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Abstract The release of various inorganic and organic chemicals from various industries such as petrochemicals, textiles, pharmaceuticals, agro-based industries, and tanneries is highly toxic to the environment and human health. Several... more
Abstract The release of various inorganic and organic chemicals from various industries such as petrochemicals, textiles, pharmaceuticals, agro-based industries, and tanneries is highly toxic to the environment and human health. Several processes and technologies such as physical, chemical, and advanced oxidation processes are available for treatment of these pollutants. However, these processes and technologies have their own limitations and the end products are also of toxic nature. Therefore, there is a need for identifying and exploring sustainable and eco-friendly methods which require a lesser amount of chemicals, are economically feasible, and produce nontoxic end products. The bioremediation approaches to clean up environmental pollutants are considered as emerging and sustainable methods recently. Bioremediation process is based on an integrated approach employing microbial communities such as actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi, and earthworms. It is considered as a sustainable process for management of organic pollutants-rich solid wastes and wastewater. Many microorganisms metabolize toxic chemicals to produce CO2 or CH4, water, and biomass. These pollutants may be enzymatically altered to metabolites that are less noxious or innocuous. Moreover, the solid residue generated in this process has been found to have a potential influence on soil macro- and micronutrients, indicating its application as organic manure. However, bioremediation technique required more research for its establishment at a larger scale with an emphasis on the environmental consequences of the end products. In this chapter, we have performed a literature survey based on biological methods for the management of organic pollutants. Microbes responsible for degradation processes have also been presented in the later part of the chapter. In this chapter, a thorough understanding of the bioremediation processes and methods applied for abatement and remediation of organic pollutants has been described in detail.
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This study presents the natural dye recovery from various biodegradable temple and household wastes. The raw material for colour extraction consisted residual flowers and garlands from various temples as well as onion and vegetables peels... more
This study presents the natural dye recovery from various biodegradable temple and household wastes. The raw material for colour extraction consisted residual flowers and garlands from various temples as well as onion and vegetables peels from vegetable markets, university hostels, and households, which were washed, dried, crushed, and sieved. The extracted natural colours were produced by means of ultra-sonication, and were dried in the spray drier, being characterized by FT-IR and UV-Vis Spectrophotometers. They were used to dye various fabrics such as cotton, silk, and wool, not to mention different mordents. It was found out that the remaining residue, left after dye extraction, was rich in nutrients, hence, it could be further used as the resource material, itself. As a result, we explored these residual wastes for vermicomposting and biochar production, which can be further employed as an organic fertilizer for agriculture. Overall, the present waste management approach will l...
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This article reports novel engineering route of bi-functional Pd/Y-zeolite reforming nanocatalyst. Palladium nanostructures, synthesized adopting 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane as the reducing species and... more
This article reports novel engineering route of bi-functional Pd/Y-zeolite reforming nanocatalyst. Palladium nanostructures, synthesized adopting 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane as the reducing species and polyvinylpyrrolidone as the capping moiety, have been impregnated on Y-zeolite catalyst support for the purpose of imparting enhanced catalytic efficiency. Various characterization techniques have been performed such as UV/Visible spectroscopy, TEM, EDAX, SEM and BET method.
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Polythene is considered as one of the important object used in daily life. Being versatile in nature and resistant to microbial attack, they effectively cause environmental pollution. In the present study, biodegradation of low-density... more
Polythene is considered as one of the important object used in daily life. Being versatile in nature and resistant to microbial attack, they effectively cause environmental pollution. In the present study, biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) have been performed using fungal lab isolate Rhizopus oryzae NS5. Lab isolate fungal strain capable of adhering to LDPE surface was used for the biodegradation of LDPE. This strain was identified as Rhizopus oryzae NS5 (Accession No. KT160362). Fungal growth was observed on the surface of the polyethylene when cultured in potato dextrose broth at 30 °C and 120 rpm, for 1 month. LDPE film was characterized before and after incubation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and universal tensile machine. About 8.4 ± 3% decrease (gravimetrically) in weight and 60% reduction in tensile strength of polyethylene was observed. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed hyphal pen...
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Various human activities like mining and extraction of mineral oils have been used for the modernization of society and well-beings. However, the by-products such as petrochemical wastes generated from such industries are carcinogenic and... more
Various human activities like mining and extraction of mineral oils have been used for the modernization of society and well-beings. However, the by-products such as petrochemical wastes generated from such industries are carcinogenic and toxic, which had increased environmental pollution and risks to human health several folds. Various methods such as physical, chemical and biological methods have been used to degrade these pollutants from wastewater. Advance oxidation processes (AOPs) are evolving techniques for efficient sequestration of chemically stable and less biodegradable organic pollutants. In the present review, photocatalytic degradation of petrochemical wastes containing monoaromatic and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons has been studied using various heterogeneous photocatalysts (such as TiO 2 , ZnO and CdS. The present article seeks to offer a scientific and technical overview of the current trend in the use of the photocatalyst for remediation and degradation of petrochemical waste depending upon the recent advances in photodegradation of petrochemical research using bibliometric analysis. We further outlined the effect of various heterogeneous catalysts and their ecotoxicity, various degradation pathways of petrochemical wastes, the key regulatory parameters and the reactors used. A critical analysis of the available literature revealed that TiO 2 is widely reported in the degradation processes along with other semiconductors/nanomaterials in visible and UV light irradiation. Further, various degradation studies have been carried out at laboratory scale in the presence of UV light. However, further elaborative research is needed for successful application of the laboratory scale techniques to pilot-scale operation and to develop environmental friendly catalysts which support the sustainable treatment technology with the Bzero concept^ of industrial wastewater. Nevertheless, there is a need to develop more effective methods which consume less energy and are more efficient in pilot scale for the demineral-ization of pollutant.
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The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Biodegradation of Navy N5RL1, a widely used acidic azo dye in carpet industry, was studied by bacterial strain isolated from the dye-contaminated... more
The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Biodegradation of Navy N5RL1, a widely used acidic azo dye in carpet industry, was studied by bacterial strain isolated from the dye-contaminated soil collected from a carpet industry premises located in Bhadohi, Sant Ravidas Nagar and Uttar Pradesh, India. The isolated strain was identified as Staphylococcus saprophyticus BHUSS X3 on the basis of morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The strain BHUSS X3 decolorized 95.7 % of dye (100 mg/l) within 6 h at opti-mum pH 8, temperature 35 C, inoculum 4.0 % under static condition during 24 h incubation. The isolated bac-terial strain BHUSS X3 can toralate dye concentration upto 1,000 mg/l. The dye degradation metabolites were con-firmed by analysis of degraded products using UV–Vis spectrophotometric, HPLC and FTIR technique. The phytotoxicity analysis was also conducted on Phaseolus aureus and enhanced seed germination ...
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Interventions of biological entities mediated nanobiotechnological syntheses, in the strive to adapt inexpensive green approaches for constructing materials in the nanodimension for achieving targeted applications with improved... more
Interventions of biological entities mediated nanobiotechnological syntheses, in the strive to adapt inexpensive green approaches for constructing materials in the nanodimension for achieving targeted applications with improved performances, are being increasingly preferred. In context, this research article reports to bring into existence applaud able technique, concerning waste utilization for conversion into value added nanomaterial, to manage environmental issues as well as suffice biomedical demands and meet tough challenges from several domains. Pruning nail plates of the fingers and toes, has been a routine affair for the maintenance of personal care, in human civilization. Here we focus the bioengineering of MgO/CaO nanoalloy, by transforming remnant vestigial human finger and toe nail pruning, through dual approach protocols. Obtained yields through direct heat and following chemical treatment protocols were around 61.9% and 62.0%, respectively. Noticeable, quadrangular nan...
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The resource intensive human activities (such as mining and extraction of mineral oils for betterment of life and modernization of society) have increased environmental pollution several folds. Products of mining and petrochemical... more
The resource intensive human activities (such as mining and extraction of mineral oils for betterment of life and modernization of society) have increased environmental pollution several folds. Products of mining and petrochemical industries are advantageous for the modern society. But waste generated such as BTEX from such industries are carcinogenic, toxic and causes adverse effects on environment and human health. These wastes are classified as hazardous waste which cannot be used further. Pollution of soil-water interface due to the release of hydrocarbons in environment is a major public health concern, and therefore, remediation of these pollutants is needed to reduce risk to human and environment. Various methods such as biological, chemical and physical method are used to degrade these pollutants from wastewater. In the present works photochemical degradation of toluene and benzene in wastewater are studied using activated Carbon−TiO2 composites as catalysts in the presence ...
With the ever-increasing impact of chemicals on our life, organic pollutants have emerged as a topic of significant concern. Photodegradation of organic wastes has exponentially jumped up as an advanced technology for pollutant... more
With the ever-increasing impact of chemicals on our life, organic pollutants have emerged as a topic of significant concern. Photodegradation of organic wastes has exponentially jumped up as an advanced technology for pollutant termination from the system. There has been a range of photocatalysts that have been applied for the degradation of such organic compounds. Graphene-based ternary nanocomposites have shown a major pathway for combatting these organic pollutants. This article studied one such Ternary nanocomposite made up in situ; sonochemically synthesized and deposited CdS nanoparticles over Titania-reduced Graphene oxide (TiO2-rGO). The product obtained was washed with double distilled water and characterized by powder XRD, SEM, TEM and HRTEM, AFM, and solid-state UV–visible (DRS). It was further analyzed for its photoactivity through dye degradation on Methylene Blue compared with binary nanocomposites. Photocatalytic degradation of Triclosan was done using this ternary nanocomposite, and the rate constant was calculated to be around 2.7 × 10–3 min−1.
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Religious faith and ritual activities lead to significant floral offerings production and its disposal as waste to the nearby open lands and water bodies. These activities result into various social and environmental nuisances because of... more
Religious faith and ritual activities lead to significant floral offerings production and its disposal as waste to the nearby open lands and water bodies. These activities result into various social and environmental nuisances because of their high organic content. Alternatively, it can be used as valuable resources for various biochemical and thermo-chemical processes. Floral refuse has been utilized in natural dye extraction, however, the residual solid refuse is of significant environmental concern due to its nutrient rich nature. This study explores the potential utilization of solid residue of temple floral refuse after natural dye extraction by thermo-chemical decomposition of it. The slow pyrolysis of solid residue was performed at 350 °C and 500 °C, and the biochar yield of 42 and 36% was obtained, respectively. TGA-DTG analysis was performed to observe the thermo-chemical behaviour of floral refuse. The biochar products were further characterized by FTIR, SEM, EDX, BET, XRD...
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Various human activities like mining and extraction of mineral oils have been used for the modernization of society and well-beings. However, the by-products such as petrochemical wastes generated from such industries are carcinogenic and... more
Various human activities like mining and extraction of mineral oils have been used for the modernization of society and well-beings. However, the by-products such as petrochemical wastes generated from such industries are carcinogenic and toxic, which had increased environmental pollution and risks to human health several folds. Various methods such as physical, chemical and biological methods have been used to degrade these pollutants from wastewater. Advance oxidation processes (AOPs) are evolving techniques for efficient sequestration of chemically stable and less biodegradable organic pollutants. In the present review, photocatalytic degradation of petrochemical wastes containing monoaromatic and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons has been studied using various heterogeneous photocatalysts (such as TiO2, ZnO and CdS. The present article seeks to offer a scientific and technical overview of the current trend in the use of the photocatalyst for remediation and degradation of petrochemical waste depending upon the recent advances in photodegradation of petrochemical research using bibliometric analysis. We further outlined the effect of various heterogeneous catalysts and their ecotoxicity, various degradation pathways of petrochemical wastes, the key regulatory parameters and the reactors used. A critical analysis of the available literature revealed that TiO2 is widely reported in the degradation processes along with other semiconductors/nanomaterials in visible and UV light irradiation. Further, various degradation studies have been carried out at laboratory scale in the presence of UV light. However, further elaborative research is needed for successful application of the laboratory scale techniques to pilot-scale operation and to develop environmental friendly catalysts which support the sustainable treatment technology with the "zero concept" of industrial wastewater. Nevertheless, there is a need to develop more effective methods which consume less energy and are more efficient in pilot scale for the demineralization of pollutant.
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The present paper deals with photocatalytic degradation of effluents from dye industries which have known toxic impacts on flora and fauna. Nano composite of titanium dioxide having activated carbon (TiO 2 /AC) base was synthesized using... more
The present paper deals with photocatalytic degradation of effluents from dye industries which have known toxic impacts on flora and fauna. Nano composite of titanium dioxide having activated carbon (TiO 2 /AC) base was synthesized using sol-gel method. The synthesized catalyst was then characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffrac-tometry (XRD) and Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET) surface area analyzer. A synthetic solution of AR-131 dye was subjected to photocatalytic degradation using TiO 2 /AC nano composite as catalyst. The degradation mechanisms of dye (AR-131) via photo-catalysis were found to follow a first order kinetics mechanism (vis. Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model). Toxicity of spent catalysts was further investigated in seed germination of Vigna radiata. Enhanced seed germination along with elongation of root and shoot was noticed up to the concentration of 500 ppm confirming its non toxicity.
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Multivariate statistical techniques were employed for monitoring of ground-surface water interactions in rivers. The river Varuna is situated in the Indo-Gangetic plain and is a small tributary of river Ganga. The study area was monitored... more
Multivariate statistical techniques were employed for monitoring of ground-surface water interactions in rivers. The river Varuna is situated in the Indo-Gangetic plain and is a small tributary of river Ganga. The study area was monitored at seven sampling sites for 3 years (2010-12), and eight physio-chemical parameters were taken into account for this study. The data obtained were analysed by multivariate statistical techniques so as to reveal the underlying implicit information regarding proposed interactions for the relevant area. The principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), and the results of correlations were also studied for all parameters monitored at every site. Methods used in this study are essentially multivariate statistical in nature and facilitate the interpretation of data so as to extract meaningful information from the datasets. The PCA technique was able to compress the data from eight to three parameters and captured about 78.5 % of the total variance by performing varimax rotation over the principal components. The varifactors, as yielded from PCA, were treated by CA which grouped them convincingly into three groups having similar characteristics and source of contamination. Moreover, the loading of variables on significant PCs showed correlations between various ground water and surface water (GW-SW) parameters. The correlation coefficients calculated for various physiochemical parameters for ground and surface water established the correlations between them. Thus, this study presents the utility of multivariate statistical techniques for evaluation of the proposed interactions and effective future monitoring of potential sites.