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Several cognitive models of time estimation have been proposed. We discuss the different role of attention in prospective and retrospective time estimation processes, the empirical evidences and methodological problems in the study of... more
Several cognitive models of time estimation have been proposed. We discuss the different role of attention in prospective and retrospective time estimation processes, the empirical evidences and methodological problems in the study of attention, and the relationship between attention, temporal uncertainly and temporal relevance-toward a general theoretical framework for understanding time estimation processes.
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In natural decision situations, the decision space and structure are based on the decision maker’s subjective perceptions. Individual differences in compensatory decision-making style and need for closure were hypothesized to associate... more
In natural decision situations, the decision space and structure are based on the decision maker’s subjective perceptions. Individual differences in compensatory decision-making style and need for closure were hypothesized to associate with the subjective complexity of a natural decision-making structure and with its perceived difficulty. These associations were investigated among 120 high school students choosing a major. In a standard
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Abstract. Most theorists propose that when,a person is aware that a duration judgment must be made (prospective paradigm), experienced duration depends on attention to temporal information, which competes with attention to... more
Abstract. Most theorists propose that when,a person is aware that a duration judgment must be made (prospective paradigm), experienced duration depends on attention to temporal information, which competes with attention to nontemporal,information. When a person is not aware that a duration judgment must be made until later (retrospective paradigm), remembered duration depends on incidental memory,for temporal information. In the present
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Identifying which thinking mode, intuitive or analytical, yields better decisions has been a major subject of inquiry by decision-making researchers. Yet studies show contradictory results. One possibility is that the ambiguity is due to... more
Identifying which thinking mode, intuitive or analytical, yields better decisions has been a major subject of inquiry by decision-making researchers. Yet studies show contradictory results. One possibility is that the ambiguity is due to the variability in experimental conditions across studies. Our hypothesis is that decision quality depends critically on the level of compatibility between the thinking mode employed in the decision and the nature of the decision-making task. In two experiments, we pitted intuition and analytical thinking against each other on tasks that were either mainly intuitive or mainly analytical. Thinking modes, as well as task characteristics, were manipulated in a factorial design, with choice transitivity as the dependent measure. Results showed higher choice consistency (transitivity) when thinking mode and the characteristics of the decision task were compatible.
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Here, we explored the effect of exposure to threat versus neutral stimuli on time perception in anxious (n=29) and non-anxious (n=29) individuals using predictions from the attentional gate model (AGM) of time perception. Results indicate... more
Here, we explored the effect of exposure to threat versus neutral stimuli on time perception in anxious (n=29) and non-anxious (n=29) individuals using predictions from the attentional gate model (AGM) of time perception. Results indicate that relative to non-anxious individuals, anxious individuals subjectively experience time as moving more slowly when exposed to short (2-second) presentations of threat stimuli, and that
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The effects of attention on brightness perception was investigated in four experiments. In the first three, subjects estimated the brightness of a briefly presented small grey square by selecting a number that corresponded to one of four... more
The effects of attention on brightness perception was investigated in four experiments. In the first three, subjects estimated the brightness of a briefly presented small grey square by selecting a number that corresponded to one of four possible squares varying on a lightness-darkness dimension. In the last experiment, subjects matched the brightness of two peripheral squares, one attended and one unattended. When the stimulus appeared on a white background (Experiments 1, 2, and 4a) it was judged as brighter when attention was directed to its location than when attention was diverted to another location. When the stimulus appeared on a dark background (Experiments 3 and 4b), the opposite pattern of results was obtained: the attended stimulus was judged as darker than the unattended one. These results show that attention reduces the perceived contrast between the stimulus and its background, suggesting that attention enables subjects to provide a more veridical judgement of stimulus brightness by limiting processing resources to the square itself, at the expense of the surrounding background. As attention produced a directional brightness effect rather than just an improvement in report accuracy, the results can be attributed to early perceptual processing effects, hence providing support for early selection views of attention.
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A meta-analytic review compared prospective and retrospective judgments of duration, or duration judgment paradigm. Some theorists have concluded that the two paradigms involve similar cognitive processes, whereas others have found that... more
A meta-analytic review compared prospective and retrospective judgments of duration, or duration judgment paradigm. Some theorists have concluded that the two paradigms involve similar cognitive processes, whereas others have found that they involve different processes. A review of 20 experiments revealed that prospective judgments are longer and less variable than are retrospective judgments. Several theoretically important variables moderate these effects, especially those concerned with information processing activities. Therefore, somewhat different cognitive processes subserve experienced and remembered duration. Attentional models are needed to explain prospective judgments, and memory-based models are needed to explain retrospective judgments. These findings clarify models of human duration judgment and suggest directions for future research. Evidence on duration judgments may also influence models of attention and memory.
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ABSTRACT
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... decision as more difficult than other students. 2. Method. 2.1. Participants. A sample of 120 tenth-grade students in a high school in Tel Aviv, 41 boys and 79 girls, ages 15–16, participated in the study. The study took place about 3... more
... decision as more difficult than other students. 2. Method. 2.1. Participants. A sample of 120 tenth-grade students in a high school in Tel Aviv, 41 boys and 79 girls, ages 15–16, participated in the study. The study took place about 3 ...
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Research Interests: Marketing, Psychology, Cognitive Science, Perception, Decision Making, and 16 moreIntuition, Risk Taking, Israel, Students, Uncertainty, Humans, Judgment, Risk Perception, Gambling, Female, Male, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Decision Maker, and Choice Behavior
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Page 1. 12 VOLUME 6, NUMBER 1, FEBRUARY 1997 Temporal Cognition Dan Zakay and Richard A. Block1 Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel (DZ), and Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman,... more
Page 1. 12 VOLUME 6, NUMBER 1, FEBRUARY 1997 Temporal Cognition Dan Zakay and Richard A. Block1 Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel (DZ), and Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana (RA.B.) ...