Sewer

INSINCE - Inside Sewer Intelligent Network Computational Engine
What is INSINCE.COM
• As the name itself reveals InSINCE is an art of technology software, which finds various routes in an undirected gravity sewer network system and performs hydraulic design along with cost estimate and converges to the optimal solution.
• It is a unique offering; able to design, on its own, a full-fledged sewer network on a given road network while optimizing it towards a minimum cost solution.
• Provides 10 - 15 % cost savings compared to manual design. Also considerable saving of time and effort.
• Cloud based computation.

In wastewater industry, real-time sensing of surface temperature variations on concrete sewer pipes is paramount in assessing the rate of microbial-induced corrosion. However, the sensing systems are prone to failures due to the aggressively corrosive environmental conditions inside sewer assets. Therefore, reliable sensing in such infrastructures is vital for water utilities to enact efficient wastewater management. In this context, this paper presents a sensor failure detection and faulty data accommodation (SFDFDA) approach that aids to digitally monitor the health conditions of the sewer monitoring sensors. The SFDFDA approach embraces seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model with a statistical hypothesis testing technique for enabling temporal forecasting of sensor variable. Then, it identifies and isolates anomalies in a continuous stream of sensor data whilst detecting early sensor failure. Finally, the SFDFDA approach provides reliable estimates of sensor data in the event of sensor failure or during the scheduled maintenance period of sewer monitoring systems. The SFDFDA approach was evaluated by using the surface temperature data sourced from the instrumented wastewater infrastructure and the results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the SFDFDA approach and its applicability to surface temperature monitoring sensor suites.

Emissions from combined sewer overflows have detrimental impact on water quality (Verbanck, 1990). Sewer sediments forming regularly increase emitting loads. One alternative to high pressure jetting, the mostly used method for sewer cleansing, is flushing. Many case studies and numerical investigations have already shown that flushing is able to erase sewer sediments if certain boundary conditions are respected. However, critics keep reminding that during the storage phase suspended solids will settle and form additive layers of sediments. In order to verify observations that such sediments will not last, measurements of velocity profiles were conducted. These profiles were transformed with the log-wall law into a times series of shear stress. This procedure was conducted with six different storage heights. Subsequently, these time series of bottom shear stress were applied to two different transport models. One transport model by Zanke (1999) bases on a probabilistic approach while the other by Torfs (1995) uses deterministic methods. The calculated transport rates and the probably distribution clearly show that the solids built up during the storage phase will not last. Also, it was demonstrated that the sunk wave generates sufficient shear stresses to remobilize these solids.

法國攝影家納達（Félix Nadar，原名Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, 1820-1910）拍攝的巴黎地底影像佔有先驅地位，卻長期以來為人忽視，人們較關注他犀利的諷刺畫和著名的肖像攝影，以及對於飛航空拍的重要貢獻。  然而，納達發現這地下疆域，無論對於拓寬攝影媒材的紀錄與表達之可能性，抑或由下而上地探索城市景觀的變化，都是極富意義的場所。他拍攝的地下墓穴及下水道影像，構成其追求浪漫主義攝影，以及投入現代科技發展中，不可或缺的一部分。他透過濕版火棉膠攝影術與人工照明相的結合，成功地在1861至1862年間完成製作73幅地下墓穴的負版相片，並於1863和1864年期間拍攝了23幅下水道相片，使得以往僅能用文字和插圖形式描述的神秘地點，獲得了最早的攝影圖像。本文旨在論證，納達不僅親身參與了都市歷史和現代化的進程，同時運用崇高（sublime）和詭異（uncanny）的美學，開拓了攝影實踐的新地貌。由此，這些作品代表了此藝術家在浪漫主義攝影上的精益求精，同時透露其對於巴黎都市改革和旅遊景觀的態度。

–Sediment deposits in sewer system had been known to have adverse effects on the hydraulic performance of the system
and also on the environment. Thus, the need for sewer system to carry sediment has been recognized for many years and self-cleansing criteria have been proposed in the literature for design purposes. Conventionally, a minimum critical velocity or critical shear stress was specified and although this approach had been successful in many cases; it was appreciated that a minimum critical velocity or critical
shear stress which is unrelated to the characteristics and concentration of the sediment or the hydraulic behavior of the sewer could not properly represent the ability of the sewer flows to transport sediments. A more viable approach for self-cleansing design is to incorporate some aspect of the sediment and sewer characteristics into the design criteria; hence, various self-cleansing design criteria for sewer have
been proposed in the literature. This paper presents a review on the various self-cleansing design criteria for sewer and proposed some further studies that could be conducted to improve the existing self-cleansing design criteria.

Memoria Final de las intervenciones arqueológicas llevadas a cabo durante el año 2016 para Eléctrica de Cádiz en el casco histórico de la ciudad, especialmente en la zona de Canalejas.
En los seguimientos arqueológicos se han documentado los restos de la cimentación de la Muralla moderna del Frente de la Bahía desmontada en 1906, así como los restos del alcantarillado del siglo XVIII, parcialmente destruidos por el consorcio de aguas para la traída del agua al casco antiguo a mediados del siglo XX y por la red de saneamientos del siglo XX.

This paper is based on an extensive experimental investigation of bedload transport of noncohesive sediments at “limit deposition” in channels of circular and rectangular cross-section. The effect of permanent deposits on the invert of pipe channels on sediment carrying capacity and hydraulic resistance to flow is investigated. The sediment transport data from rectangular and pipe channels led to the development of empirical equations with high correlation coefficients. These equations showed the possibilities of their validity for either channel shape with the incorporation of appropriate shape parameters.

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Reducing water use could impact existing sewer systems but this is not currently well understood. This work describes a new flow and wastewater quality model developed to investigate this impact. SIMDEUM WW ® was used to generate stochastic appliance-specific discharge profiles for wastewater flow and concentration, which were fed into InfoWorks ® ICM to quantify the impacts within the sewer network. The model was validated using measured field data from a sewer system in Amsterdam serving 418 households. Wastewater concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TPH) were sampled on an hourly basis, for one week. The results obtained showed that the InfoWorks ® model predicted the mass flow of pollutants well (R-values 0.69, 0.72 and 0.75 for COD, TKN and TPH respectively) but, due to the current lack of a time-varying solids transport model within InfoWorks ® , the prediction for wastewater concentration parameters was less reliable. Still, the model was deemed capable of analysing the effects of three water conservation strategies (greywater reuse, rainwater harvesting and water-saving appliances) on flow, nutrient concentrations, and temperature in sewer networks. Results show through a 62% reduction in sewer flow, COD, TKN and TPH concentrations increased by up to 111%, 84% and 75% respectively, offering more favourable conditions for nutrient recovery.

Sedimentation in sewers occurs regularly according to the alternating natural flow. The long term deposit of material in the sewerage systems increases the risk of changes in the sediments and their consolidation and cementation. In particular under low flow conditions, permanent settlement similar to that on the sewer bed alters the nature of velocity and distribution of the boundary shear stress. Consequently, it affects the capacity of sediment transport and the hydraulic resistance of the sewer. The article reviews the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in predicting the sediment transport using the concept of self-cleansing of sewer systems. In comparison with existing methods, the ANN showed acceptable results.

Keywords: self-cleansing, sediment, ANN, sewer, bed-load

Resumen: El medidor de caudal Palmer-Bowlus fue desarrollado en 1936, como una adaptación del medidor Venturi para uso en alcantarillado, debido a la dificultad en la modificación de la solera de la tubería. Existen medidores Palmer-Bowlus a la venta en el sector comercial de un solo cuerpo con su respectiva curva de descarga, cuya adquisición incrementa el costo de los proyectos de alcantarillado. Con base en el modelo físico del medidor Palmer-Bowlus (Torres & Vásquez, 2010), esta investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar la modelación numérica tridimensional de estos medidores, considerando cuatro diámetros de tubería: 160 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm y 400 mm; los diámetros seleccionados son los de mayor uso, de acuerdo con la información provista por la Empresa Pública Metropolitana de Agua Potable y Saneamiento de Quito (EPMAPS). Las curvas de descarga fueron calibradas y validadas mediante el programa FLOW-3D. El mallado tuvo gran influencia en la calidad de los resultados y en la duración de la simulación numérica; al contrario, la rugosidad y los modelos de turbulencia (RNG y k-e) tuvieron poca influencia. Las curvas de descarga obtenidas en la modelación numérica tienen buena aproximación a las obtenidas en el modelo físico.

Abstract: The Palmer-Bowlus flume was developed in 1936, as an adaptation of the Venturi flume for the use in sewer systems, due to the difficulty in modifying the pipe invert. There are commercially available single-body Palmer-Bowlus flume with their respective discharge curves, which increase the cost of sewer projects. Based on the physical model of the Palmer-Bowlus flume (Torres & Vásquez, 2010), the aim of this research was to carry out the three-dimensional numerical modeling of these flow meters, considering four pipe diameters: 160 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm and 400 mm; the selected diameters are the most used ones, according to the information provided by the Empresa Pública Metropolitana de Agua Potable y Saneamiento de Quito (EPMAPS). The discharge curves were calibrated and validated using the FLOW-3D program. Meshing had a great influence on the quality results and duration of the numerical simulation; in contrast, the roughness and turbulence models (RNG y k-e) had little influence. The discharge curves obtained in the numerical modeling have good approximation to those obtained in the physical model.

Although there is evidence of surface-based storm drainage systems in early Babylonian and Mesopotamian Empires in Iraq (ca. 4000–2500 BC), it is not until after ca. 3000 BC that we find evidence of the well organized and operated sewer and drainage systems of the Minoans and Harappans in Crete and the Indus valley, respectively. The Minoans and Indus valley civilizations originally, and the Hellenes and Romans thereafter, are considered pioneers in developing basic sewerage and drainage technologies, with emphasis on sanitation in the urban environment. The Hellenes and Romans further developed these techniques and greatly increased the scale of these systems. Although other ancient civilizations also contributed, notably some of the Chinese dynasties, very little progress was made during the Dark ages from ca. 300 AD through to the middle of the 18th century. It was only from 1850 onwards that that modern sewerage was “reborn”, but many of the principles grasped by the ancients ar...

In this work, a hydrodynamic numerical model for sewer networks has been developed, Unsteady flow in either tree-type or looped sewer networks systems has been simulated, The Prissmann slot assumption is adopted to extend open channel flow equations to closed conduits under surcharged conditions. The link-node concept with a staggered grid, fully implicit scheme is developed to improve the stability and accuracy of the computation. The model capable to reduce the order of the sparse matrix equations this has been achieved by treating the sewers of same diameter that connecting at a node with no lateral branching as a superlink, and the ends of the superlinks are defined as superjunctions so that considerable savings in computational effort is achieved. The numerical experiments show that the model is robust and reliable for different configurations of storm sewer networks and gives consistent results under different grid setups. Also, The experiments show an agreement with the results of few published studies.

Deposits build up in sewer networks during both dry-weather and storm-water events. Especially in combined sewers, the sediment materials cause various undesirable effects. Flushing devices are able to remove deposits in sewers by generating flushing waves. To optimize the flushing with so called Storage-Volume-Activated-Devices (SVAD) numerical studies were carried out. The objective was to investigate the behaviour of the activated storage-volume of flushing waves on cleaning performance.

This paper describes an evaluation of the lateral load‐resisting system of an existing monolithic, cast‐in‐place, reinforced concrete (R/C) stadium structure completed in the early 1930's. A major renovation/expansion of the stadium completed in the 1990's included ...

This paper describes an evaluation of the lateral load‐resisting system of an existing monolithic, cast‐in‐place, reinforced concrete (R/C) stadium structure completed in the early 1930's. A major renovation/expansion of the stadium completed in the 1990's included ...