Basim Nile

Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used in this study for simulating rainfall driven flow in a sewer system that can cause overflow in sewer networks. The simulation is carried out in a residential area located in the Karbala city of Iraq where storm water network is not fully developed. The study reveals that severe rainfall events cause sewer overflow and surface inundation in the area. A number of measures have been proposed including capacity improvement of sewer system, reduction of discharge peak and reduction of exfiltration as a countermeasure to solve the inundation problem. It is expected that the study will help in operational management of the sewerage system and mitigate the flooding problem.

The sewer system of many historical or holy cities is not well associated with the present need. The managing
of the sewer system of such cities is very difficult. Karbala, located in central Iraq, is one such city that experiences
tremendous pressure on its sewer system due to large visiting population during special religious gathering. As the
sewer system of Karbala city is not designed for such high population like many other historic or holy cities, the sewer
overflows, inundate the roads, and degrade the environmental due to the polluted sewer during religious gatherings.
The problem often becomes critical due to heavy rainfall as the gathering usually happens during monsoon. The
modeling of the sewer water quantity with a varying population and rainfall is important for simulating the sewer
overflow as well as to manage the sewer system. The modeling of the sewer water quality is also important to
understand the possible environmental hazard due to the sewer overflow. In this present study, an attempt has been
taken to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of the sewer water quantity and quality with a varying population
and rainfall for the prediction of sewer overflow and possible pollution susceptibility. The Stormwater Management
Model (SWMM) will be used in the proposed study. The simulation will be carried out in the city center of the Karbala
city where the stormwater network is not fully developed. It is expected that this study will help in the operational
management of the sewerage system and mitigate the sewer flooding and related environmental problems.

Water pollution during festival period is a major problem in all festival cities across the world. Reliable
prediction of water pollution is essential in festival cities for sewer and wastewater management in
order to ensure public health and clean environment. This article aims to model the biological oxygen
demand (BOD5), and total suspended solids (TSSs) parameters in wastewater in the sewer networks
of Karbala city center during festival and rainy days using structural equation modeling (SEM) and
multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) methods. For this purpose, 34 years (1980–2014) of
rainfall, temperature and sewer flow data during festival periods in the study area were collected,
processed, and employed. The results show that the TSS concentration increases by 26–46 mg/l
while BOD5 concentration rises by 9–19 mg/l for an increase of rainfall by 1 mm during festival
periods. It was also found that BOD5 concentration rises by 4–17 mg/l for each increase of 10,000
populations.

In the previous four decades, methodical research has been concentrated on the protection of water
resources, and especially on the contaminating consequence of the inner city of natural water bodies. One
approximation to this investigation has concerned the advancement of instruments to illustrate the
phenomena which takes place in the city watershed throughout both wet and dry times. This article aims
to determine the significant differences of the changes of biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total
suspended solids (TSS) parameters in a wastewater in the sewer networks during rainy seasons for the
historic rainfall time series using SWMM5. For this purpose, thirty years (1980-2010) of rainfall, temperature
and sewer flow data of Karbala city of Iraq were collected, processed and employed for the modelling of the
pollution loading. The effects of land-use, population and impervious surface cover on the quality of storm
water were also analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of BOD5 and TSS increase
significantly after raining in the study area. The statistical tests showed the differences were significant
(p<0.05). The increase of the BOD5 was very high compared to TSS. It can be expected that the long-term
simulations of storm water pollution loading would be help to compare the benefits of different scenarios
of the sewage-treatment plan for the reduction of the pollution in the storm discharge.

Understanding quality of stormwater is important for effective urban rainwater treatment
planning and management. In this study, the quality of stormwater runoff from an arid urban
residential catchment located in the Karbala city of Iraq, draining through stormwater sewers was
investigated. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to estimate the
concentrations of pollutants in stormwater and wastewater in the sewer networks. The results
showed that the concentrations of the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Total Suspended
Solids (TSS) increased significantly after rain in the study area. The increase of TSS was very high
compared to the BOD5. It is expected that the long-term simulations of stormwater pollution
loading will help to compare the benefits of different scenarios of the sewage treatment plan for the
reduction of the pollution in the storm discharge area.