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Plots have consistently provided effective evidence in interpretations of urban transformations. In a market economy they are profitable land units involving capital, and they play an important role in urban development. However, it is... more
Plots have consistently provided effective evidence in interpretations of urban transformations. In a market economy they are profitable land units involving capital, and they play an important role in urban development. However, it is unclear what role plots play in a planned economy, where they lack exchange value and only have value in their use for supporting buildings. In China during the socialist period from 1949 to 1988, the land unit for urban construction was freely allocated land. The process of plot metamorphosis was dominated by the planned economy system, and it progressed through the creation and changes in the physical form of danweis. The specifics of the morphological process in this political and economic system merit investigation. This paper examines the morphological transformation of part of the central commercial district of Nanjing from 1949 to 1988. It explores the system of land occupation, widens morphological knowledge and complements the contribution of...
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Street spatial configuration is often regarded as the urban design object, as one of the characteristics of urban form, which is shaped by the buildings along the street. As is known to all, the positions of buildings are limited to their... more
Street spatial configuration is often regarded as the urban design object, as one of the characteristics of urban form, which is shaped by the buildings along the street. As is known to all, the positions of buildings are limited to their plot with site coding, building type and security rules, therefore, for urban designer it is important to know the correlation between street spatial configuration and those urban regularities. Based upon numerous urban rules referring to the street, our research has tried to study the longitudinal relationship between site coding, building type, various city rules and street spatial configuration, so mapping all kinds of rules becomes a necessary process and method. In order to do so, we have built a 3D mapping model consisting of all species and all the positions of plots and reflecting all the impacts of urban spatial regulations on plots and their buildings. Three groups of information data are mapped on the model: (1) urban planning, including...
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This paper explores the method of assessing regional spatial ventilation performance for the design of residential building arrangements at an operational level. Three ventilation efficiency (VE) indices, Net Escape Velocity (NEV),... more
This paper explores the method of assessing regional spatial ventilation performance for the design of residential building arrangements at an operational level. Three ventilation efficiency (VE) indices, Net Escape Velocity (NEV), Visitation Frequency (VF) and spatial-mean Velocity Magnitude (VM), are adopted to quantify the influence of design variation on VE within different regional spaces. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is applied to calculate VE indices mentioned above. Several residential building arrangement cases are set to discuss the effect of different building length, lateral spacing and layouts on four typical space patterns under wind directions oblique or perpendicular to the main (long) building facade. The simulation results prove that NEV, VF and VM are useful VE indices, which can reflect different features of flow pattern in studied regional domains. Preliminary parametric studies indicate that wind direction might be the most important factor for imp...
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ABSTRACT Our research deals with the problem of space layout planning and chooses the Chinese apartment layouts_since 90s_ as our case study objects. A new kind of data structure for building layouts is proposed which records the... more
ABSTRACT Our research deals with the problem of space layout planning and chooses the Chinese apartment layouts_since 90s_ as our case study objects. A new kind of data structure for building layouts is proposed which records the adjacency topological information of layouts. The most important quality of our model is that its phenotype corresponds to our visual perception about space layouts which makes possible the morphological analysis and layouts generation. Based on constraint satisfaction techniques the Generating Algorithm focused on enumerating all the possible topology models, under the constraints of program for a new housing layout design. A case study is presented before the conclusion is given.
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Urban outdoor ventilation and pollutant dispersion have important implications for the urban planning and design of urban morphology. In this paper, two urban morphology parameters including Floor area ratio (FAR) and Building site... more
Urban outdoor ventilation and pollutant dispersion have important implications for the urban planning and design of urban morphology. In this paper, two urban morphology parameters including Floor area ratio (FAR) and Building site coverage (BSC) are attempted to investigate the quantitative correlation with urban ventilation indices. Firstly, we present an idealized model including nine basic units. The FAR of model is constant 5.0, and the BSC increases from 11% to 77%, which in consequence generates 101 non-repetitive asymmetric forms. Next, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is employed to evaluate the ventilation efficiency of pedestrian level within each model’s central area. Six indicators including air flow rate (Q), mean age of air (τp), net escape velocity (NEV), purging flow rate (PFR), visitation frequency (VF) and resident time (TP) are used to assess the local ventilation performance. Results clearly show that when the FAR of the plot is specified, the local ventil...
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Based on Conzenian school’s theories urban form is defined by three fundamental physical elements: buildings and their related open spaces, plots or lots, and streets, through controlling these morphological elements urban design could... more
Based on Conzenian school’s theories urban form is defined by three fundamental physical elements: buildings and their related open spaces, plots or lots, and streets, through controlling these morphological elements urban design could reach its goal for the quality of urban spaces via forms. Therefore, urban design needs to study urban morphology and their physical elements to provide knowledge to support the practice. Among the elements, ‘plots’ is the key issue in terms of urban design, since it could carry on the urban planning indicators and urban functional regulations to the site as guide for the further building design. This paper focuses on the plots, through analyzing plot’s characters such as: location/indicators, size/shape, and building context, to see the correlations between plot’s characters and their buildings forms. Commercial plots are selected since their complexity, disorder and seemed-uncontrollability. More than 500 plots in the center of Nanjing city are cho...
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As a method the typo-morphology has played an important role in Italian School developed by Muratori and Caniggia. The significance of this approach is that urban form can be described by detailed classifications of buildings and open... more
As a method the typo-morphology has played an important role in Italian School developed by Muratori and Caniggia. The significance of this approach is that urban form can be described by detailed classifications of buildings and open space, through both typological and morphological deriving from studies of typical spaces and structures. Following typological thinking the typo-morphology could be translated into an operative tool by using buildings, routes (streets) and plot-series (blocks), which helps to bridge the gaps between morphological knowledge and design practice. Grown in nature the morphology of villages most clearly presents the patterns with both human culture and infrastructures of social development, so that through typo-morphological analysis of the natural villages one could understand the importance of the local culture, life style, and the natural topography in village generation, even during the modern social development. The research raises a question to the n...
This paper focuses on exploring a quantitative approach to mapping street space. Characteristics of street space can hardly be described and explained using only the traditional architectural forms of street space. The difficulty arises... more
This paper focuses on exploring a quantitative approach to mapping street space. Characteristics of street space can hardly be described and explained using only the traditional architectural forms of street space. The difficulty arises because of the lack of relevance between these forms and people’s activities in them. This phenomenon presents a challenge to mapping methods. Expanding mapping elements is one viable and ongoing path. Which element could be an effective one and how it should be measured and mapped, are vital questions. Interface signs have been selected as the experimental elements, with an area of central Nanjing selected as the research sample. Database and statistics of interface signs and pedestrian flows have been established and inserted into the GIS (Geographical Information System) where a series of correlation analyses between basic mappings and pedestrian flows are carried out.
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With the sustainability of contemporary cities gaining more and more attention, interest in the correlation between urban geometry and urban microclimate is increasing. On this basis, this paper aims to investigate the quantification of... more
With the sustainability of contemporary cities gaining more and more attention, interest in the correlation between urban geometry and urban microclimate is increasing. On this basis, this paper aims to investigate the quantification of geometric characteristics of urban space. Based on a combination of easily accessible software packages, a quantitative method composed of spatial partition, spatial characteristic indices (area, shape, and openness), and a spatial classification chart is proposed for the study of the correlation between urban spatial geometry and urban microclimate. Two blocks with different spatial geometric characteristics of the Xinjiekou central area in Nanjing are selected as the cases to verify the operability and effectiveness of this method. The results reveal that complex real urban space can be quantitatively described and classified by this spatial quantification method. In addition, a possible correlation between urban spatial geometry and urban wind env...
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Urban outdoor ventilation and pollutant dispersion have important implications for urban design and planning. In this paper, two urban morphology parameters, i.e. the floor area ratio (FAR) and the building site coverage (BSC), are... more
Urban outdoor ventilation and pollutant dispersion have important implications for urban design and planning. In this paper, two urban morphology parameters, i.e. the floor area ratio (FAR) and the building site coverage (BSC), are considered to investigate their quantitative correlation with urban ventilation indices. An idealized model, including nine basic units with FAR equal to 5, is considered and the BSC is increased from 11% to 77%, generating 101 non-repetitive asymmetric configurations, with attention to the influence of plan density, volume ratio, and building layout on ventilation performance within urban plot areas. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to assess the ventilation efficiency at pedestrian level (2m above the ground) within each model central area. Six indices, including the air flow rate (Q), the mean age of air (τP), the net escape velocity (NEV), the purging flow rate (PFR), the visitation frequency (VF), and the resident time (TP) are...
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Many cities are undergoing rapid urbanisation and intensification with the unintended consequence of creating dense urban fabric with deep ‘urban canyons’. Urban densification can trap longwave radiation impacting on local atmospheric... more
Many cities are undergoing rapid urbanisation and intensification with the unintended consequence of creating dense urban fabric with deep ‘urban canyons’. Urban densification can trap longwave radiation impacting on local atmospheric conditions, contributing to the phenomena known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI). As global temperatures are predicted to increase, there is a critical need to better understand urban form and heat retention in cities and integrate analysis tools into the design decision making process to design cooler cities. This paper describes the application and validation of a novel three-dimensional urban canyon modelling approach calculating Sky View Factor (SVF), one important indicator used in the prediction of UHI. Our modified daylighting system based approach within a design modelling environment allows iterative design decision making informed by SVF on an urban design scale. This approach is tested on urban fabric samples from cities in both Australia and ...
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Diss. no. 14406 techn. sc. SFIT Zurich. Literaturverz.
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ABSTRACT In contemporary Chinese cities, it is a common and interesting phenomenon that small business system spontaneously thrives along streets. Its morphology typically represents the bottom-up spatial logic which is contrast with the... more
ABSTRACT In contemporary Chinese cities, it is a common and interesting phenomenon that small business system spontaneously thrives along streets. Its morphology typically represents the bottom-up spatial logic which is contrast with the official top-down one. However, it is hard to describe or analyze this kind of spontaneous urban morphologies because their dynamic mechanisms. Our research applies system dynamics and spatial modeling techniques to studies the morphological mechanism of the small business system with intention to explore the research methodology for urban dynamic forms. In this article, the most important section of our research is presented, which is the framework of the system's dynamic mechanism. It explicitly shows how the multiple environment factors and the interior feed-back loop mechanism lead to the complexity of its dynamic form.
... ࠊⷨおNJ∳㢣ⳕ ᓎ䆒ख़ 2006 ᑈᑺⳕᓎ䆒㋏㒳⾥ᡔᣛᇐᗻ乍ⳂljජᏖ亢᱃ ುᵫ䌘⑤ⱘᓔথ߽⫼ֱᡸNJᇍᴀ䆎᭛ⱘᬃᣕDŽ References [1] N. Gaitani, G. Mihalakakou, and M. Santamouris, On the use of bioclimaticarchitecture principles in order to improve thermal comfort conditions in outdoor... more
... ࠊⷨおNJ∳㢣ⳕ ᓎ䆒ख़ 2006 ᑈᑺⳕᓎ䆒㋏㒳⾥ᡔᣛᇐᗻ乍ⳂljජᏖ亢᱃ ುᵫ䌘⑤ⱘᓔথ߽⫼ֱᡸNJᇍᴀ䆎᭛ⱘᬃᣕDŽ References [1] N. Gaitani, G. Mihalakakou, and M. Santamouris, On the use of bioclimaticarchitecture principles in order to improve thermal comfort conditions in outdoor spaces. ...