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Vacuum pyrolysis of biomass such as wood yields approximately 50% by weight of oil, 15% pyrolytic water, 10% gas and 25% charcoal (wt. %, air-dry feedstock basis). Past studies indicated that the pyrolysis oils typically contain 5–10%... more
Vacuum pyrolysis of biomass such as wood yields approximately 50% by weight of oil, 15% pyrolytic water, 10% gas and 25% charcoal (wt. %, air-dry feedstock basis). Past studies indicated that the pyrolysis oils typically contain 5–10% non-polar hydrocarbons, 5–10% low molecular weight organic acids, 5–10% sugars, 10–25% oxygenated cyclic compounds with moderate polarity and potential economic values such as phenol and vanillin, 30–45% high polar and high molecular weight compounds and 15–30% water.
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Pyroligneous acid (PA) was evaluated as a potential alternative to therapeutic antibiotics in poultry. Antimicrobial activity of PA was studied at acidic pH (2.0) and neutral pH (7.0) of the liquid against Salmonella enterica and... more
Pyroligneous acid (PA) was evaluated as a potential alternative to therapeutic antibiotics in poultry. Antimicrobial activity of PA was studied at acidic pH (2.0) and neutral pH (7.0) of the liquid against Salmonella enterica and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Acidic PA gave a MIC value of 0.8% (v/v) and 1.6% (v/v), and neutralized PA gave a MIC value of 1.6% (v/v) and 3.2% (v/v) against S. enterica and L. acidophilus respectively. Acidic PA was evaluated at different concentrations in a simulated poultry digestive tract and cecal fermentation to study its effect on the cecal microflora and fermentation profile. PA at a concentration of 1.6% (v/v) completely inhibited S. enterica and was also found to have a similar effect on lactobacilli count as compared with the control (p = 0.17). Additionally, PA at this concentration was found not to have a significant effect on acetic acid production after 24 h of cecal fermentation (p = 0.20). Open in a separate windowGraphical abstract
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Abstract In thermal analysis, the apparatus commonly used to quantitatively measure enthalpy change is the DSC while the DTA equipment is used for qualitative measurements. In this work a new method, called the “mass-difference baseline... more
Abstract In thermal analysis, the apparatus commonly used to quantitatively measure enthalpy change is the DSC while the DTA equipment is used for qualitative measurements. In this work a new method, called the “mass-difference baseline method”, is proposed to attempt to use DTA for quantitative measurement. The presented method employs the DTA curve derived from a small mass sample as the baseline for a large mass sample using the same material. Such an approach diminishes the asymmetric heat transfer problem attributed to the “apparatus effect” and “sample influence”, thus greatly improving the linearity between the DTA curve and enthalpy change. The theoretical basis of this method is presented and discussed in this paper. The method has been tested for the determination of the enthalpy change of graphite and elastomers over a large temperature range from 30°C to 600°C. Compared with DSC, one important advantage of this method is that it allows enthalpy measurement to be carried out in an open system allowing a sample mass loss during the measurement. For example, during the measurement of elastomers, intensive decomposition and 70% of the sample mass loss occur. The DTA quantitative measurement successfully determines the heat capacity changes as well as the heat of reaction and heat of evaporation, which all occur during the enthalpy changes of the material subjected to decomposition. However, the accuracy of this method is still not high enough for high accurate enthalpy measurement.
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A novel approach involving the use of DTA to measure quantitatively the enthalpy change during rubber atmospheric pyrolysis was developed and applied to tire rubbers: NR (natural rubber), SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) and BR (butadiene... more
A novel approach involving the use of DTA to measure quantitatively the enthalpy change during rubber atmospheric pyrolysis was developed and applied to tire rubbers: NR (natural rubber), SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) and BR (butadiene rubber). Based on a new method of baseline determination, this approach detects precisely the overall enthalpy change during rubber pyrolysis, which consists of a linear heat
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Research Interests: Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Materials Science, Kinetics, Polymer Blends, and 15 moreActivation Energy, Polyethylene, Composite Material, High Temperature, Hdpe, Ldpe, Kinetic Energy, High Density Concrete, High Density Polyethylene, Batch Reactor, Kinetic Parameter, Mass Balance, Low Density Polyethylene, High density, and Low density
Research Interests: Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Materials Science, Kinetics, Decomposition, and 15 morePolymer, Activation Energy, Polyethylene, Composite Material, High Temperature, Hdpe, Ldpe, Kinetic Energy, High Density Concrete, High Density Polyethylene, Batch Reactor, Kinetic Parameter, Mass Balance, High density, and Low density
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The gasification of biomass derived char obtained via vacuum and atmospheric pyrolysis of Populus tremuloides has been studied in the ranges of 725–960°C and 0.1 to 6 MPa. CO2 was used as the oxidizing gas.The results show that char... more
The gasification of biomass derived char obtained via vacuum and atmospheric pyrolysis of Populus tremuloides has been studied in the ranges of 725–960°C and 0.1 to 6 MPa. CO2 was used as the oxidizing gas.The results show that char reactivity is influenced by the preheating rates and that pressure effects are significant between 850°C and 950°C. A correlation based on the expression: df/dt = k0{exp(‐E/RT)}(1 ‐ f)afβPyCO2 was used to fit the experimental data.In general, vacuum pyrolysis derived char showed a higher reactivity than atmospheric pyrolysis chars. An explanation based on a higher oxygen content of the vacuum pyrolysis char is suggested.
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A process for the pyrolysis under vacuum of biomass and waste materials has been under development since 1978 in Canada. Background data regarding the yields and qualities of the pyrolysis products derived from materials such as wood,... more
A process for the pyrolysis under vacuum of biomass and waste materials has been under development since 1978 in Canada. Background data regarding the yields and qualities of the pyrolysis products derived from materials such as wood, bark, agricultural residues, peat, municipal solid wastes, activated sludges and scrap tires, have been obtained at the bench scale level. A Process Development Unit having a feedthrough capacity of up to 25 kg h-1 and using a multiple hearth furnace reactor has been designed and built. The objectives of the P.D.U. were twofold. First, the Unit was used to determine engineering data such as the overall thermal efficiency and the heat requirement for the reactions. Second, the configuration and mechanical operation of the reactor had to be tested before its scale-up for the pilot plant phase of the project (150 kg h-1).
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... Extraction of betulin by vacuum pyrolysis of birch bark. Auteur(s) / Author(s). PAKDEL Hooshang (1) ; MURWANASHYAKA Jean Népo (1) ; ROY Christian (1 2) ; Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s). ... Pirólisis. ;... more
... Extraction of betulin by vacuum pyrolysis of birch bark. Auteur(s) / Author(s). PAKDEL Hooshang (1) ; MURWANASHYAKA Jean Népo (1) ; ROY Christian (1 2) ; Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s). ... Pirólisis. ; Extracción. ; Corteza(vegetal). ; Betula papyrifera. ; ...
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... Therefore when m, mm = const (7) dm dmst (8) dt dt where dms dt, the rate of evaporation, is assumed to be equal to the rate of weight loss of ... the heat generation or consumption of pyrolysis can be de rived, yielding cT l t3... more
... Therefore when m, mm = const (7) dm dmst (8) dt dt where dms dt, the rate of evaporation, is assumed to be equal to the rate of weight loss of ... the heat generation or consumption of pyrolysis can be de rived, yielding cT l t3 (rkOT" k T + zz zJ + (1 e)plq (10) where e Po Ceg(OT Ot ...
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Abstract The technical vocabulary used to describe the chemical transformations of fuels is critically revised with the objective of establishing a simple and coherent classification. The criterion used for such classification is based on... more
Abstract The technical vocabulary used to describe the chemical transformations of fuels is critically revised with the objective of establishing a simple and coherent classification. The criterion used for such classification is based on the unique and specific chemical nature of each of the transformations. Thus three distinct categories are defined: thermal decomposition reactions, oxidation reactions and reduction reactions. The scope of application of these categories as well as their subdivisions are also discussed.
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North American wood species have been pyrolysed in a vacuum-pyrolysis, laboratory reactor under various conditions. The pyrolysis oils were analyzed in detail for their content in phenolic compounds after derivatization to their acetyl... more
North American wood species have been pyrolysed in a vacuum-pyrolysis, laboratory reactor under various conditions. The pyrolysis oils were analyzed in detail for their content in phenolic compounds after derivatization to their acetyl derivatives. Pyrolysis process conditions such as temperature, heating rate, sample amount, particle size, vapour residence time, biomass moisture content and additives and/or catalysts leading to high yield of valuable phenolic compounds have been investigated. The influence of such parameters on the formation of syringylic and guaiacylic compounds is discussed.
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Experiments were conducted in a moving and stirred bed vacuum pyrolysis reactor handling polydispersed softwood bark feedstock to study flow characteristics as functions of feed throughput, agitation speed, particle size and shape. A new... more
Experiments were conducted in a moving and stirred bed vacuum pyrolysis reactor handling polydispersed softwood bark feedstock to study flow characteristics as functions of feed throughput, agitation speed, particle size and shape. A new idea of polydispersed fluorescent tracers was employed for the first time to investigate the residence time distribution (RTD), mean residence time and reactor hold-up. A single parameter dispersed plug flow model and an identical CSTRs-in-series model have been successfully used to fit the experimental data. Correlations are proposed for mean residence time, reactor hold-up, vessel dispersion number and number of identical CSTRs-in-series in terms of operating variable, for example feed throughput and agitation speed in the range of 20–70 kg hr –1 and 10–30 cm s –1 , respectively.
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Research Interests: Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Kinetics, Pyrolysis, and 14 moreCellulose, Fuel, Activation Energy, Nitrogen, Lignin, First-Order Logic, Thermogravimetry, Pulp and Paper Industry, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Thermal Decomposition, Hemicellulose, Bagasse, Kinetic Parameter, and Kinetic Equation
where w is the weight or mass of pyrolyzing sample at any time t; A is the frequency factor; E is the activation energy; Q is the reaction order, and k is the rate constant. Our analysis of substantial and diversified amounts of data has... more
where w is the weight or mass of pyrolyzing sample at any time t; A is the frequency factor; E is the activation energy; Q is the reaction order, and k is the rate constant. Our analysis of substantial and diversified amounts of data has established a clear linear relationship between the variables log A and E, as shall be shown later. Such dependence is known as a compensation effect, expressed by the following equation
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Batch autoclave hydrogenolysis of a Saskatchewan lignite has been conducted with CO and H2 mixtures. Conversion, oil yield and the carbon monoxide consumption patterns were measured as a function of reaction temperature (380 — 460°C),... more
Batch autoclave hydrogenolysis of a Saskatchewan lignite has been conducted with CO and H2 mixtures. Conversion, oil yield and the carbon monoxide consumption patterns were measured as a function of reaction temperature (380 — 460°C), initial cold pressure (7.1 — 11.1 MPa), contact time (10 — 50 min), and initial CO/H2 gas composition (1/3 — 3/1 vol. %). The experimental results were obtained following an unreplicated 24 factorial design. Significant models were derived for conversion and the CO consumption patterns. A relationship seems to develop between carbon monoxide consumption and the amount of oil produced. The oil yield model however showed a lack-of-fit at the F5% level. The highest conversion and oil yield experimentally obtained were 85.3 and 63.4% respectively, on the lignite m.a.f. basis. In general greater hydrogenation but less deoxygenation occurred at the lower temperature. On a etudie l'hydrogenolyse d'un lignite de Saskatchewan dans un autoclave en mode discontinu en presence de melanges d'oxide de carbone et d'hydrogene. La conversion, le rendement en huiles ainsi que les donnees de la consommation de l'oxyde de carbone ont ete etudies en fonction des variables d'operation: temperature de reaction (380 – 460°C), pression initiale (7.1 — 11.1 MPa), temps de contact (10 — 50 min), composition initiale du melange gazeux CO/H2 (1/3 — 3/1 vol. %). Les resultats experimentaux ont ete obtenus suivant un plan factoriel d'experiences du type 24, non repete. On a ainsi determine des modeles polynomiaux pour la conversion et les donnees de consommation de l'oxyde de carbone. Une relation semble exister entre consommation de CO et quantite d'huiles produites. Le modele du rendement en huiles toutefois presente un manque d'ajustement significatif au seuil de confiance de F5%. La conversion et le rendement en huiles obtenus experimentalement ont ete de 85.3 et 63.4%, respectivement, sur la base du lignite sans eau et sans cendres. Il avere q'en general les temperatures plus faibles favorisent une meilleure hydrogenation mais ont toutefois pour consequence une deoxygenation moins accentuee des produits.
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CCA has been banned for residential use as a wood preservative in North America by the end of 2003. The alternatives will be copper-based chemicals, such as Ammonium Copper Quat (ACQ) or Copper Azole (CA). Leaching of copper from treated... more
CCA has been banned for residential use as a wood preservative in North America by the end of 2003. The alternatives will be copper-based chemicals, such as Ammonium Copper Quat (ACQ) or Copper Azole (CA). Leaching of copper from treated wood to environment will become one of the most important issues for the wood preserving industry. So far, no wood treatment with the new copper alternatives offers a long term fixation of copper in wood that last as long as CCA does. As a mean to improve the fixation of copper in treated wood, the formulation of a resin designed to penetrate and immobilize copper in the wood cells was undertaken. The use of a biomass-derived pyrolytic oil in the composition of this resin as a percentage of the total phenol base can also reduce the environmental impact associated with the use of petroleum-born phenol. Leaching tests have been conducted with 3 different formulations of resins, containing different ratios of pyrolytic oil : total phenol. The leachates...
Introduction Pyrolysis has become an attractive solution to the growing environmental problems caused by the generational and worldwide accumulation of scrap tires. This approach, which has been under development over the last twenty... more
Introduction Pyrolysis has become an attractive solution to the growing environmental problems caused by the generational and worldwide accumulation of scrap tires. This approach, which has been under development over the last twenty years, is based on the air-free thermal ...
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Research Interests: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Metabolism, Obesity, Biology, and 21 moreModel organisms, Medicine, Multidisciplinary, Energy Metabolism, Chemokines and chemokine receptors, Insulin Resistance, Adipose tissue, Insulin, Liver, Mice, Animals, Male, Muscles, Lipid metabolism, Eating, PLoS one, Homeostasis, Oxygen, Animal models, Gene Expression Regulation, and Motor activity
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Actin assembly on membrane surfaces is an elusive process in which several phosphoinositides (PIPs) have been implicated. We have reconstituted actin assembly using a defined membrane surface, the latex bead phagosome (LBP), and shown... more
Actin assembly on membrane surfaces is an elusive process in which several phosphoinositides (PIPs) have been implicated. We have reconstituted actin assembly using a defined membrane surface, the latex bead phagosome (LBP), and shown that the PI(4,5)P(2)-binding proteins ezrin and/or moesin were essential for this process (). Here, we provide several lines of evidence that both preexisting and newly synthesized PI(4,5)P(2), and probably PI(4)P, are essential for phagosomal actin assembly; only these PIPs were routinely synthesized from ATP during in vitro actin assembly. Treatment of LBP with phospholipase C or with adenosine, an inhibitor of type II PI 4-kinase, as well as preincubation with anti-PI(4)P or anti-PI(4,5)P(2) antibodies all inhibited this process. Incorporation of extra PI(4)P or PI(4,5)P(2) into the LBP membrane led to a fivefold increase in the number of phagosomes that assemble actin. An ezrin mutant mutated in the PI(4,5)P(2)-binding sites was less efficient in binding to LBPs and in reconstituting actin assembly than wild-type ezrin. Our data show that PI 4- and PI 5-kinase, and under some conditions also PI 3-kinase, activities are present on LBPs and can be activated by ATP, even in the absence of GTP or cytosolic components. However, PI 3-kinase activity is not required for actin assembly, because the process was not affected by PI 3-kinase inhibitors. We suggest that the ezrin-dependent actin assembly on the LBP membrane may require active turnover of D4 and D5 PIPs on the organelle membrane.