%20Burke%E2%80%99s%20World%20Orders%20of%20Knighthood%20and%20Merit&ref=pWorldOrders&page=1&totalPages=10&from=subs_ind
https://www.burkespeerage.com/preview.php?book=Preview%20of%20Burke%E2%80%99s%20World%20Orders%20of%20Knighthood%20and%20Merit&ref=pWorldOrders&page=1&totalPages=10&from=subs_ind
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These are pages taken from the book entitled Two Centuries of Excellence: The Bicentennial History of Ying Wa College, published by Joint Publishing (Hong Kong) in July 2022, pp. 142-211.
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These are pages taken from the book entitled Two Centuries of Excellence: The Bicentennial History of Ying Wa College, published by Joint Publishing (Hong Kong), in July 2022, pp. 104-141
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These are pages taken from Chapter 1 of the book entitled Two Centuries of Excellence: The Bicentennial History of Ying Wa College, published by Joint Publishing (Hong Kong) in July 2022, pp. 74-103..
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(因版權限制，本文檔只含《皕載英華》(香港: 三聯書店, 2018) 此書第三章若干頁及書前後幾頁，欲閲讀全文可往香港公共圖書館及港大圖書館等借閲，亦可透過三聯書店，商務書店等各大書店的門市部或網上書店訂購)。
筆者為《皕載英華》一書的第一部，第一章〈馬氏始創 等待中華〉，第二章〈米憐掌校 身教口傳〉及第三章〈呷地立足 化雨春風〉(頁88-232) 的作者。
筆者為《皕載英華》一書的第一部，第一章〈馬氏始創 等待中華〉，第二章〈米憐掌校 身教口傳〉及第三章〈呷地立足 化雨春風〉(頁88-232) 的作者。
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(因版權限制，本文檔只含《皕載英華》(香港: 三聯書店, 2018) 此書第二章若干頁及書前後幾頁，欲閲讀全文可往香港公共圖書館及港大圖書館等借閲，亦可透過三聯書店，商務書店等各大書店的門市部或網上書店訂購)。
筆者為《皕載英華》一書的第一部，第一章〈馬氏始創 等待中華〉，第二章〈米憐掌校 身教口傳〉及第三章〈呷地立足 化雨春風〉(頁88-232) 的作者。
筆者為《皕載英華》一書的第一部，第一章〈馬氏始創 等待中華〉，第二章〈米憐掌校 身教口傳〉及第三章〈呷地立足 化雨春風〉(頁88-232) 的作者。
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(因版權限制，本文檔只含《皕載英華》(香港: 三聯書店, 2018) 此書第一章若干頁及書前後幾頁，欲閲讀全文可往香港公共圖書館及港大圖書館等借閲，亦可透過三聯書店，商務書店等各大書店的門市部或網上書店訂購)。
筆者為《皕載英華》一書的第一部，第一章〈馬氏始創 等待中華〉，第二章〈米憐掌校 身教口傳〉及第三章〈呷地立足 化雨春風〉(頁88-232) 的作者。
筆者為《皕載英華》一書的第一部，第一章〈馬氏始創 等待中華〉，第二章〈米憐掌校 身教口傳〉及第三章〈呷地立足 化雨春風〉(頁88-232) 的作者。
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筆者為《皕載英華》(香港: 三聯書店, 2018) 一書的第一部，第一章〈馬氏始創 等待中華〉，第二章〈米憐掌校 身教口傳〉及第三章〈呷地立足 化雨春風〉(頁88-232) 的作者。有興趣者可於本頁每一章的條目裏下載該章的一些頁面。欲閲讀全文可往香港公共圖書館及港大圖書館等借閲，亦可透過三聯書店，商務書店等各大書店的門市部或網上書店訂購。
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The Anglo-Chinese College (better known in Hong Kong as Ying Wa College, its Cantonese transliterated form) has a heritage in publishing from its founding in Malacca in 1818. Its forefathers, Robert Morrison, William Milne, Leung Faat,... more
The Anglo-Chinese College (better known in Hong Kong as Ying Wa College, its Cantonese transliterated form) has a heritage in publishing from its founding in Malacca in 1818. Its forefathers, Robert Morrison, William Milne, Leung Faat, David Collie, James Legge, Hoh Fuk Tong were all involved in translating, writing and publishing Christian and/or secular materials. Likewise, the Chinese Bible has a very long history dating back
to at least the Tang dynasty, when some Nestorian missionaries had been active in the Chinese empire. The Chinese Bibles published by Ying Wa College, representing the meeting of these two heritages, are unique and interesting. This article outlines the history of Chinese Bibles and of publishing in Ying Wa. It then discusses the background of the Ying Wa Bibles, and compares some terms and verses as they appear in several common editions of the Bible.
to at least the Tang dynasty, when some Nestorian missionaries had been active in the Chinese empire. The Chinese Bibles published by Ying Wa College, representing the meeting of these two heritages, are unique and interesting. This article outlines the history of Chinese Bibles and of publishing in Ying Wa. It then discusses the background of the Ying Wa Bibles, and compares some terms and verses as they appear in several common editions of the Bible.
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At the end of World War II, when the Japanese Government surrendered to the allied forces on 2 September 1945, there were two Chinese forces contending for ultimate control of China. The Nationalists, under the leadership of Generalissimo... more
At the end of World War II, when the Japanese Government surrendered to the allied forces on 2 September 1945, there were two Chinese forces contending for ultimate control of China. The Nationalists, under the leadership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai Shek, headed the government of the Republic of China, which was recognized as the legitimate government of China by most of the world. The Communists, under the leadership of Mao Ze Dong, had effective control of large, usually more remote areas of China and challenged the authority of the Nationalists. Both the Nationalists and the Communists had been involved in years of struggle with the Japanese invaders in various parts of China. Both of them had issued their own Victory Order and Medal(s) in commemoration of the struggle. This article focuses on the official Victory Order and Medals issued by the Nationalist Republic government at the end of World War II.
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Very little has been written about the awards of the People's Republic of China (PRC). This article shares some information on three early orders of the PRC, instituted in 1955. These three orders are significant for several reasons. They... more
Very little has been written about the awards of the People's Republic of China (PRC). This article shares some information on three early orders of the PRC, instituted in 1955. These three orders are significant for several reasons. They were the first orders instituted by the PRC since its founding in 1949. They were, and still are, the most important orders in the country. And, because of the heavy Soviet influence, they are of better quality than most other Chinese orders and medals from the early years, and were the only decorations at the time to have a complete "class" structure (a 3-class Order and a Merit Medal, all with appropriate corresponding ribbon bars), akin to many important early Soviet decorations.
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The earliest specific reference to 'Boy Scouts' for Hong Kong that could be located in the local press was an item in the South China Morning Post in March 1910, entitled "Boy Scouts: Corps Wanted in Hong Kong." The correspondent pointed... more
The earliest specific reference to 'Boy Scouts' for Hong Kong that could be located in the local press was an item in the South China Morning Post in March 1910, entitled "Boy Scouts: Corps Wanted in Hong Kong." The correspondent pointed out that "Baden-Powell's scoutey [sic] boys are all the 'go' with the younger generation at home," and then made the first public appeal for Scouting in Hong Kong. Another appeal appeared later in the same month, prompting a response from an Anglican pastor which led to the formation of the colony's first uniformed boys corps which had adopted B-P's Scouting training for expatriate British boys in this colonial outpost in Asia.
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This article describes the first and only visit of Baden-Powell, the founder of Boy Scout Movement, to Hong Kong in April 1912, including his eventual meeting with the first Hong Kong "Boy Scouts" at the Government House. Appearing for... more
This article describes the first and only visit of Baden-Powell, the founder of Boy Scout Movement, to Hong Kong in April 1912, including his eventual meeting with the first Hong Kong "Boy Scouts" at the Government House. Appearing for the first time ever in this study are photographs of this historic meeting between the Chief Scout and his first followers in the British colony of Hong Kong, rediscovered recently by the author in an outside archives.
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This article in four parts reconstructs the early history of the Boy Scout Troop of the catholic St. Joseph's College, founded in 1913, which was the first Troop from Hong Kong to be officially registered with the Boy Scout Association's... more
This article in four parts reconstructs the early history of the Boy Scout Troop of the catholic St. Joseph's College, founded in 1913, which was the first Troop from Hong Kong to be officially registered with the Boy Scout Association's headquarters in London, drawing on important first-hand documents from the Gilwell Archives.
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At different points in time, the Scout Association of Hong Kong seemed to recognize different starting dates for Scouting in Hong Kong. Since the early 1960s, however, it has insisted that first, informal, Scouting activities started in... more
At different points in time, the Scout Association of Hong Kong seemed to recognize different starting dates for Scouting in Hong Kong. Since the early 1960s, however, it has insisted that first, informal, Scouting activities started in 1909, and that more substantial though still informal activities occurred in 1911. In fact, 1911 had been chosen as the official founding year of the Hong Kong Scout Movement since 1961, when the Association celebrated its "Golden Jubilee." The "official" status of 1911 as the founding year was further confirmed in 1971, with the issuance of a set of stamps by the General Post Office in Hong Kong commemorating the Movement's "Diamond" Jubilee, and, in 2006, the issuance of yet another set of stamps commemorating its 95th Anniversary, along with the Centennial of world Scouting. This article traces the development of the myths or conventional wisdom related to 1911 (and, to a lesser extent, 1909) as the founding year(s) within the Association, and also evidences of some activities in these early years which might have been construed as "Scout-like", but could, nonetheless, not be considered as Scouting, formal or informal; and reaffirms that Scout training was introduced in Hong Kong in 1910, and the first Boy Scout troop was registered in 1913., as detailed in two other articles in this series.
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This article gives the readers a brief illustrated introduction of two 1st-generation Boy Scout Decorations, used in the earliest years in Britain and in Hong Kong.
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Boy Scout training from Britain was introduced in the colonial outpost of Hong Kong in 1910, and the first Boy Scout Troop was registered in the U.K. by 1913, as noted in two earlier articles in this series. Several new developments... more
Boy Scout training from Britain was introduced in the colonial outpost of Hong Kong in 1910, and the first Boy Scout Troop was registered in the U.K. by 1913, as noted in two earlier articles in this series. Several new developments during the initial years after WWI broke out looked promising for Hong Kong Scouting at least in the beginning, culminating in the formation of the Hong Kong Boy Scouts Association with the governor as the Chief Scout. But soon after, in the supposed interest of war preparedness, the colonial authority withdrew its official endorsements, the association was disbanded, and Scouting activities stopped for the remaining war years.
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World War One claimed around ten million lives and resulted in unprecedented losses, though Hong Kong had largely been spared. Though Governor Stubbs was probably not the most ethnically-sensitive ruler of the Chinese majority in the... more
World War One claimed around ten million lives and resulted in unprecedented losses, though Hong Kong had largely been spared. Though Governor Stubbs was probably not the most ethnically-sensitive ruler of the Chinese majority in the colony, he was, as shall be seen later, a staunch supporter of Scouting (if only for British boys), and managed successfully to organize a local association which balanced the political interests of the colonial elites at the time, hence, unlike his re-war predecessors, ensuring its survival and continuity in the post-war colonial society.
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Soon after Scouting's post-WWI re-launch, it grew beyond the original four troops of British boys and penetrated a broader ethnic base, with the inclusion of Scottish, Eurasians, and elite British Chinese boys. Limited progress in this... more
Soon after Scouting's post-WWI re-launch, it grew beyond the original four troops of British boys and penetrated a broader ethnic base, with the inclusion of Scottish, Eurasians, and elite British Chinese boys. Limited progress in this direction was encouraged by Stubbs, the governor and Chief Scout, and largely led by Rev. George Turner Waldegrave, chaplain of the Seamen's Institute and a Mason, who was appointed the new commissioner in November 1921. Waldegrave was to become the most important Commissioner during the interwar decades. This article retraces the early interwar developments of the Boy Scout movement in Hong Kong, when it became somewhat racially-inclusive, though still very much oriented towards the privileged classes of British and elite Chinese boys.
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This article briefly reviews the service tradition in Scouting from several angles, esp. in Rover Scouting and among Queen's Scouts.
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A key challenge with Scouting during early part of the interwar years was the fact that it could not reach most non-British Chinese boys, including many in elite government and mission schools who were likely to become useful members in... more
A key challenge with Scouting during early part of the interwar years was the fact that it could not reach most non-British Chinese boys, including many in elite government and mission schools who were likely to become useful members in commerce or the government in the future. There were two barriers, somewhat interrelated: the British nationality requirement for membership and allegiance to the British King as required by the Scout Promise. Removal of the nationality restriction could easily be effected by the colonial authority. Many "nationalistic" Chinese school boys were under the "wrong" sort of influence and got involved in anti-British strikes and boycotts. It would be useful to include them in Scouting so they could be given "proper" citizenship training. By the end of Governor Stubbs' and the beginning of Governor Clementi's time, British nationality requirement was indeed removed, if discreetly without formal announcements in the beginning. Removal of British loyalty commitment would require a creative re-think of the Scout Promise adopted wholesale by most in the empire, including in India. As shall be seen in this article, Clementi finally agreed to a clever adaptation of the Scout Promise in Chinese in 1926, in force throughout the remainder of the interwar years, motivated by a perceived need to provide citizenship training to local non-British Chinese boys.
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By late I930s, as open conflict between British Hong Kong and the advancing Japanese troops from the mainland of China became increasingly likely, Chinese nationalism, discouraged by the colonial authorities until then, suddenly seemed... more
By late I930s, as open conflict between British Hong Kong and the advancing Japanese troops from the mainland of China became increasingly likely, Chinese nationalism, discouraged by the colonial authorities until then, suddenly seemed more palatable. Though Hong Kong was nor yet officially at war, the threat of imminent hostility was clear, as increasingly more parts of China fell under the control of the Japanese, and the colony herself was flooded with half a million Chinese refugees. Members of the local Scout movement were prepared to ·fight, as they signed up for the Volunteers Corps, the Air Raid Precaution Despatch Corps, and other auxiliary services, inspired by heroic Scout war services in China, and official encouragement of dual loyalty to Britain and China against their common enemy, Japan.
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Though the attack on Hong Kong by the Japanese forces in China was expected in the colony, its defensive forces were hopelessly outnumbered as of December 1941. Many older Scouts fought as volunteers, and over one thousand Scouts, young... more
Though the attack on Hong Kong by the Japanese forces in China was expected in the colony, its defensive forces were hopelessly outnumbered as of December 1941. Many older Scouts fought as volunteers, and over one thousand Scouts, young and old, served in the Despatch Corps in the brief Battle for Hong Kong. After the fall of the colony, British Scouting was prohibited and Japanese-style Scouting was not introduced in the occupied territory, though the movement existed on a very small scale clandestinely in the Stanley camp. By and large, Hong Kong Scouts acquitted themselves well in war and occupation, affirming again the value of this type of citizenship training.
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... Loh, Dr. Hari Harilela, Cheung Kam-chuen, Fung Yuen, Lee Wah-sun, Loo Sai Kung, Patrick Yip, Wong Chun, Leung Sze-on, Kwan Kee, Garson Lee, Tang Nim-chi, Jason Ng, Francis Loo, Oswald Lim, Lai Yuk-shu, Yip Kam-fat, Patrick Tse, and... more
... Loh, Dr. Hari Harilela, Cheung Kam-chuen, Fung Yuen, Lee Wah-sun, Loo Sai Kung, Patrick Yip, Wong Chun, Leung Sze-on, Kwan Kee, Garson Lee, Tang Nim-chi, Jason Ng, Francis Loo, Oswald Lim, Lai Yuk-shu, Yip Kam-fat, Patrick Tse, and Herbert Lau. ...
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(The attached PDF file is the full text of the thesis, which can be downloaded also from the HKU Scholars Hub, at http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/141903). This study deals with the history of Hong Kong Scouting from 1910 to 2007, both as a... more
(The attached PDF file is the full text of the thesis, which can be downloaded also from the HKU Scholars Hub, at http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/141903).
This study deals with the history of Hong Kong Scouting from 1910 to 2007, both as a topic of enquiry in itself and as a analytical tool for better understanding of the social, cultural and political history of Hong Kong. Scouting, an innovative citizenship training scheme, came to the colonial outpost of Hong Kong a few years after it was started in Britain by Sir General Baden-Powell to prepare British youngsters, many of whom suffering from the perceived ills of urban living, for the grave threats then considered by some to be facing the British Empire. Over the years, the youth movement received growing support from a broad spectrum of stakeholders in Hong Kong, interested in promoting colonial and post-colonial governance, religious conversion, secular education, and military preparedness through Scouting. From a niche movement for a very small number of British boys in the early years it eventually grew to become a mass movement for most Chinese children and youth, its membership gradually expanding along lines of race, class, gender and age.
Yet, due to Hong Kong’s uniqueness as a hybrid migrant society with a predominantly Chinese population (frequently overshadowed by nearby China, controlled during the period under discussion either by the Nationalists or the Communists), the movement often assumed different characteristics from that in Britain, other developed nations, and even other colonies in Asia. The citizenship ideals of local Scouting were constructed and reconstructed over time in the contested space of youth education within the colonial and post-colonial contexts of Hong Kong. Over the years, the movement in Hong Kong displayed nationalizing, denationalizing, and renationalizing tendencies, while incorporating British, Chinese, local and cosmopolitan elements and accommodating an emerging Hong Kong identity.
In recent decades, despite an aging population and Scouting’s decline in many parts of the world, the local movement grew strongly as it became increasingly “Hongkongized.” However, ten years after the retrocession of sovereignty, it was still searching for a clear definition of its new roles in Hong Kong which had become a Special Administration Region of the People’s Republic of China (the world’s most populous nation, and currently not a member of the world Scout body), largely reflecting the uncertainties and anxieties facing the underlying post-colonial community.
In tracing and analyzing the development of Hong Kong Scouting during the period under review, this dissertation fills a gap in historical research on the Scout Movement around the world and specifically in colonial contexts, and supplements other studies on the political, social and cultural history of Hong Kong. It also provides comparative insights into the history of (British) imperialism, colonial youth movements, citizenship education, decolonization and post-colonial citizenship.
This study deals with the history of Hong Kong Scouting from 1910 to 2007, both as a topic of enquiry in itself and as a analytical tool for better understanding of the social, cultural and political history of Hong Kong. Scouting, an innovative citizenship training scheme, came to the colonial outpost of Hong Kong a few years after it was started in Britain by Sir General Baden-Powell to prepare British youngsters, many of whom suffering from the perceived ills of urban living, for the grave threats then considered by some to be facing the British Empire. Over the years, the youth movement received growing support from a broad spectrum of stakeholders in Hong Kong, interested in promoting colonial and post-colonial governance, religious conversion, secular education, and military preparedness through Scouting. From a niche movement for a very small number of British boys in the early years it eventually grew to become a mass movement for most Chinese children and youth, its membership gradually expanding along lines of race, class, gender and age.
Yet, due to Hong Kong’s uniqueness as a hybrid migrant society with a predominantly Chinese population (frequently overshadowed by nearby China, controlled during the period under discussion either by the Nationalists or the Communists), the movement often assumed different characteristics from that in Britain, other developed nations, and even other colonies in Asia. The citizenship ideals of local Scouting were constructed and reconstructed over time in the contested space of youth education within the colonial and post-colonial contexts of Hong Kong. Over the years, the movement in Hong Kong displayed nationalizing, denationalizing, and renationalizing tendencies, while incorporating British, Chinese, local and cosmopolitan elements and accommodating an emerging Hong Kong identity.
In recent decades, despite an aging population and Scouting’s decline in many parts of the world, the local movement grew strongly as it became increasingly “Hongkongized.” However, ten years after the retrocession of sovereignty, it was still searching for a clear definition of its new roles in Hong Kong which had become a Special Administration Region of the People’s Republic of China (the world’s most populous nation, and currently not a member of the world Scout body), largely reflecting the uncertainties and anxieties facing the underlying post-colonial community.
In tracing and analyzing the development of Hong Kong Scouting during the period under review, this dissertation fills a gap in historical research on the Scout Movement around the world and specifically in colonial contexts, and supplements other studies on the political, social and cultural history of Hong Kong. It also provides comparative insights into the history of (British) imperialism, colonial youth movements, citizenship education, decolonization and post-colonial citizenship.