Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures that are formed during pathophy... more Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures that are formed during pathophysiology, host-parasite interactions and parasite motility. Typically, apicomplexan-infected host cells secrete EVs which traverse local and systemic strata of the host as the parasites develop. Methods Extracellular vesicles were isolated from the caecum and serum of Eimeria falciformis-infected mice during oocyst ingestion (0 h post-infection [0 hpi]), merozont stages 1 and 2 (68 and 116 hpi), oocyst shedding (7 days post-infection [7 dpi]) and host recovery (10 dpi) and subsequently characterized and profiled by tandem mass tag (TMT). Results With the progression of E. falciformis life stages, subpopulation of EVs bearing EV biomarkers, including CD9, CD82, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, increased. A total of 860 and 1024 differentially expressed proteins were identified in serum EVs (sEVs) and caecum EVs (cEVs), respectively. Identi...
Background Protozoan parasite secretions can be triggered by various modified media and diverse p... more Background Protozoan parasite secretions can be triggered by various modified media and diverse physicochemical stressors. Equally, host-parasite interactions are known to co-opt the exchange and secretion of soluble biochemical components. Analysis of Eimeria falciformis sporozoite secretions in response to interaction with mouse intestinal epithelial cells (MIECs) may reveal parasite secretory motifs, protein composition and inflammatory activities of E. falciformis extracellular vesicles (EVs). Methods Eimeria falciformis sporozoites were allowed to interact with inactivated MIECs. Parasite secretions were separated into EV and vesicle-free (VF) fractions by discontinuous centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. Secreted EVs were purified in an iodixanol density gradient medium and the protein composition of both EV and VF fractions were analyzed by liquid chromatoraphy-tandem mass spectroscopy. The inflammatory activities of E. falciformis sporozoite EV on MIECs were then investi...
Apicomplexans are important pathogens that cause severe infections in humans and animals. The bio... more Apicomplexans are important pathogens that cause severe infections in humans and animals. The biology and pathogeneses of these parasites have shown that proteins are intrinsically modulated during developmental transitions, physiological processes and disease progression. Also, proteins are integral components of parasite structural elements and organelles. Among apicomplexan parasites, Eimeria species are an important disease aetiology for economically important animals wherein identification and characterisation of proteins have been long-winded. Nonetheless, this review seeks to give a comprehensive overview of constitutively expressed Eimeria proteins. These molecules are discussed across developmental stages, organelles and sub-cellular components vis-à-vis their biological functions. In addition, hindsight and suggestions are offered with intention to summarise the existing trend of eimerian protein characterisation and to provide a baseline for future studies. Graphical Abst...
Non-biting flies are known to traverse contaminated sites, human habitations and, by extension, f... more Non-biting flies are known to traverse contaminated sites, human habitations and, by extension, food during which enteric pathogens carried from filthy sites are disseminated. Humans, knowingly or unknowingly, ingest such pathogens with food, especially in cases of fresh foods. This study was conducted to elucidate the presence, prevalence and transmission rate of human enteric parasites from contaminated sites in Ile-Ife. Non-biting flies were caught with insect sweep nets from abattoirs, garbage piles, fresh food markets and public latrines between December 2014 and May 2015. Each fly, having been identified, was placed in vial half-filled with normal saline and rocked gently to dislodge the externally attached organism after which it was subsequently dissected to remove the gut content. These were examined under light microscope. 1083 flies were caught, out of which 124 were found with at least one human intestinal parasite. Abattoirs recorded the highest number of infected flies...
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2021
RNAs are a class of molecules and the majority in eukaryotes are arbitrarily termed non- coding t... more RNAs are a class of molecules and the majority in eukaryotes are arbitrarily termed non- coding transcripts which are broadly classified as short and long non-coding RNAs. Recently, knowledge of the identification and functions of long non-coding RNAs have continued to accumulate and they are being recognized as important molecules that regulate parasite-host interface, parasite differentiation, host responses, and disease progression. Herein, we present and integrate the functions of host and parasite long non-coding RNAs during infections within the context of epigenetic re-programming and molecular crosstalk in the course of host-parasite interactions. Also, the modular range of parasite and host long non-coding RNAs in coordinated parasite developmental changes and host immune dynamic landscapes are discussed. We equally canvass the prospects of long non-coding RNAs in disease diagnosis and prognosis. Hindsight and suggestions are offered with the aim that it will bolster our un...
Necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens, is an economically important disease ... more Necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens, is an economically important disease in the broiler. Among normal flora in the broiler intestinal region, Clostridium butyricum has been identified as a probiotic agent that reduces the susceptibility of broilers to C. perfringens. However, the effects of C. butyricum supplement on broiler intestinal integrity during NE are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of C. butyricum on the growth performance, intestinal morphology and barrier function, and the functions of immune-related cytokines under NE in broilers. Chickens were divided into five groups: control group (NC), supplement C. butyricum only group (CB), NE-infected group (PC), supplement C. butyricum from Day 14 (NECB1) to Day 22 NE-infected group, and supplement C. butyricum from Day 1 (NECB2) to Day 22 NE-infected group. The results showed that there were significantly decreased average daily weight gain and increased feed conversion rate in...
An effluent receiving stream and Opa River to which it drains within Obafemi Awolowo University, ... more An effluent receiving stream and Opa River to which it drains within Obafemi Awolowo University, South-Western Nigeria, were studied to ascertain the level of physico-chemical and biological pollution. Water samples were collected and analysed using various standard methods for planktonic abundance and selected physico-chemical parameters over a period of seven months. Most of the water quality parameters investigated showed statistically insignificant differences between the stream and Opa River, except of conductivity, nitrate and turbidity. Notable parameters were nutrient level indicator parameters (conductivity, nitrate, organic matter, COD and planktonic abundance) whose mean concentrations were higher in the effluent receiving stream than in Opa River. Even more, the seasonal variations of some of the investigated parameters (sulphate, organic matter and conductivity) at both sampled stations revealed the effect of anthropogenic run-off as additional source of dissolved nutri...
Non-biting flies are of ecological, preventive medicines and sanitary importance because, in most... more Non-biting flies are of ecological, preventive medicines and sanitary importance because, in most cases, they serve as purveyors of human and animal pathogenic agents, inducers of myiasis and degrader of organic matters. This study was conducted to ascertain the fauna of house flies, blow flies, flesh flies and their allies in Ile-Ife. Using an insect sweep net, flies were caught from abattoirs, fresh food markets, garbage piles and public latrines between December 2014 and May 2015. The caught flies were identified in the laboratories in the department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology and the Museum of Natural History of Obafemi Awolowo University. One thousand and eight-three (1083) flies were caught. These belong to four dipteran families of Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae and Stratiomyidae. Garbage piles had the highest number of flies. M. domestica is reported as accessory species, F. scalaris and C. vicina as accidental species. The number of flies caught from e...
Living organisms have evolved several means of migration, dispersal and locomotory supports. This... more Living organisms have evolved several means of migration, dispersal and locomotory supports. This usually takes subtlety in way of ectosymbiosis among several groups of insects including non-biting flies. It is informative to identify the spectrum of phoretic fauna and flora associated with non-biting flies. Non-biting flies were caught from various filthy sites using fine insect sweep nets. Externally attached organisms were isolated. Identified organisms include larvae of Cyathostoma sp, Dictyocaulus sp, Dicrocoelium lanceatum, hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis. Phragmospore of Conidia, mould spore of Drechslera sp and Epicocum sp spores were isolated from the flies. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, was found attached to Calliphorid and Muscid flies. Musca domestica had the highest phoront load. Dicrocoelium lancentum and prolottides of Taeniarhynchus sp were found attached to M. domestica. More fungal spores were found on flies followed by nematode larvae. More complex relati...
Sex education is out of bounds in a typical African society due to cultural values and belief sys... more Sex education is out of bounds in a typical African society due to cultural values and belief systems. So, sex education is assumed to support promiscuity among adolescents. Premised on this, teachers equally have lopsided views of responsibility. This greatly has hampered the success of inculcation of sex education in high school curriculum and the teaching of the subject. This study aimed to assess the perception of high school teachers towards the contents and timing of sex education in secondary schools in Ile-Ife, South-West Nigeria. 200 high school teachers were randomly selected and served questionnaire that has been pretested and standardized for data collection. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Teachers’ responses showed positive attitude towards sex education and its inclusion into secondary school curriculum. Higher numbers of the respondents were of the opinion that it is best suited for Secondary schools. However, there were discrepancies as reg...
The degree of parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables consumed in Ile-Ife was assessed a... more The degree of parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables consumed in Ile-Ife was assessed and poly parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables was identified. This was with the view to providing information on contamination of fruits and vegetables consumed in the study area. A total of 350 samples of fruits and vegetables were bought from five markets in Ile-Ife between November 2015 and January 2016. The samples were analyzed using sedimentation and floatation technique for detection of parasites. A total of 244 (69.7%) of the fruits and vegetables sampled were positive for eggs, cysts or oocysts of parasites. Among the fruits, tomatoes had the highest number 18 (50%) of parasites while the lowest 8 (25%) was on apples. Four of the vegetables (water leaf, spinach, white jute and African spinach) showed equal degree of parasitic contamination which was 100% while cabbage had the lowest 22 (64.7%). The overall prevalence of isolated parasites from 350 samples of fruits an...
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures that are formed during pathophy... more Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures that are formed during pathophysiology, host-parasite interactions and parasite motility. Typically, apicomplexan-infected host cells secrete EVs which traverse local and systemic strata of the host as the parasites develop. Methods Extracellular vesicles were isolated from the caecum and serum of Eimeria falciformis-infected mice during oocyst ingestion (0 h post-infection [0 hpi]), merozont stages 1 and 2 (68 and 116 hpi), oocyst shedding (7 days post-infection [7 dpi]) and host recovery (10 dpi) and subsequently characterized and profiled by tandem mass tag (TMT). Results With the progression of E. falciformis life stages, subpopulation of EVs bearing EV biomarkers, including CD9, CD82, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, increased. A total of 860 and 1024 differentially expressed proteins were identified in serum EVs (sEVs) and caecum EVs (cEVs), respectively. Identi...
Background Protozoan parasite secretions can be triggered by various modified media and diverse p... more Background Protozoan parasite secretions can be triggered by various modified media and diverse physicochemical stressors. Equally, host-parasite interactions are known to co-opt the exchange and secretion of soluble biochemical components. Analysis of Eimeria falciformis sporozoite secretions in response to interaction with mouse intestinal epithelial cells (MIECs) may reveal parasite secretory motifs, protein composition and inflammatory activities of E. falciformis extracellular vesicles (EVs). Methods Eimeria falciformis sporozoites were allowed to interact with inactivated MIECs. Parasite secretions were separated into EV and vesicle-free (VF) fractions by discontinuous centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. Secreted EVs were purified in an iodixanol density gradient medium and the protein composition of both EV and VF fractions were analyzed by liquid chromatoraphy-tandem mass spectroscopy. The inflammatory activities of E. falciformis sporozoite EV on MIECs were then investi...
Apicomplexans are important pathogens that cause severe infections in humans and animals. The bio... more Apicomplexans are important pathogens that cause severe infections in humans and animals. The biology and pathogeneses of these parasites have shown that proteins are intrinsically modulated during developmental transitions, physiological processes and disease progression. Also, proteins are integral components of parasite structural elements and organelles. Among apicomplexan parasites, Eimeria species are an important disease aetiology for economically important animals wherein identification and characterisation of proteins have been long-winded. Nonetheless, this review seeks to give a comprehensive overview of constitutively expressed Eimeria proteins. These molecules are discussed across developmental stages, organelles and sub-cellular components vis-à-vis their biological functions. In addition, hindsight and suggestions are offered with intention to summarise the existing trend of eimerian protein characterisation and to provide a baseline for future studies. Graphical Abst...
Non-biting flies are known to traverse contaminated sites, human habitations and, by extension, f... more Non-biting flies are known to traverse contaminated sites, human habitations and, by extension, food during which enteric pathogens carried from filthy sites are disseminated. Humans, knowingly or unknowingly, ingest such pathogens with food, especially in cases of fresh foods. This study was conducted to elucidate the presence, prevalence and transmission rate of human enteric parasites from contaminated sites in Ile-Ife. Non-biting flies were caught with insect sweep nets from abattoirs, garbage piles, fresh food markets and public latrines between December 2014 and May 2015. Each fly, having been identified, was placed in vial half-filled with normal saline and rocked gently to dislodge the externally attached organism after which it was subsequently dissected to remove the gut content. These were examined under light microscope. 1083 flies were caught, out of which 124 were found with at least one human intestinal parasite. Abattoirs recorded the highest number of infected flies...
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2021
RNAs are a class of molecules and the majority in eukaryotes are arbitrarily termed non- coding t... more RNAs are a class of molecules and the majority in eukaryotes are arbitrarily termed non- coding transcripts which are broadly classified as short and long non-coding RNAs. Recently, knowledge of the identification and functions of long non-coding RNAs have continued to accumulate and they are being recognized as important molecules that regulate parasite-host interface, parasite differentiation, host responses, and disease progression. Herein, we present and integrate the functions of host and parasite long non-coding RNAs during infections within the context of epigenetic re-programming and molecular crosstalk in the course of host-parasite interactions. Also, the modular range of parasite and host long non-coding RNAs in coordinated parasite developmental changes and host immune dynamic landscapes are discussed. We equally canvass the prospects of long non-coding RNAs in disease diagnosis and prognosis. Hindsight and suggestions are offered with the aim that it will bolster our un...
Necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens, is an economically important disease ... more Necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens, is an economically important disease in the broiler. Among normal flora in the broiler intestinal region, Clostridium butyricum has been identified as a probiotic agent that reduces the susceptibility of broilers to C. perfringens. However, the effects of C. butyricum supplement on broiler intestinal integrity during NE are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of C. butyricum on the growth performance, intestinal morphology and barrier function, and the functions of immune-related cytokines under NE in broilers. Chickens were divided into five groups: control group (NC), supplement C. butyricum only group (CB), NE-infected group (PC), supplement C. butyricum from Day 14 (NECB1) to Day 22 NE-infected group, and supplement C. butyricum from Day 1 (NECB2) to Day 22 NE-infected group. The results showed that there were significantly decreased average daily weight gain and increased feed conversion rate in...
An effluent receiving stream and Opa River to which it drains within Obafemi Awolowo University, ... more An effluent receiving stream and Opa River to which it drains within Obafemi Awolowo University, South-Western Nigeria, were studied to ascertain the level of physico-chemical and biological pollution. Water samples were collected and analysed using various standard methods for planktonic abundance and selected physico-chemical parameters over a period of seven months. Most of the water quality parameters investigated showed statistically insignificant differences between the stream and Opa River, except of conductivity, nitrate and turbidity. Notable parameters were nutrient level indicator parameters (conductivity, nitrate, organic matter, COD and planktonic abundance) whose mean concentrations were higher in the effluent receiving stream than in Opa River. Even more, the seasonal variations of some of the investigated parameters (sulphate, organic matter and conductivity) at both sampled stations revealed the effect of anthropogenic run-off as additional source of dissolved nutri...
Non-biting flies are of ecological, preventive medicines and sanitary importance because, in most... more Non-biting flies are of ecological, preventive medicines and sanitary importance because, in most cases, they serve as purveyors of human and animal pathogenic agents, inducers of myiasis and degrader of organic matters. This study was conducted to ascertain the fauna of house flies, blow flies, flesh flies and their allies in Ile-Ife. Using an insect sweep net, flies were caught from abattoirs, fresh food markets, garbage piles and public latrines between December 2014 and May 2015. The caught flies were identified in the laboratories in the department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology and the Museum of Natural History of Obafemi Awolowo University. One thousand and eight-three (1083) flies were caught. These belong to four dipteran families of Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae and Stratiomyidae. Garbage piles had the highest number of flies. M. domestica is reported as accessory species, F. scalaris and C. vicina as accidental species. The number of flies caught from e...
Living organisms have evolved several means of migration, dispersal and locomotory supports. This... more Living organisms have evolved several means of migration, dispersal and locomotory supports. This usually takes subtlety in way of ectosymbiosis among several groups of insects including non-biting flies. It is informative to identify the spectrum of phoretic fauna and flora associated with non-biting flies. Non-biting flies were caught from various filthy sites using fine insect sweep nets. Externally attached organisms were isolated. Identified organisms include larvae of Cyathostoma sp, Dictyocaulus sp, Dicrocoelium lanceatum, hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis. Phragmospore of Conidia, mould spore of Drechslera sp and Epicocum sp spores were isolated from the flies. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, was found attached to Calliphorid and Muscid flies. Musca domestica had the highest phoront load. Dicrocoelium lancentum and prolottides of Taeniarhynchus sp were found attached to M. domestica. More fungal spores were found on flies followed by nematode larvae. More complex relati...
Sex education is out of bounds in a typical African society due to cultural values and belief sys... more Sex education is out of bounds in a typical African society due to cultural values and belief systems. So, sex education is assumed to support promiscuity among adolescents. Premised on this, teachers equally have lopsided views of responsibility. This greatly has hampered the success of inculcation of sex education in high school curriculum and the teaching of the subject. This study aimed to assess the perception of high school teachers towards the contents and timing of sex education in secondary schools in Ile-Ife, South-West Nigeria. 200 high school teachers were randomly selected and served questionnaire that has been pretested and standardized for data collection. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Teachers’ responses showed positive attitude towards sex education and its inclusion into secondary school curriculum. Higher numbers of the respondents were of the opinion that it is best suited for Secondary schools. However, there were discrepancies as reg...
The degree of parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables consumed in Ile-Ife was assessed a... more The degree of parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables consumed in Ile-Ife was assessed and poly parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables was identified. This was with the view to providing information on contamination of fruits and vegetables consumed in the study area. A total of 350 samples of fruits and vegetables were bought from five markets in Ile-Ife between November 2015 and January 2016. The samples were analyzed using sedimentation and floatation technique for detection of parasites. A total of 244 (69.7%) of the fruits and vegetables sampled were positive for eggs, cysts or oocysts of parasites. Among the fruits, tomatoes had the highest number 18 (50%) of parasites while the lowest 8 (25%) was on apples. Four of the vegetables (water leaf, spinach, white jute and African spinach) showed equal degree of parasitic contamination which was 100% while cabbage had the lowest 22 (64.7%). The overall prevalence of isolated parasites from 350 samples of fruits an...
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Papers by Joshua S Olajide