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    Davide Schiffer

    The suppressor of Lin-12-like (C. elegans) (SEL1L) is involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation pathway, malignant transformation and stem cells.In 412 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded brain tumors and 39... more
    The suppressor of Lin-12-like (C. elegans) (SEL1L) is involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation pathway, malignant transformation and stem cells.In 412 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded brain tumors and 39 Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines, we determined the frequency of five SEL1L single nucleotide genetic variants with regulatory and coding functions by a SNaPShot™ assay. We tested their possible association with brain tumor risk, prognosis and therapy.We studied the in vitro cytotoxicity of valproic acid (VPA), temozolomide (TMZ), doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX), alone or in combination, on 11 GBM cell lines, with respect to the SNP rs12435998 genotype.The SNP rs12435998 was prevalent in anaplastic and malignant gliomas, and in meningiomas of all histologic grades, but unrelated to brain tumor risks. In GBM patients, the SNP rs12435998 was associated with prolonged overall survival (OS) and better response to TMZ-based radio-chemotherapy. ...
    ABSTRACT Nel campo dei tumori cerebrali si svolge un gioco a quattro fra neurochirurgo, neuropatologo o patologo, neuro-oncologo e neuroradiologo. Le tecniche chirurgiche sono cambiate nel tempo e così quelle di neuroradiologia (Risonanza... more
    ABSTRACT Nel campo dei tumori cerebrali si svolge un gioco a quattro fra neurochirurgo, neuropatologo o patologo, neuro-oncologo e neuroradiologo. Le tecniche chirurgiche sono cambiate nel tempo e così quelle di neuroradiologia (Risonanza Magnetica funzionale, a diffusione, a più di 1, 5 Tesla, spettroscopia, angiografia, etc.) che hanno consentito diagnosi più precoci. Giungono al tavolo operatorio tumori più piccoli e si cerca di salvaguardare di più il tessuto sano. Anche per le modalità tecniche di asportazione del tumore, la quota di tessuto che giunge al patologo è nettamente diminuita rispetto a un tempo. Come ho già detto nel capitolo “L’attenzione”, non è raro il caso in cui questa quota non sia rappresentativa del tumore e il patologo debba utilizzare per la diagnosi elementi estranei alla patologia, come per esempio l’aspetto macroscopico fornito dal neurochirurgo e soprattutto quello neuroradiologico, e fornire al neurochirurgo formule diagnostiche interlocutorie. L’etichetta diagnostica del patologo diventa non più trasferibile direttamente alla terapia, ma dev’essere mediata. Spesso il patologo si sente in obbligo di informare il neurochirurgo su quale sia l’interpretazione da dare alla sua risposta. Molto meglio sarebbe se il neurochirurgo conoscesse a fondo la dinamica biologica dei tumori per interpretare la diagnosi fornitagli dal patologo. Questo vale anche per il neuroradiologo e per il neuro-oncologo. Ma, è sempre così? Capita che la preparazione biologica sui tumori lasci a desiderare. Nella mia esperienza ne ho conosciuti più d’uno che hanno regolarmente studiato al microscopio i tumori da loro operati.
    La conoscenza del mondo microscopico della biologia in genere non rientra nella cultura generale della gente. Nonostante dai media giungano spesso immagini, non si possiede di solito l’idea di come possa essere l’aspetto delle cose... more
    La conoscenza del mondo microscopico della biologia in genere non rientra nella cultura generale della gente. Nonostante dai media giungano spesso immagini, non si possiede di solito l’idea di come possa essere l’aspetto delle cose biologiche ingrandite mille volte e quindi è difficile che questo mondo possa essere immaginato.Almeno non menodi come la gente si immagina l’atomo in confronto a
    È fra i miei ricordi più vivi quella luminosa e triste estate che seguì all’esame di maturità e precedette la mia iscrizione alla facoltà di Medicina. L’esame ci aveva tenuti inchiodati sui libri e in affanno per tutto il mese di luglio,... more
    È fra i miei ricordi più vivi quella luminosa e triste estate che seguì all’esame di maturità e precedette la mia iscrizione alla facoltà di Medicina. L’esame ci aveva tenuti inchiodati sui libri e in affanno per tutto il mese di luglio, e adesso agosto rappresentava la libertà e ci concedeva momenti di dolce far niente. Di colpo, sollevato dallo
    Capita spesso di sorprenderci ad attribuire un antropomorfismo agli oggetti nel campo microscopico. Bisogna pensarci, perché di solito questa tendenza compare spontanea nell’uomo. L’antropomorfismo viene definito come l’attribuzione di... more
    Capita spesso di sorprenderci ad attribuire un antropomorfismo agli oggetti nel campo microscopico. Bisogna pensarci, perché di solito questa tendenza compare spontanea nell’uomo. L’antropomorfismo viene definito come l’attribuzione di sembianze fisiche, psicologiche o comportamentali umane a fenomeni naturali, divinità, esseri animati o inanimati. Era ampiamente applicato nella mitologia greco-romana e poi nelle religioni. Il ragionamento filosofico è stato nel tempo il principale artefice del suo riconoscimento, specialmente nell’Illuminismo, quale tendenza spontanea dell’umanità. Ci si può chiedere come sia possibile fare dell’antropomorfismo nell’osservazione microscopica, di solito campione di obiettività scientifica. Si può, tenendo conto di quello che è stato detto delle influenze dei contenuti della memoria implicita con i meccanismi iponoici e ipobulici. Siamo inclini a riconoscere a oggetti del campo microscopico sentimenti o atteggiamenti o intenzioni positivi o negativi, in linea con la loro interpretazione biologica. Sarebbe interessante discutere se sia questa a trascinare l’antropomorfismo o viceversa se questo sia su base affettiva. Di solito interviene il rigore scientifico come correttore, ma è importante qualche volta proprio esercitarlo espressamente. Interviene a correggere intenzioni o atteggiamenti buoni o cattivi da parte degli oggetti del campo.
    ABSTRACT L’osservazione al microscopio, come qualsiasi altra osservazione scientifica, consiste sempre nell’integrazione di uno stimolo in arrivo nel vissuto specifico e generale, ma ha la particolarità che la percezione è visiva e... more
    ABSTRACT L’osservazione al microscopio, come qualsiasi altra osservazione scientifica, consiste sempre nell’integrazione di uno stimolo in arrivo nel vissuto specifico e generale, ma ha la particolarità che la percezione è visiva e riguarda oggetti un migliaio di volte più piccoli che richiedono riconoscimenti che non possono essere fatti se non attraverso immagini mentali. Bisogna anche che queste siano state mantenute in dialettica con i tempi e corrispondano per il vissuto specifico a quanto oggi la scienza sa su quel particolare oggetto e su quanto oggi è accettato come paradigmatico. Costantemente è fatto riferimento all’intersoggettività.
    ABSTRACT Per poter compiere l’osservazione microscopica è necessario preparare adeguatamente il substrato e la preparazione è diventata nel tempo sempre più complessa.Questo è successo perché inizialmente si è partiti con lo scopo di... more
    ABSTRACT Per poter compiere l’osservazione microscopica è necessario preparare adeguatamente il substrato e la preparazione è diventata nel tempo sempre più complessa.Questo è successo perché inizialmente si è partiti con lo scopo di vedere com’è fatto il substrato, mentre successivamente si sono introdotte manipolazioni chimiche e fisiche del substrato per vedere se conteneva strutture o molecole conosciute dal vissuto. Se ai tempi di Virchow era sufficiente distinguere mediante colori il citoplasma dal nucleo, più tardi si passò all’utilizzazione pratica degli schemi e immagini mentali che il progresso della scienza ha fatto nascere. Alla base di tutte le procedure c’è sempre stata la necessità dell’ingrandimento volto all’approfondimento della conoscenza e tutto si è compiuto attraverso l’analisi di forme e colori, anche se gli obiettivi nel tempo sono sempre cambiati a seconda delle “mode”. Il progresso scientifico ha continuato a proporre soggetti di studio in base alla logica del suo sviluppo. Dalla morfologia delle cellule si è passati a studiare la quantità di acidi nucleici, la cosiddetta carica di DNA, poi è stata la volta degli enzimi ossidativi, poi di quelli idrolitici, poi c’è stata l’invasione degli anticorpi, quindi di nuovo il DNA, poi i geni e quindi le proteine, poi i silenziatori e la storia non finisce mai. Tutto questo sviluppo si accompagna all’evolvere del pensiero, della società, dei mezzi di indagine, della cultura e fa sì che l’operatore debba stare in dialettica con il tempo, pena l’obsolescenza in una “moda” superata.
    La matematizzazione della natura di Galileo Galilei e la legge di Isacco Newton sulla gravitazione universale hanno messo la natura intera, il cielo e la terra, sotto leggi ‘immutabili’ ed esatte e hanno aperto le porte al pensiero... more
    La matematizzazione della natura di Galileo Galilei e la legge di Isacco Newton sulla gravitazione universale hanno messo la natura intera, il cielo e la terra, sotto leggi ‘immutabili’ ed esatte e hanno aperto le porte al pensiero scientifico moderno. In esso la scienza ha utilizzato il linguaggio quotidiano rendendolo specifico con l’introduzione della standardizzazione e della formulazione di ipotesi.
    All’apertura dell’anno accademico mi trasferii in un convitto di Milano e cominciò per me un percorso appassionante che non avrei più abbandonato. Erano quelli i tempi tristi dell’immediato dopo-guerra e la vita bisognava tirarla con i... more
    All’apertura dell’anno accademico mi trasferii in un convitto di Milano e cominciò per me un percorso appassionante che non avrei più abbandonato. Erano quelli i tempi tristi dell’immediato dopo-guerra e la vita bisognava tirarla con i denti. Ma a questo ero ormai abituato da qualche anno di stenti e patimenti vari. Solo il non sentire più sparare, bombardare, vedere uccidere,
    ABSTRACT Il mio soggiorno in Germania purtroppo giunse al termine e rientrai a malincuore. I Vogt mi chiesero di rimanere e io promisi che sarei tornato, ma non potei mantenere la promessa. Una volta rientrato in Italia ebbi una serie di... more
    ABSTRACT Il mio soggiorno in Germania purtroppo giunse al termine e rientrai a malincuore. I Vogt mi chiesero di rimanere e io promisi che sarei tornato, ma non potei mantenere la promessa. Una volta rientrato in Italia ebbi una serie di vicissitudini, anche familiari, che m’impedirono di rientrare in Germania. Finii la mia specializzazione in neurologia e psichiatria e ripresi a lavorare nel Laboratorio di Neuropatologia del vecchio Istituto. In quel periodo, fra gli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta, stava espandendosi l’istochimica e la citochimica e mi accorsi di non avere sufficienti basi chimiche per affrontare le nuove tecniche. Frequentai per un anno l’Istituto di Chimica Generale e contemporaneamente cercai di acquisire esperienza in microscopia elettronica,così come farò più tardi per l’immunologia per l’avvento dell’immunoistochimica e per la genetica e biologia molecolare, quando queste diventeranno la strada maestra nelle ricerche nel campo delle neuroscienze.
    Non è utile guardare almicroscopio senza usare lamassima attenzione e soprattutto bisogna sapere, prima ancora di sedersi al microscopio, che cosa si vuole vedere. Bisogna esercitare l’attenzione che è un elemento condizionante la... more
    Non è utile guardare almicroscopio senza usare lamassima attenzione e soprattutto bisogna sapere, prima ancora di sedersi al microscopio, che cosa si vuole vedere. Bisogna esercitare l’attenzione che è un elemento condizionante la percezione visiva. Lo sanno bene i patologi e chiedete loro come gradiscono di dover rispondere a qualcuno che li interpella mentre, curvi sul microscopio, stanno concentrati a
    ABSTRACT Molti anni fa,quando ero nel pieno della mia attività professorale all’università e alternavo le mie ore di lavoro fra la visita ai malati e l’osservazione al microscopio, ero continuamente pressato dalla necessità di prendere... more
    ABSTRACT Molti anni fa,quando ero nel pieno della mia attività professorale all’università e alternavo le mie ore di lavoro fra la visita ai malati e l’osservazione al microscopio, ero continuamente pressato dalla necessità di prendere decisioni rapide. Il tempo stringeva sempre e non ce n’era mai per soddisfare tutti gli impegni. Si trattasse di togliere dubbi a un collaboratore che mi sollecitava un parere o di dare una risposta al neurochirurgo che aspettava in sala operatoria la mia diagnosi estemporanea su un tumore che stava operando o altro; non potevo sottrarmi alla risposta rapida e dovevo anche infondere certezza in chi la recepiva. È questo un argomento di enorme importanza in medicina, non sufficientemente trattato, ma molto sentito e che sta alla base del frequente disagio, che genera ansia, oltre che del dissidio o dell’incomprensione fra patologi e chirurghi e che è vissuto con ansia e frustrazione.
    Il mondo microscopico e il mondo reale non si contrappongono e si compenetrano, anche se in ultima analisi il secondo oggettiva il primo. In entrambi la soggettività non arriva all’essenza delle cose; di mezzo c’è il linguaggio e il mondo... more
    Il mondo microscopico e il mondo reale non si contrappongono e si compenetrano, anche se in ultima analisi il secondo oggettiva il primo. In entrambi la soggettività non arriva all’essenza delle cose; di mezzo c’è il linguaggio e il mondo è introitato attraverso le categorie linguistiche — l’ipotesi di Sapir-Whorf. Non vi è differenza fra l’essere nel mondo e pensare il mondo, entrambe avrebbero la stessa forma logica, dice Wittgenstein. L’uomo non può recepire il mondo che come uomo e per via della “mente incarnata” non può superare se stesso. Nella sua interazione con il mondo cade nella dialettica del segno e del recettore nel senso dell’evoluzione e cioè nella logica del DNA, perché l’esperienza che modifica il fenotipo attraverso la sintesi proteica non tocca la specie.Qui nasce tutta la questione della libertà, del libero arbitrio, della coscienza superiore e dello scontro fra riduzionisti e non riduzionisti. Arriviamo a Kandel secondo cui il punto d’incontro fra atto neurale ...
    Two 3-month-old male West Highland White terriers were referred for progressive neurological disease. Histological examination of the central nervous system of the animals euthanized at the owner' request, revealed... more
    Two 3-month-old male West Highland White terriers were referred for progressive neurological disease. Histological examination of the central nervous system of the animals euthanized at the owner' request, revealed diffuse, bilateral and symmetrical white matter lesion consisting of varying degrees of demyelination and axonal degeneration. Accumulation of round to ovoid large mononuclear cells was especially observed along the blood vessels in the white matter. These cells were characterized by central or eccentric nuclei and highly eosinophilic, granular and PAS-positive cytoplasm. Stored material was stained with toluidine blue both at pH 4 and pH 11 and exhibited a strong PAC and no PALK activities. Staining for lectins revealed a positivity using Ricinus communis agglutinin-I, Ricinus communis agglutin-II, Triticum vulgaris and Concavalin A. Histochemical evaluation of intracellular material was performed on the kidney and on the liver, too. Ultrastructural investigations allowed to observe the cytoplasmic contents of globoid cells that is an admixture of degraded myelin membranes and different kinds of tubular aggregates. To verify if the two dogs bore the mutation at position 473, a method involving PCR amplification of genomic DNA followed by restriction-digestion was used. The diagnosis of Krabbe's disease was performed based on the clinical evaluation, morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural features.
    There is increasing evidence that oxidative damage plays a major role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but how it contributes to motor neuron degeneration and astrocytic gliosis, two pathologic hallmarks of the disease, is unknown.... more
    There is increasing evidence that oxidative damage plays a major role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but how it contributes to motor neuron degeneration and astrocytic gliosis, two pathologic hallmarks of the disease, is unknown. A few studies have suggested that ALS motor neurons die via apoptosis and show upregulation of c-jun, an immediate early gene that is necessary for neuronal apoptosis. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of cell damage induced by oxidant stress, we have studied in ALS and control spinal cord the immunohistochemical expression of c-Jun, of JNK/SAPK, a kinase that activates c-Jun following various types of stress, and of NF-kappa B, a transcription factor that is induced by oxidant stress and has prominent neuroprotective functions. An in situ end-labeling assay was performed for detecting apoptotic cells. We show that (a) the JNK/SAPK-c-Jun pathway is dramatically overexpressed in ALS spinal cord; (b) the strongest activation occurs in astrocytes, while motor neurons show unusually low expression of the pathway; (c) increased JNK/SAPK expression in glial cells is accompanied by NF-kappa B activation, indicating the presence of a protective response to oxidant sress, which is deficient in motor neurons; (d) activation of JNK/SAPK, c-Jun and NF-kappa B is unrelated to apoptotic cell death. These results support the view that astrocytes are directly involved in the pathologic process of ALS, and might explain the selective vulnerability of motor neurons by their relative lack of antioxidant defenses.
    A clear line cannot be drawn between well-differentiated and anaplastic astrocytomas, and a subset of low-grade tumors, histologically indistinguishable from the others, behaves similarly to anaplastic astrocytomas. The proliferative... more
    A clear line cannot be drawn between well-differentiated and anaplastic astrocytomas, and a subset of low-grade tumors, histologically indistinguishable from the others, behaves similarly to anaplastic astrocytomas. The proliferative index could aid in the identification of this subgroup, for which a different therapeutic approach would be indicated. We immunohistochemically evaluated the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in 77 well-differentiated astrocytomas, since PCNA has been considered a good proliferation marker. The prognostic significance of PCNA labeling index (LI) was assessed in univariate and multivariate analysis, taking into consideration some clinical and histologic factors known to affect prognosis. PCNA immunostaining identified a subgroup of tumors, characterized by a LI > 5%, with a median survival close to that observed in anaplastic astrocytomas. The survival table of such a group was significantly different from that of the group with a lower LI (p = 0.0009). Multivariate analysis confirmed that PCNA-LI is an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.001). These data suggest that PCNA immunostaining can be a useful tool to define the prognosis of low-grade astrocytomas on routine biopsy material.
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    In order to define the significance of minimal histological and ultrastructural abnormalities in Duchenne carriers, 18 normal healthy volunteers were examined by muscle biopsy. Light microscopy evidenced occasional internal nuclei and... more
    In order to define the significance of minimal histological and ultrastructural abnormalities in Duchenne carriers, 18 normal healthy volunteers were examined by muscle biopsy. Light microscopy evidenced occasional internal nuclei and less frequent small round and angular fibres. Variability of fibre size, increase in connective tissue, necroses and basophilia found in carriers were not present in controls. Histograms constructed on ATPase stain sections demonstrated variability in distribution of fibre types both in normals and in carriers. Fibre size was more variable in carriers, where a significant decrease of the size of type II B fibres was observed. Electron microscopy evidenced knots in overcontraction, myofibrillary widening, subsarcolemmal accumulation of mitochondria and Z band streaming, which have been reported also in carriers. The results are discussed and compared with the data of the literature.
    Three subjects, inhaling pre-heated heroin, developed a severe neurological illness. The neuropathological examination at autopsy on two of them demonstrated that it was due to a spongiform encephalopathy. By light and electron microscopy... more
    Three subjects, inhaling pre-heated heroin, developed a severe neurological illness. The neuropathological examination at autopsy on two of them demonstrated that it was due to a spongiform encephalopathy. By light and electron microscopy a severe edema with spongiosa and myelin damage were evident. U-fibers, brainstem, spinal cord and peripheral nerves were spared. The origin of the encephalopathy was not identified. The encephalopathy of our cases is similar to that described by Wolters et al. in 1982 in Holland.
    In this case report we describe the development in the cerebellopontine angle of a very rare tumor, ceruminous adenoma. In the few cases described in the literature this tumor occurred in the external acoustic meatus. In four cases it... more
    In this case report we describe the development in the cerebellopontine angle of a very rare tumor, ceruminous adenoma. In the few cases described in the literature this tumor occurred in the external acoustic meatus. In four cases it developed in the cerebellopontine angle by infiltration of the petrous bone or by subcutaneous spread. In the present case no connection was found between the cerebellopontine angle and the external acoustic meatus. The most likely pathogenetic hypothesis in this case is that of a tumor of dysembryogenetic origin.
    The Authors, after briefly reviewing the literature on chemotherapy of malignant gliomas, present their own experience on forty-four patients with such tumors. All of them had been previously operated and irradiated. The clinical course... more
    The Authors, after briefly reviewing the literature on chemotherapy of malignant gliomas, present their own experience on forty-four patients with such tumors. All of them had been previously operated and irradiated. The clinical course was controlled by various parameters which are described. Results obtained in glioblastomas, anaplastic astrocytomas and malignant oligodendrogliomas are discussed. BCNU and CCNU seem to be beneficial not only in prolonging survival time but also in improving its quality: the average survival time of treated patients is 9.2 +/- 9.8 against 6.7 +/- 3.4 of controls. These values however are not statistically significant. In 15 out of 31 patients, who died at varying intervals after chemoterapy, an autopsy was performed. The morphology of the tumors was compared with that of previous biopsies. No specific alterations to be referred to chemotherapy were found. The side effects are described in detail and particular attention is focused on toxicity (blood and liver) whose main effect is the lowering of platelets and white cells. However, this and the epatic alterations did not reach values requiring interruption of chemotherapy. Other drugs have been used such as MeCCNU, VM 26 and Procarbazine. The number of patients, treated with each of them, is low for a definite conclusion; even if VM 26 and Procarbazine seem to offer the best effects.
    ABSTRACT
    Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was studied in 160 cerebral tumors, mostly of neuro-epithelial nature. It was positive in astroglial tumors with an intensity proportional to the degree of cell differentiation. It was sometimes... more
    Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was studied in 160 cerebral tumors, mostly of neuro-epithelial nature. It was positive in astroglial tumors with an intensity proportional to the degree of cell differentiation. It was sometimes positive also in non-astroglial tumors, such as oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas, and this finding is discussed in relation to genesis and diagnostic value. In medulloblastomas, there were also positive cells, which could be reactive glia cells included in the tumors or subependymal cells. The demonstration of GFAP is very useful in gliosarcomas for identifying the glial component. It was sometimes positive in hemangioblastomas, and it is discussed in view of the nature of the stromal cells of this tumor.
    The usefulness of 1-naphthol as substrate for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in immunohistochemistry was studied using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) and avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) methods in the demonstration of glial fibrillary... more
    The usefulness of 1-naphthol as substrate for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in immunohistochemistry was studied using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) and avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) methods in the demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, carbonic anhydrase C (CA.C), and factor VIII-related antigen (FVIII/RAg) in central nervous tissue and cerebral tumors. In the presence of ammonium carbonate, 1-naphthol is oxidized by HRP and hydrogen peroxide, producing a fine gray-violet precipitate. The oxidation product of 1-naphthol proved capable of binding a great number of basic dyes. For each stain the final reaction product had a characteristic color that was different from the spontaneous color of the dye and from the color displayed by nuclei. The final color obtained with this procedure was alcohol resistant and could be mounted in solvent-based mounting media. The results obtained with the 1-naphthol basic dye (1-NBD) method were compared with those obtained using the diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction in the demonstration of GFAP-positive astrocytes. The DAB reaction produced a more intense staining but also a coarser precipitate than the 1-NBD reaction. The 1-NBD procedure showed more morphological detail of fine structures and did not obscure nuclei and mitosis. The very low toxicity of 1-naphthol compared with DAB (a suspected carcinogen) is an important advantage of the 1-NBD method, as is its high specificity and sensitivity.
    GAGs accumulate in the oligodendrogliomas and in the oligodendroglial component of mixed gliomas induced in rats by transplacental ENU. We studied the period between birth and the appearance of the earliest tumoral lesions and did not... more
    GAGs accumulate in the oligodendrogliomas and in the oligodendroglial component of mixed gliomas induced in rats by transplacental ENU. We studied the period between birth and the appearance of the earliest tumoral lesions and did not find any accumulation preceding the early neoplastic proliferations. These findings, together with the observation that GAGs are present only in the oligodendroglial component of tumors, are in agreement with our previous interpretation that the tumoral transformation of oligodendroglia takes place after it has acquired the ability to interfere with GAG metabolism during myelinogenesis.
    Cell proliferation is characteristic, though non specific, of tumors. The cell cycle is regarded as a clock with ordered activation of protein complexes triggering initiation and advancement through checkpoints. The cell cycle and its... more
    Cell proliferation is characteristic, though non specific, of tumors. The cell cycle is regarded as a clock with ordered activation of protein complexes triggering initiation and advancement through checkpoints. The cell cycle and its control mechanisms are briefly described herein focusing on neuroepithelial tumors. The assessment of cell proliferation in brain tumors is a very important tool in diagnosis and especially in prognosis. It can be performed by different methods: counting mitoses, calculating the labeling index (Ll) of [3H] Thymidine, BrdU, Ki-67, MIB.1, PCNA, cytometry and AgNORs. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. The main obstacles to the usefulness of different Lls in establishing prognosis in individual cases are sampling error, heterogeneity of the proliferation potential of brains tumors and the wide overlapping of Ll ranges between classic and anaplatic variants. The principal findings are critically described and commented upon.
    ABSTRACT
    The technical modalities of the immunohistochemical demonstration of antigens of neuroectodermal differentiation and of mesenchymal nature in neural tissue are discussed. On the main antigens (S-100 protein, GFAP, Vimentin, Neuronal... more
    The technical modalities of the immunohistochemical demonstration of antigens of neuroectodermal differentiation and of mesenchymal nature in neural tissue are discussed. On the main antigens (S-100 protein, GFAP, Vimentin, Neuronal specific Enolase, neurofilaments, myelin basic protein, carboanhydrase C, FVIII/RAg, laminin, fibronectin) the most important findings are described and critically considered. They are interpreted in the light of the present knowledge on the problems of differentiation of the oncotypes and on particular aspects of bio-pathology of brain tumors.
    The participation of reactive astrocytes in the morphologic composition of peripheral areas of 25 gliomas was investigated. Reactive astrocytes were studied by the immunohistochemical demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic protein and... more
    The participation of reactive astrocytes in the morphologic composition of peripheral areas of 25 gliomas was investigated. Reactive astrocytes were studied by the immunohistochemical demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. Reactive astrocytes were more abundant around malignant gliomas than around well-differentiated astrocytomas. They underwent modifications when entrapped within the tumor proliferation and became indistinguishable from tumor astrocytes. Mitoses occurred in both types of cells. Reactive astrocytes did participate in the cell composition of gliomas. They might have contributed to tumor growth. Practically, their occurrence might lead to an erroneous diagnosis when small fragments of tissue are examined.
    GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) distribution was investigated in selected areas of glioblastomas and astrocytomas. The proliferating cell population of glioblastomas was GFAP negative and contained many mitoses which were also... more
    GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) distribution was investigated in selected areas of glioblastomas and astrocytomas. The proliferating cell population of glioblastomas was GFAP negative and contained many mitoses which were also negative. The old, deeply located areas were composed of cells with visible cytoplasm, intensely GFAP-positive; mitoses in these areas were both GFAP-positive and negative. GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes, once trapped in the tumor, were no longer distinguishable from positive tumor cells. They sometimes contained mitoses. In astrocytoma, anaplasia was due to the development of a GFAP-negative population with negative mitoses. The problem of dedifferentiation and differentiation of malignant gliomas in discussed taking into account the possibility that malignancy may be due to increasing mutation rates of tumors. The problem of redifferentiation of already dedifferentiated cells is also discussed.
    The c-MET proto-oncogene encodes the tyrosine kinase receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor, a powerful mitogen and motility factor for epithelial cells. We now show that the two previously described... more
    The c-MET proto-oncogene encodes the tyrosine kinase receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor, a powerful mitogen and motility factor for epithelial cells. We now show that the two previously described forms of the Met/HGF receptor, the intact p190MET and the truncated p140MET, are expressed in physiological conditions in the human central nervous system (CNS). The receptors were identified by Western blot analysis with monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes. By immunohistochemical staining the Met/HGF receptor was found to be expressed in a homogeneous cell population, equally distributed between the grey and the white matter, showing morphological features and immunochemical markers specific for the resident microglial cells. These data suggest a possible role for the c-MET proto-oncogene and HGF in microglial reactions to CNS injuries.
    The suppressor of Lin-12-like (C. elegans) (SEL1L) is involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation pathway, malignant transformation and stem cells.In 412 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded brain tumors and 39... more
    The suppressor of Lin-12-like (C. elegans) (SEL1L) is involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation pathway, malignant transformation and stem cells.In 412 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded brain tumors and 39 Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines, we determined the frequency of five SEL1L single nucleotide genetic variants with regulatory and coding functions by a SNaPShot™ assay. We tested their possible association with brain tumor risk, prognosis and therapy.We studied the in vitro cytotoxicity of valproic acid (VPA), temozolomide (TMZ), doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX), alone or in combination, on 11 GBM cell lines, with respect to the SNP rs12435998 genotype.The SNP rs12435998 was prevalent in anaplastic and malignant gliomas, and in meningiomas of all histologic grades, but unrelated to brain tumor risks. In GBM patients, the SNP rs12435998 was associated with prolonged overall survival (OS) and better response to TMZ-based radio-chemotherapy. ...
    The paper is based on the long discussed question of the origin of circumscribed necroses in glioblastoma multiforme. They were interpreted as an ischemic consequence of a vessel occlusion by thrombotic events or by an endothelial... more
    The paper is based on the long discussed question of the origin of circumscribed necroses in glioblastoma multiforme. They were interpreted as an ischemic consequence of a vessel occlusion by thrombotic events or by an endothelial pathology. However, they were referred to the emergence of an avascular area in hyperproliferating zones of tumor, due to the imbalance between the high proliferation rate of tumor cells and the low one of endothelial cells. The hypoxia stimulates angiogenesis and microvascular proliferations can be found around to and at a distance from circumscribed necroses. Later on, with the diffusion of the concept that glioblastomas arise from tumor initiating cells or tumor stem cells, the location of the latter in the tumor was found to occur in perivascular and perinecrotic niches. These sites were recognized as responsible for tumor progression and proliferation. In the past we have already contributed in both fields. Presently we wanted to unify the two concept...
    Many factors, including the histological aspect, are known to effect the survival of patients with malignant gliomas. The relation between survival and diagnoses such as primary and secondary glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, etc., is... more
    Many factors, including the histological aspect, are known to effect the survival of patients with malignant gliomas. The relation between survival and diagnoses such as primary and secondary glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, etc., is not definitely clear. In 324 malignant gliomas the relationship between survival and age, sex, tumor pathology, occurrence of lymphoplasmacytic infiltrations, and size of the examined specimen was studied. Preoperative intervals of primary and secondary glioblastomas do not differ; anaplastic astrocytomas show definitely longer preoperative intervals and slightly but not significantly longer postoperative patient survival. The correlations are discussed, focusing on importance of knowing the survival times of untreated cases in order to evaluate the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in malignant gliomas.

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