Tropical almond nut (Terminalia catappa Linn) seeds have potential to be developed into yogurt because has a high nutritional content. In addition, honey has potential to be used as substitute for sugar in process of making yogurt. This... more
Tropical almond nut (Terminalia catappa Linn) seeds have potential to be developed into yogurt because has a high nutritional content. In addition, honey has potential to be used as substitute for sugar in process of making yogurt. This research aims to determine effect of variations concentration honey in Tropical almond nut seed yogurt on the protein content to achieve food security. Variation of addition honey in this research is 6% (w/v), 8% (w/v), and 10% (w/v). Analysis protein content carried out using Kjeldahl method. The results showed that protein content in Tropical almond nut seed yogurt with addition of honey with concentration of 6% (w/v) is 3.06%, 8% (w/v) is 3.11%, and 10% (w/v) is 3.116%. These results had met the requirements of Indonesian National Standards (SNI) number 2981: 2009. The highest protein content was found in yogurt with the addition of 10% (w/v) honey with analysis result of 3.13%.
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The availability of fossil energy is dwindling, so renewable fuels are the alternative choices, one of which is bioethanol. To increase the purity of the ethanol produced via the fermentation process, activated carbon (AC) was made from... more
The availability of fossil energy is dwindling, so renewable fuels are the alternative choices, one of which is bioethanol. To increase the purity of the ethanol produced via the fermentation process, activated carbon (AC) was made from durian (Durio zibethinus) peel. The steps for making AC consist of carbonization (300 °C and 400 °C), chemical activation using phosphoric acid (10–40%), pyrolysis (700 °C and 800 °C), and neutralization. The results showed that the maximum surface area (326.72 m2/g) was obtained from 400 °C carbonization, 800 °C pyrolysis, and activation using a 40% phosphoric acid solution. Other characteristics are the surface area of 326.72 m2/g, pore radius of 1.04 nm, and total pore volume of 0.17 cc/g with phosphate residue in the form a P2O5 molecule of 3.47% by weight, with COOH, OH, CO, C=C, C=O, P-OC, and Fe-O groups with wavenumbers (cm−1), respectively, of 3836, 3225, 2103, 1555, 1143, and 494. The AC also demonstrated the highest number of carbon (86.41...
Yogurt is one of the probiotic products that is commonly consumed and widely developed across the world. This experiment aims to determine the effects of red beans, dates, and starter culture addition on a certain ratio of full cream milk... more
Yogurt is one of the probiotic products that is commonly consumed and widely developed across the world. This experiment aims to determine the effects of red beans, dates, and starter culture addition on a certain ratio of full cream milk powder and characterized by Indonesian National Standard also known as SNI number 2981 :2009. This experiment was conducted with the ratio of red beans to dates (v/v) were 40:60, 50:50, and 60:50 and the starter cultures (%v/v) were 5, 15, and 25. This experiment method consisted of making red beans juice, dates juice and fermentation. The results of the experiment showed that the protein content (%) of the ratio of red beans to dates (v/v) and starter cultures (%v/v) were 40:60 and 5, 50:50 and 5,60:40 and 5; 40:60 and 15, 50:50 and 15, 60:40 and 15; 40:60 and 25; 50:50 and 25, 60:40 and 25 were 3.455, 3.63, 3.335, 2.805, 2.965, 2.915, 2.305, 3.10, and 3.15. While the fat content (%) were 2.22, 2.015, 1.55, 1.58, 1.515, 1.28, 1.27, 2.20, and 1.655...
Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak bumi yang terus menerus akan mengakibatkan kelangkaan bahan bakar minyak. Sumber energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan, salah satunya adalah biodiesel. Bahan baku potensial untuk memproduksi biodiesel yang... more
Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak bumi yang terus menerus akan mengakibatkan kelangkaan bahan bakar minyak. Sumber energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan, salah satunya adalah biodiesel. Bahan baku potensial untuk memproduksi biodiesel yang tidak bersaing dengan bahan baku pangan contohnya adalah biji mahoni (swietenia macrophylla king). Tahapan yang diperlukan dalam percobaan biodiesel adalah proses pengambilan minyak biji mahoni dengan proses penyangraian, degumming, dan proses transesterifikasi. Alat yang diperlukan dalam pembuatan biodiesel yaitu: labu alas bulat dilengkapi kondensor, gelas ukur, pengaduk magnetik, alat-alat gelas lab, dan lain sebagainya. Proses pengambilan minyak dilakukan dengan penyangraian yang hasilnya di degumming dengan asam fosfat 5% b/b pada suhu 80ÂoC selama 15 menit. Degumming bertujuan untuk menghilangkan getah, lendir, protein, resin dan gum. Proses kedua yaitu transesterifikasi dengan metanol 1:6 (minyak dan mtanol) dengan KOH 0,1 N pada suhu 60ÂoC se...
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Penggunaan bioetanol sebagai bahan bakar terus mengalami peningkatan di dunia,khususnya di Indonesia. Penggunaan etanol untuk bahan bakar dapat menurunkanketergantungan terhadap minyak luar negeri, mengurangi polusi udara, dan mengurangi... more
Penggunaan bioetanol sebagai bahan bakar terus mengalami peningkatan di dunia,khususnya di Indonesia. Penggunaan etanol untuk bahan bakar dapat menurunkanketergantungan terhadap minyak luar negeri, mengurangi polusi udara, dan mengurangi dampakpemanasan global. Secara umum produksi bioetanol meliputi tiga proses yaitu hidrolisis,fermentasi dan pemurnian hasil. Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh suhu terhadap kinetika reaksihidrolisis tongkol jagung dengan katalisator asam sulfat encer. Variabel suhu yang diteliti antara433 – 493 K. Model kinetika homogen dipilih untuk mempelajari kinetikanya. Percobaan dilakukandengan memasukkan 1 L larutan asam sulfat 0,18 N dan 300 g tongkol jagung ke dalam autoclave.Ketika mencapai suhu 373 K diambil sebagai waktu 0 menit dan sampel diambil kira-kira 6 ml.Setelah mencapai suhu yang diinginkan, suhu dijaga konstan. Selama proses, setiap 5 menittemperatur dicatat dan diambil sampelnya. Kemudian konsentrasi gula dalam sampel dianalisisdengan metode Fehling. Percobaan dijalankan pada variabel suhu. Percobaan menghasilkan datasuhu dan konsentrasi gula pada berbagai waktu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kinetikareaksi hidrolisis dapat didekati dengan model homogen orde dua semu. Pengaruh suhu terhadapkonstanta kecepatan reaksi mengikuti persamaan Arrhenius, dengan nilai k sebesar 1.3987.10-3,2.1658.10-3, 3.6974.10-3, dan 5.8996.10-3 L/(mol.menit) untuk masing-masing suhu 433, 453, 473,and 493 K. Kata kunci: bioetanol, hidrolisis, homogen, kinetika, tongkol jagung
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... hidroksida (NaOH), dan sodium metilat (NaOCH3), sedangkan katalis asam adalah H2SO4. Katalis yang lebih umum digunakan adalah katalis basa, karena katalis basa tidak bersifat korosif dan reaksi transesterifikasi berlangsung lebih... more
... hidroksida (NaOH), dan sodium metilat (NaOCH3), sedangkan katalis asam adalah H2SO4. Katalis yang lebih umum digunakan adalah katalis basa, karena katalis basa tidak bersifat korosif dan reaksi transesterifikasi berlangsung lebih cepat (Darmoko dan Munir, 2000). ...
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The production of bioethanol from microalgae goes through several stages, including cultivation, harvesting, drying, storage, and conversion to bioethanol. Nearly 40% of the total energy consumed in the bioethanol production from... more
The production of bioethanol from microalgae goes through several stages, including cultivation, harvesting, drying, storage, and conversion to bioethanol. Nearly 40% of the total energy consumed in the bioethanol production from microalgae is from drying. This research aims to study the drying rate model of Chlorella pyrenoidosa using an oven. The drying is carried out at the temperatures of 50, 60, and 70 oC. The initial moisture content of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was 317.798% dry weight. The results showed that at the temperatures of 50, 60, and 70 oC, the critical moisture content was 9.108, 7.583, and 6.93% dry weight, while the equilibrium moisture content was 3.172, 3.158, and 3.109% dry weight. The most optimal drying is at 70 oC and the drying rate gets faster as the temperature does too. The Page model is better at describing the drying rate of Chlorella pyrenoidosa using an oven than the Newton model. The drying speed constants (k) were 0.00056, 0.00061, and 0.00208, at 50,...
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Snake fruit peel is an organic waste that is often not utilized, while the flower of the butterfly pea is known as a natural dye for food and beverages. The COVID-19 pandemic causes susceptibility to the human body. Therefore, it is... more
Snake fruit peel is an organic waste that is often not utilized, while the flower of the butterfly pea is known as a natural dye for food and beverages. The COVID-19 pandemic causes susceptibility to the human body. Therefore, it is necessary to process healthy drinks in order to utilize organic waste. This community service program activity aims to introduce fermented food processing to the community, especially the Family Welfare Development (PKK) Group RT 3 RW 3, Ngijo Village, Gunungpati District, Semarang City by utilizing snake fruit peel (Salacca zalacca) and butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) as kombucha tea. The method of this program is in the form of delivering material either through posters, videos, demonstrations, and youtube links. A positive response was given by community after conducting a taste test on the product that was socialized in the form of many questions submitted including other alternative raw materials and the volume of kombucha tea served. This ...
One of the microalgae that can be potentially used to produce bioethanol is Chlorella vulgaris, as it is rich in carbohydrates. However, the carbohydrates in C. vulgaris cannot be converted directly into ethanol. This study aimed to... more
One of the microalgae that can be potentially used to produce bioethanol is Chlorella vulgaris, as it is rich in carbohydrates. However, the carbohydrates in C. vulgaris cannot be converted directly into ethanol. This study aimed to investigate the chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of C. vulgaris, which is subsequently followed by fermentation. The catalysts used in the chemical hydrolysis were hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide, while the enzymes used were the mixture of alpha-amylase + glucoamylase, alpha-amylase + cellulase, and alpha-amylase + glucoamylase + cellulase. The hydrolysate obtained from chemical hydrolysis was fermented through Separate Hydrolysis Fermentation (SHF), while the one from enzymatic hydrolysis was fermented through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF), in which both processes used S. cerevisiae. After undergoing five hours of enzymatic hydrolysis (using alpha-amylase + glucoamylase), the maximum glucose concentra...
This study focuses on the effect of fortification with soybean flour and fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus on the nutrition of sorghum flour. The result shows that pre-treatment by using dilute alkali solution for 10 h could reduce... more
This study focuses on the effect of fortification with soybean flour and fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus on the nutrition of sorghum flour. The result shows that pre-treatment by using dilute alkali solution for 10 h could reduce condensed tannins up to 86.92 %. After 60 h of fermentation, the amount of condensed tannins decreased gradually to 0.24 %. The optimum of the fortification and fermentation experiment characterized by 0.29 % of condensed tannins and 9.09 % of crude protein. These values were obtained by using 7.5 % (w/w) of soybean flour fortification and 2.5 % (w/w) of R. oligosporus. The highest swelling power was obtained 8.15 g/g at 95 °C and the water solubility index reaches 26.15 % after fortification and fermentation for 60 h which is caused by changes in the structure of sorghum flour. The proximate analysis shows the results of 79.5 % carbohydrate, 3.1 % fat, 4.8 % moisture content, and 1.6 % ash content. Fermentation using R. oligosporus and fortification...
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Antosianin merupakan sumber bahan pewarna alami, di mana selain karotenoid, klorofil, dan flavonoid yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mendukung performa Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) atau sel surya peka warna. Ekstraksi dengan metode... more
Antosianin merupakan sumber bahan pewarna alami, di mana selain karotenoid, klorofil, dan flavonoid yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mendukung performa Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) atau sel surya peka warna. Ekstraksi dengan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) meningkatkan hasil dan laju reaksi. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan variabel penelitian daya microwave yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh daya microwave dalam proses ekstraksi antosanin bunga dadap merah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gelombang mikro dalam microwave mampu mempercepat proses ekstraksi dibutuhkan 12-15 menit dengan daya 300 W, 450 W dan 600 W. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa total antosianin yang dihasilkan secara berurutan 9,518 mg/L (menit ke-12 daya, 300W); 2,755 mg/L (menit ke-15, daya 450W) dan 2,839 mg/L (menit ke-12, daya 600W). Ekstraksi antosianin dadap merah menggunakan mikrowave lebih cepat 10 kali dan lebih besar yield 3-10 kali daripada konvensional 180 menit (0,8350 mg/L
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S. platensis is a microalga that contains carbohydrate composition of 30.21% which makes it potential to be used as raw material for ethanol production. Hydrolysis of S. platensis is the first step for converting its carbohydrates into... more
S. platensis is a microalga that contains carbohydrate composition of 30.21% which makes it potential to be used as raw material for ethanol production. Hydrolysis of S. platensis is the first step for converting its carbohydrates into monosaccharides. The second step is fermentation of monosaccharides into ethanol. This research aims to study the effect of temperature and microalgae concentration on the hydrolysis of S. platensis using sulfuric acid as catalyst. This research was conducted using 300 mL sulfuric acid of 2 mol/L, hydrolysis temperatures of 70, 80 and 90 °C, and microalgae concentrations of 20, 26.7, and 33.3 g/L. The effect of temperature is significant in the hydrolysis of S. platensis using sulfuric acid. At microalgae concentration of 20 g/L and hydrolysis time of 35 minutes, the higher the temperatures (70, 80, and 90 °C), the more the glucose yields would be (8.9, 13.5, and 22.9%). This temperature effect got stronger when the hydrolysis was running for 15 minut...
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Minyak mawar merupakan salah satu produk minyak bunga yang memungkinkan diproduksi di Indonesia dengan kualitas ekspor. Manfaat dari minyak mawar adalah untuk parfum, kosmestik, dan obat-obatan. Minyak mawar dapat diproduksi dengan... more
Minyak mawar merupakan salah satu produk minyak bunga yang memungkinkan diproduksi di Indonesia dengan kualitas ekspor. Manfaat dari minyak mawar adalah untuk parfum, kosmestik, dan obat-obatan. Minyak mawar dapat diproduksi dengan menggunakan metode diantaranya maserasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui rendemen minyak atsiri mawar merah (Rosa damascena) dan komponen minyak atsiri yang terambil dengan etanol dan n-heksana. Bahan baku yang digunakan berupa mahkota bunga mawar sebanyak 50 gram yang dipotong kecil-kecil, kemudian direndam dalam pelarut dengan perbandingan 1:3. Pelarut yang digunakan yaitu etanol dan n-heksana. Proses maserasi dilakukan dengan pengadukan selama 1 menit secara manual pada suhu ruang dan didiamkan selama 12 jam di tempat tertutup dan gelap (tanpa terkena cahaya). Hasil maserasi berupa ekstrak mawar dipisahkan dengan cara penyaringan dan pemerasan bunga. Filtrat yang mengandung minyak bunga mawar dievaporasi dengan rotary vacuum evaporator. Masera...
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Pohon ketapang sering dijadikan sebagai pohon peneduh di taman-taman dan tepi jalan. Adanya kandungan minyak pada biji ketapang dimungkinkan untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi metil ester (biodiesel). Biodiesel merupakan salah satu bahan bakar... more
Pohon ketapang sering dijadikan sebagai pohon peneduh di taman-taman dan tepi jalan. Adanya kandungan minyak pada biji ketapang dimungkinkan untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi metil ester (biodiesel). Biodiesel merupakan salah satu bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar diesel yang dibuat dari bahan baku yang dapat diperbaharui seperti minyak nabati dan lemak hewan. Sintesis biodiesel terdiri dari ekstraksi biji ketapang dan transesterifikasi menggunakan metanol dan minyak biji ketapang dengan perbandingan mol metanol terhadap minyak yang digunakan adalah 6:1 dengan katalis basa sebesar 0,5-1% berat minyak. Rendemen metil ester minyak biji ketapang dari Kampus Unnes Sekaran lebih besar dari Kampus UI Depok, yaitu 85,067% serta hasil analisis metil ester minyak biji ketapang dari Kampus Unnes Sekaran memenuhi persyaratan Biodiesel SNI 04-7182-2006. Kata kunci: metil ester, biji ketapang, rendemen metil ester
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The use of natural dyes in various fields of technology today can use plants because it can be renewed, dadap merah flowers become one of the sources of anthocyanin color pigments that are found in Indonesia. This study aims to determine... more
The use of natural dyes in various fields of technology today can use plants because it can be renewed, dadap merah flowers become one of the sources of anthocyanin color pigments that are found in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the best acid solvents in the extraction process in terms of total anthocyanin levels. The dadap merah extraction process is carried out by microwave using the microwave method. Microwave power used was 600 W. Anthocyanin extraction was carried out with different solvents namely Journal of Chemical Process Engineering e-ISSN Number 2655 2967 34 acidified ethanol using 4% citric acid, 4% tartaric acid and 1% HCl. The solvent ratio used is 1:25 and the time is 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 minutes. The highest level of anthocyanin obtained by each solvent was tested for its color intensity characteristics. The highest anthocyanin extraction using 4% citric acid was obtained at 3.673754647 mg / L in 12 minutes. The highest anthocyanin using 4% tartaric acid was o...
Chlorella pyrenoidosa is a microalgae species that contains proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals. Due to its compounds, the researchers have attempted to make bioethanol using C. pyrenoidosa through a... more
Chlorella pyrenoidosa is a microalgae species that contains proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals. Due to its compounds, the researchers have attempted to make bioethanol using C. pyrenoidosa through a biorefinery approach. However, the ratio of bioethanol production towards the raw material needs of C. pyrenoidosa is still small because of its low carbohydrate content. Thus, in this research, vinasse is used as its growth medium to increase the carbohydrate content. The research objective is to study the effect of vinasse volume ratio and nutrient addition towards the size, optical density, carbohydrate composition, growth rate of the C. pyrenoidosa, and its evaluation as a biorefinery raw material. C. pyrenoidosa was cultivated in freshwater and vinasse (20 and 30% v/v) in mini ponds, equipped with lighting using 3280 lumens lamp, aeration with air, and Guillard as nutrient. In vinasse, the cultivation was done with and without periodic nutrient...
Hydrolysis is an important step in the degradation of holo-cellulose to monohydrates for bio-ethanol production. Ethanol from sugarcane bagasse is very prospective, because the cellulose content is high (40.27%) and its amount is very... more
Hydrolysis is an important step in the degradation of holo-cellulose to monohydrates for bio-ethanol production. Ethanol from sugarcane bagasse is very prospective, because the cellulose content is high (40.27%) and its amount is very abundant. The purpose of this study was to study the optimization of hydrolysis conditions of sugarcane bagasse with dilute sulfuric acid catalyst based on reaction kinetics. The hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was carried out at various sulfuric acid concentrations (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 mol/L), temperatures (70, 80, 90, 100 °C), and times (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 min). The hydrolysis kinetics are solved by a homogeneous reaction approach accompanied by sugar degradation. The results showed that the catalyst concentrations, temperatures, and times greatly influenced the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The higher the temperature and catalyst concentration, the higher the hydrolysis reaction and sugar degradation will be. As a result, the longer the hydrolysis, the lower the sugar concentration will be. The degradation of sugar began to be seen at 90 °C and the catalyst concentration was 0.5 mol/L. The simulation results showed that the order of hydrolysis reaction is 1 and sugar degradation is 2. The correlation between the activation energy and the catalyst concentration can be expressed by the equation ln (Ehyd) = 11.593 - 0.0329Ccat and ln (Edeg) = 10.869 - 0.0785Ccat for hydrolysis and sugar degradation, respectively. The optimum sugar concentration obtained was 0.002 mol/L at 100 °C, catalyst concentration 0.567 mol/L and 40 min.Hydrolysis is an important step in the degradation of holo-cellulose to monohydrates for bio-ethanol production. Ethanol from sugarcane bagasse is very prospective, because the cellulose content is high (40.27%) and its amount is very abundant. The purpose of this study was to study the optimization of hydrolysis conditions of sugarcane bagasse with dilute sulfuric acid catalyst based on reaction kinetics. The hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was carried out at various sulfuric acid concentrations (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 mol/L), temperatures (70, 80, 90, 100 °C), and times (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 min). The hydrolysis kinetics are solved by a homogeneous reaction approach accompanied by sugar degradation. The results showed that the catalyst concentrations, temperatures, and times greatly influenced the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The higher the temperature and catalyst concentration, the higher the hydrolysis reaction and sugar degradation will be. As a result, the longer the hydrolysis, the lower the sugar c...
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The Tetraselmis chuii microalgae have a potential as an alternative raw material for producing bioethanol, because of its low lignin and high carbohydrate content. The purpose of this research is to study the kinetics of enzymatic... more
The Tetraselmis chuii microalgae have a potential as an alternative raw material for producing bioethanol, because of its low lignin and high carbohydrate content. The purpose of this research is to study the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of Tetraselmis chuii using Valjamae model. This experiment was carried out with a variety of enzymes (cellulase, xylanase, and cellulase-xylanase mixture, enzyme concentrations (10, 20, and 30% w/w), times (10, 20, 30, and 40 min), and temperatures (40 and 45 °C). The results show that the activation energy of hydrolysis using cellulase-xylanase mixture is 27,253 J/mol, xylanase 116,121J/mol, and cellulose 140,914 J/mol. At 45 °C, the concentration of the cellulase-xylanase mixture increased (10, 20, and 30% w/w), the reaction rate constants (0.028, 0.110, and 0.171 1/min) as well as the fractal exponents (0.4, 0.6, and 0.7). Thus, the glucose production rate is higher, where at 40 minutes produces higher yields (23.5, 25.5, 28.5, and 32.5%). In...
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The utilization of biomass as a source of new and renewable energy is being carried out. One of the technologies to convert biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis which is converting biomass into more valuable products, such as bio-oil.... more
The utilization of biomass as a source of new and renewable energy is being carried out. One of the technologies to convert biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis which is converting biomass into more valuable products, such as bio-oil. Bio-oil is a liquid which is produced by steam condensation process from the pyrolysis of coconut shells. The composition of a coconut shell e.g. hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin will be oxidized to phenolic compounds as the main component of the bio-oil. The phenolic compounds in bio-oil are corrosive; they cause various difficulties in the combustion system because of a high viscosity, low calorific value, corrosiveness, and instability. Phenolic compounds are very valuable components which phenol has used as the main component for the manufacture of antiseptic, disinfectant (known as Lysol) and deodorizer. The experiments typically occurred at the atmospheric pressure in a pyrolysis reactor at temperatures ranging from 300 <sup>o</su...
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Cockspur coral (Erythrina crista-galli L) petals are flowers that contain anthocyanins and active compounds of flavonoids and tannins. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions for the anthocyanin extraction process of cockspur... more
Cockspur coral (Erythrina crista-galli L) petals are flowers that contain anthocyanins and active compounds of flavonoids and tannins. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions for the anthocyanin extraction process of cockspur coral petals using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), analyzed through the Response Surface Method (RSM). This process uses ethanol-hydrochloric acid solvents and a Box-Behnken experimental design involving three factors, namely the solvent ratios (w/v) (1:5, 1:15, and 1:25), microwave powers (300, 450, and 600 watts), and extraction times (3, 9, and 15 minutes). As a result, the second-order polynomial model was enhanced and sufficient to explain the variation of the data that denoted the significant correlation with the independent variables and the response. Derringer's desired function methodology was used for optimizing studies and generated ideal conditions for each or combined an independent variable. The optimum anthocyanin extract of...
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Amorphophallus oncophyllus or commonly known as porang is a group of Aracea tubers. Porang has a high economic value and prebiotic source of oligosaccharides because it contains glucomannan. Porang flour contains about 67.5% glucomannan.... more
Amorphophallus oncophyllus or commonly known as porang is a group of Aracea tubers. Porang has a high economic value and prebiotic source of oligosaccharides because it contains glucomannan. Porang flour contains about 67.5% glucomannan. Glucomannan is used as an emulsifier and stabilizer in the food, beverage and cosmetics products industry and as an ingredient for supplements and food additives because of its high fibres content. In this study, glucomannan purification can be optimized by using chemicals with modified maceration techniques with a stirring and washing machine using ethanol and glucomannan analysis using phenol sulphuric acid test in order to determine the decrease in sugar in porang flour. The purpose of this study was to determine the highest glucomannan content from several parameters such as the concentration of hydrochloric acid catalyst, stirring time, temperature, and the ratio of samples to solvents. The optimum conditions for the extraction process were at ...
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Coal tar is a liquid by-product of coal pyrolysis processes. This liquid oil mixture contains various kind of useful compounds such as benzoic aromatic compounds and phenolic compounds. These compounds are widely used as raw material for... more
Coal tar is a liquid by-product of coal pyrolysis processes. This liquid oil mixture contains various kind of useful compounds such as benzoic aromatic compounds and phenolic compounds. These compounds are widely used as raw material for insecticides, dyes, medicines, perfumes, coloring matters, and many others. The coal tar was collected by pyrolysis process of coal obtained from PT Kaltim Prima Coal and Arutmin-Kalimantan. The experiments typically occurred at the atmospheric pressure in a laboratory furnace at temperatures ranging from 300 to 550oC with a heating rate of 10oC/min and a holding time of 1 hour at the pyrolysis temperature. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) was used to analyze the coal tar components. The obtained coal tar has the viscosity of 3.12 cp, the density of 2.78 g/cm3, the calorific value of 11,048.44 cal/g, and the molecular weight of 222.67. The analysis result showed that the coal tar contained more than 78 chemical compounds such as benze...
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Sodium alginate is the polymer matrix most commonly used for the immobilization of cells, enzymes, and microalgae for various purposes. One of the bead immobilization preparations is the droplet extrusion method in which CaCl2 is the... more
Sodium alginate is the polymer matrix most commonly used for the immobilization of cells, enzymes, and microalgae for various purposes. One of the bead immobilization preparations is the droplet extrusion method in which CaCl2 is the adsorbent. However, the use of CaCl2, which is a cross-linking agent, can increase alginate susceptibility. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the application of immobilized cells in the form of reused beads for the production of biohydrogen and bioethanol, as well as beads for removing heavy metals from wastewater, and removing potassium from vinasse. Meanwhile, the immobilized cells used were cow dung, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), and D. subspicatus. All reported applications have shown that the initial bead shape of the drip extrusion method was spherical. However, over time the alginate beads become eroded due to repeated use. Round beads occurred when using 2% alginate concentration and the performance was optimum co...
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This research aims to study the hydrolysis of passion fruit peel using cellulase and its evaluation for ethanol production. Passion fruit peel is a fruit processing waste that has not been utilized properly. Passion fruit peel contains... more
This research aims to study the hydrolysis of passion fruit peel using cellulase and its evaluation for ethanol production. Passion fruit peel is a fruit processing waste that has not been utilized properly. Passion fruit peel contains holo-cellulose (64% w/w), which can be converted into ethanol through hydrolysis followed by fermentation. Hydrolysis using cellulase is more efficient and its fermentation using yeast to produce ethanol is common. The hydrolysis is carried out at various enzyme ratios (3, 5, 7, and 9% v/v) and at temperature 30 oC, material concentration 5 g/100 mL, pH 4-5, and shaking speed 160 rpm. The kinetics chosen were heterogeneous models; they were the fractal model by Valjamae and Kopelman. Before being hydrolyzed, the essential oil and pectin in passion fruit peel were extracted, because the compositions were quite high; the results were around 16.23 and 11.36% w/w, respectively. The effect of the enzyme ratio to the sugar concentration by hydrolysis is ver...
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Dioscorea esculenta or known as gembili in Indonesian is a tuber that can grow easily in almost tropical areas. Gembili is one of the important food sources in the tropical regions. It contains 22.44% carbohydrate which makes it very... more
Dioscorea esculenta or known as gembili in Indonesian is a tuber that can grow easily in almost tropical areas. Gembili is one of the important food sources in the tropical regions. It contains 22.44% carbohydrate which makes it very potential to be developed into tuber flour. This study aims to improve the quality of gembili flour by assessing the effect of several parameters such as oxidation time, the ratio of slurry, and agent concentration on swelling power level. The optimum condition of the oxidation process was at the ratio of slurry 10% with 2% of H2O2 concentration and 60 min operation time that presented the swelling power level of 7 (g/g). Therefore, this swelling power of gembili flour complies with American wheat standards.
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Enriched–immobilized mixed culture was utilized to produce biohydrogen in mesophilic condition under anaerobic condition using rotten orange as substrate. The process was conducted in batch reactors for 100 hours. Microbial cultures from... more
Enriched–immobilized mixed culture was utilized to produce biohydrogen in mesophilic condition under anaerobic condition using rotten orange as substrate. The process was conducted in batch reactors for 100 hours. Microbial cultures from three different sources were subject to a series of enrichment and immobilized in two different types of media, i.e. calcium alginate (CA, 2%) and mixture of alginate and activated carbon (CAC, 1:1). The performance of immobilized culture in each media was tested for biohydrogen production using four different substrate compositions, namely orange meat (OM), orange meat added with peel (OMP), orange meat added with limonene (OML), and mixture of orange meat and peel added with limonene (OMPL). The results show that, with immobilized culture in CA, the variation of substrate composition gave significant effect on the production of biohydrogen. The highest production of biohydrogen was detected for substrate containing only orange meet, i.e. 2.5%, which was about 3-5 times higher than biohydrogen production from other compositions of substrate. The use of immobilized culture in CAC in general has increased the hydrogen production by 2-7 times depending on the composition of substrate, i.e. 5.4%, 4.8%, 5.1%, and 4.4% for OM, OMP, OML, and OMPL, respectively. The addition of activated carbon has eliminated the effect of inhibitory compounds in the substrate. The major soluble metabolites were acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid.
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One of the microalgae that can be potentially used to produce bioethanol is Chlorella vulgaris, as it is rich in carbohydrates. However, the carbohydrates in C. vulgaris cannot be converted directly into ethanol. This study aimed to... more
One of the microalgae that can be potentially used to produce bioethanol is Chlorella vulgaris, as it is rich in carbohydrates. However, the carbohydrates in C. vulgaris cannot be converted directly into ethanol. This study aimed to investigate the chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of C. vulgaris, which is subsequently followed by fermentation. The catalysts used in the chemical hydrolysis were hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide, while the enzymes used were the mixture of alpha-amylase + glucoamylase, alpha-amylase + cellulase, and alpha-amylase + glucoamylase + cellulase. The hydrolysate obtained from chemical hydrolysis was fermented through Separate Hydrolysis Fermentation (SHF), while the one from enzymatic hydrolysis was fermented through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF), in which both processes used S. cerevisiae. After undergoing five hours of enzymatic hydrolysis (using alpha-amylase + glucoamylase), the maximum glucose concentra...
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AbstractFuel cell is a renewable energy source that does not create any negative effect to the environment. One of the advantage of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is its tolerance to fuel contaminants. This research is aimed to study... more
AbstractFuel cell is a renewable energy source that does not create any negative effect to the environment. One of the advantage of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is its tolerance to fuel contaminants. This research is aimed to study the effect of propane addition into fuel gas on SOFC'S characters. SOFC tested during this research consists of main components functioned as feed gas distributor, and insulator made of asbestos and C-12 high alumina. SOFC's characters studied in this research including optimum operating conditions, polarization, and expected life time of the cell. The test results show that optimum operating conditions of tested SOFC are 700ºC, 45 mL H/minute and 225 mL air/minute. Cell using 22,2 %-vol propane in the fuel gives a longer lifetime, a smaller maximum current, and a higher voltage efficiency than such using hydrogen only as fuel. Propane concentration in fuel gas up to 22,2 %-vol has not any significant influence to cell voltage. The obtained po...
Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk memperkenalkan teknologi pangan kepada ibu-ibu PKK RT03/RW03, Kelurahan Ngijo, Kecamatan Gunungpati, Semarang dengan memanfaatkan daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) sebagai permen jelly dan teh seduh.... more
Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk memperkenalkan teknologi pangan kepada ibu-ibu PKK RT03/RW03, Kelurahan Ngijo, Kecamatan Gunungpati, Semarang dengan memanfaatkan daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) sebagai permen jelly dan teh seduh. Target luaran yang diharapkan antara lain masyarakat dapat berwirausaha sehingga kesejahteraan keluarga dapat ditingkatkan. Hasil dari program pengabdian masyarakat yang telah dilakukan ini adalah sebagai berikut: aspek penerapan iptek produk pangan dipandang sangat efektif untuk membangun kemandirian masyarakat yang berbasis potensi lokal yakni pemanfaatan daun kersen dan aspek manfaat yang dihasilkan dari program ini sangat besar yaitu meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat untuk memanfaatkan potensi pohon kersen terutama daunnya untuk dibuat menjadi permen jelly dan teh seduh sebagai bahan minuman herbal, meningkatnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat bidang pengolahan daun kersen untuk dibuat permen jelly dan teh seduh serta menumbuhkan motivasi b...
Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk memperkenalkan teknologi pangan kepada ibu-ibu PKK RT03/RW03, Kelurahan Ngijo, Kecamatan Gunungpati, Semarang dengan memanfaatkan biji Durian (Durio zibethinus) dan biji Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)... more
Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk memperkenalkan teknologi pangan kepada ibu-ibu PKK RT03/RW03, Kelurahan Ngijo, Kecamatan Gunungpati, Semarang dengan memanfaatkan biji Durian (Durio zibethinus) dan biji Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) sebagai keripik. Target luaran yang diharapkan antara lain masyarakat dapat berwirausaha sehingga kesejahteraan keluarga dapat ditingkatkan. Hasil dari program pengabdian masyarakat yang telah dilakukan ini adalah sebagai berikut: aspek penerapan iptek produk pangan dipandang sangat efektif untuk membangun kemandirian masyarakat yang berbasis potensi lokal yakni pemanfaatan biji durian dan biji rambutan, dan aspek manfaat yang dihasilkan dari program ini sangat besar yaitu meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat untuk memanfaatkan potensi pohon Durian dan Rambutan terutama bijinya untuk dibuat menjadi keripik, meningkatnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat bidang pengolahan biji durian dan rambutan untuk dibuat keripik serta menumbuhkan motivasi berwira...
The objective of this research is to study the influence of temperature on drying and changes in carbohydrate composition during the drying. Chlorella pyrenoidosa was dried in oven at various temperatures and initial weight 2 g. The... more
The objective of this research is to study the influence of temperature on drying and changes in carbohydrate composition during the drying. Chlorella pyrenoidosa was dried in oven at various temperatures and initial weight 2 g. The initial moisture content of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was 487.2% dry weight and the composition was hemicellulose (62.76), cellulose (2.39), and lignin (0.46% dry weight). Every 5 min, the moisture content was recorded. The critical moisture contents of Chlorella pyrenoidosa at 50, 60, and 70 °C are 7.2, 3.9, and 3.1% dry weight, respectively. Meanwhile, the equilibrium water contents are 0.53, 0.32, and 0.12% dry weight, respectively. The carbohydrate content in Chlorella pyrenoidosa cell as a result FTIR analysis indicates that the higher temperature of drying the carbohydrate content increases. Drying of Chlorella pyrenoidosa at temperatures of 50, 60, and 70 °C will decrease moisture content without disturb carbohydrate molecule, so the carbohydrate cont...
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Biohydrogen production via dark fermentation is a prospective renewable energy technology. In the process, reused of immobilized mixed culture is very important as their activities greatly influencehydrogen production. The aim of this... more
Biohydrogen production via dark fermentation is a prospective renewable energy technology. In the process, reused of immobilized mixed culture is very important as their activities greatly influencehydrogen production. The aim of this work was to evaluate the reuse of alginate beads affecting the biohydrogen production for 45 days. This study in batch reactor were performed using glucose 10 M as substrate, alginate and activated carbon as immobilization matrix materials, chicken eggshell as buffer, and cow dung biodigester as mixed culture. Hydrogen and pH on fermentation product are investigated by gas chromatography (GC) technique and pH meter, respectively. The colony diameter on immobilized and co-immobilized mixed culture was observed using optical microscope and colony diameter was measured using Image-Pro Plus Software v4.5.0.29. The surface morphology of immobilization and co-immobilization beads were determined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed th...
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Rotten oranges contain glucose and limonene, in which limonene is an inhibitor of microorganisms. Immobilization of mixed culture used the entrapment method is the easiest method of protecting the mixed culture from inhibitors. Entrapment... more
Rotten oranges contain glucose and limonene, in which limonene is an inhibitor of microorganisms. Immobilization of mixed culture used the entrapment method is the easiest method of protecting the mixed culture from inhibitors. Entrapment method with extrusion drip is an efficient and effective technique to produce beads. This study aims to determine the adsorption rate of adsorbate (glucose and limonene) on the adsorbent surface (beads). Materials used in this study were glucose, DL-limonene, mixed culture, and beads. Three types of beads consisted of alginate - no mixed culture (A), alginate and activated carbon - no mixed culture (CA), alginate and activated carbon - free mixed culture (CB). Adsorption column consist of 30 ml nutrient, 15 mL substrate, and 5 mL beads. If the beads do not contain mixed culture, nutrients and substrate were replaced by aquadest. The reactor was done in a batch system at 37oC. The lowest order of beads ability to adsorb glucose were AG followed by C...