leila jahromi

ABSTRUCT: A kind of decorations used in the Ilkhanate period was stucco and plaster decorations instead of stucco and brick. This type of decoration was devised in the Seljuk period due to higher speed at the time of construction and reached its climax in the Ilkhanate period. Plaster stuccos are classified as cut plaster stucco and stamp plaster stucco. However, in most resources the term stamp plaster stucco is used for both stuccos. In books written about Soltaniyeh and its decorations the plaster stuccos are known as stamp plaster stucco which is wrong. All decorative Plaster stuccos brick ending in Soltaniyeh building are cut plaster stucco and there is no stamp plaster stucco in this building. This study addresses the right analysis of plaster stuccos in Soltaniyeh Dome, their method of implementation and its patterns and it is proved that Soltaniyeh Dome plaster stuccos are not stamp plaster stucco and they are cut plaster stuccoes.

چکیده
منطقة سلطانیه در 35 کیلومتری زنجان قرار دارد و در سال 704 هجری قمری به دستور سلطان محمد خدابنده معروف به اولجایتو به عنوان سومین و آخرین پایتخت حکومت ایلخانان مغول انتخاب می‌شود. در منابع تاریخی دلایل انتخاب این منطقه را وجود آب‌ فراوان، چمنزار و دشت حاصلخیز، نزدیکی به مناطق سردسیر و گرمسیر و همچنین قرار گرفتن در مسیر اصلی راه‌های ارتباطی برشمرده‌اند. ساخت شهر سلطانیه حدود ده سال طول می‌کشد و به مدت سی سال نیز پایتخت ایران باقی می‌ماند. شهر سلطانیه از این جهت بسیار حائز اهمیت است که تنها شهری است که پس از اسلام در منطقه‌ای که هیچ‌گونه سابقة شهری ندارد احداث می‌شود. این شهر پنج کیلومتر از راه اصلی قزوین- زنجان که در واقع مسیر اصلی جادة ابریشم است فاصله دارد. در زمان پایتخت شدن سلطانیه، راه را به طرف شهر منحرف می‌کنند. پس از احداث پایتخت، راه‌های ارتباطی تعریفی جدید می‌یابند و تمامی راه‌های مهم امپراطوری به نحوی به پایتخت منتهی می‌شوند. پس از یک دوره بسیار پر رونق ولی کوتاه سی ساله، با مرگ سلطان محمد خدابنده، شهر متروک می‌شود و دیگر هیچ‌گاه رونق نمی‌گیرد. جادة ابریشم، به مسیر سابق خود بر می‌گردد و راه‌ها نسبت به پایتخت جدید دورة تیموری واجد اهمیت می‌شوند. در این مقاله به شکل گیری شهر سلطانیه، علل متروک شدن شهر و راه‌های ارتباطی در دورة ایلخانی می‌پردازیم.
واژه های کلیدی
شهر سلطانیه، جادة ابریشم، دورة ایلخانی، شاهراه

چکیده
حفاظت صحیح و همه جانبه از میراث فرهنگی در سایه شناختی کامل از ارزش¬ها در این آثار صورت می¬پذیرد. در واقع، ارزش¬ها تنها معیاری است که موجب ثبت یک اثر در فهرست میراث جهانی می¬گردد و از آن به ارزش¬های برجسته جهانی اثر یاد می-شود. در این پژوهش، ارزش¬ها در میراث فرهنگی به طور عام تقسیم بندی شده در میراث جهانی گنبد سلطانیه به صورت خاص مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. پس از تقسیم بندی ارزش¬ها، اولویت بندی انجام شده است تا به صورت طبقه بندی شده مورد بررسی قرار گیرند. نتیجه این تحقیق این است که اگر شناخت کاملی از ارزش¬ها در میراث فرهنگی صورت پذیرد، حفاظت و نگهداری از آن اثر به سهولت امکان پذیر می¬گردد و تمامی اقشار جامعه به خصوص جوامع محلی خود به خود از میراث فرهنگی خویش محافظت نموده و نسل¬های بعد منتقل می¬کنند.

کلمات کليدي: ارزش، میراث فرهنگی، حفاظت و مرمت، آثار تاریخی، میراث جهانی

Square is a turning point in the city and it determines the value and identity of all its surrounding parts and gives identity to them. " Square is the same as the word middle (miyan) and its Arabic equivalent is " meydan " , and it means the heart of city and an open space for people's gathering together with a surrounding market [1]. " It can be said that in the important cities and especially the capitals, a governmental-public square had been built in which many social-religious-ceremonies had been being held. The history of these squares goes back to the Ilkhanates era and after the Mongol invasion. Maybe due to the lack of popularity and acceptability, the Mongols' kings started to build public buildings and tried to get a kind of popularity [2]. Beside Tabriz city, they built two towns known as " Shanb Ghazan Khan " and " Rab-e-Rashidi ". In the downtown core of both towns, they built a collection of public-royal buildings known as " Abvab Al-Bar " which their common features was the tomb of their builder, as the most important building of the collection. In the Timurid era, square, as an organizing space of the cities, had a multi-function, so that educational function was also added to it and it formed the skeleton of the city, beside the market. This space was tested in the cities which were selected as capital and this experience in the other cities gradually formed a background for " Naghshe Jahan " square, which is a turning point in urbanization of Iran.

Square (meydan) is a turning point in the city and it determines the value and identity of all its surrounding parts and gives identity to them. " Square (meydan) is the same as the word middle (miyan) and its Arabic equivalent is " meydan " , and it means the heart of city and an open space for people's gathering together with a surrounding market [1]. " It can be said that in the important cities and especially the capitals, a governmental-public square had been built in which many social-religious ceremonies had been being held. The history of these squares goes back to the Ilkhanates era and after the Mongol invasion. Maybe due to the lack of popularity and acceptability, the Mongols' kings started to build public buildings and tried to get a kind of popularity [2]. Beside Tabriz city, they built two towns known as " Shanb Ghazan Khan " and " Rabe Rashidi ". In the downtown core of both towns, they built a collection of public-royal buildings known as " Abvab Al-Bar " which their common features was the tomb of their builder, as the most important building of the collection. In the Timurid era, square, as an organizing space of the cities, had a multi-function, so that educational function was also added to it and it formed the skeleton of the city, beside the market. This space was tested in the cities which were selected as capital and this experience in the other cities gradually formed a background for " Naghshe Jahan " square, which is a turning point in urbanization of Iran.

ABSTRUCT: A kind of decorations used in the Ilkhanate period was stucco and plaster decorations instead of stucco and brick. This type of decoration was devised in the Seljuk period due to higher speed at the time of construction and reached its climax in the Ilkhanate period. Plaster stuccos are classified as cut plaster stucco and stamp plaster stucco. However, in most resources the term stamp plaster stucco is used for both stuccos. In books written about Soltaniyeh and its decorations the plaster stuccos are known as stamp plaster stucco which is wrong. All decorative Plaster stuccos brick ending in Soltaniyeh building are cut plaster stucco and there is no stamp plaster stucco in this building. This study addresses the right analysis of plaster stuccos in Soltaniyeh Dome, their method of implementation and its patterns and it is proved that Soltaniyeh Dome plaster stuccos are not stamp plaster stucco and they are cut plaster stuccoes.