Facade

In recent years, the growing awareness of the possibilities of biomimetic and adaptive materials in architecture has assumed a fundamental importance in the scientific domain, for the high performance of the building facades from an environmental point of view. To meet the housing and comfort needs in climates, such as the ones in the Mediterranean zones, characterized by ever-increasing temperatures, architectural technology must collaborate with nature in an even more decisive way, through increasingly smart and sustainable solutions. The paper reviews a collection of good practice examples of advances in material science, and the method used is to analyze the current performance of  and building envelopes with smart facade skins, in order to suggest some potential applications in the Mediterranean basin and regions of the world with similar climatic characteristics. The latter case studies, especially, show built examples of adaptive buildings that could be adopted for use in Med...

Story-high, prefabricated concrete façade elements with 6-8 cm thick outer layers were frequently used in building construction in the 1960/70s. In current construction and rehabilitation, they are much thicker (12-15 cm) or economically non-competitive, due to significantly increased concrete cover or the required use of stainless steel reinforcement, respectively, for durability. Additionally, these elements are placed further away from the support structure, owing to significantly increased requirement in thermal insulation. The outer shell of a façade element of the late 1960s was 4-8 cm away from the support structure while today, it is placed at a distance of 16-32 cm. The potential of replacing steel bars in prefabricated concrete façade elements by non-metallic glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcement was explored experimentally in a collaborative research project, targeting 5 cm thin elements and also requiring to test an associated new anchor system.

The context of this paper is found in an environment that aims to better bridge the academy and practice. What the authors provide in the following pages is a reflection of how undergraduate students are being guided to better understand how an architect might interpret and design for particular geographic and climatic situations. This is accomplished through both traditional and digital techniques that first aim to provide the foundation necessary to first analyze the geometric considerations for the building facade.

ABSTRACT: Nowadays we face the reality of living in mid-20th century buildings that are already part of architectural heritage. Eighty years ago, Serbian modernists accomplished new Machine Age simplicity in architecture without ornaments, finally absent of all historicisms. Following decade brought the Second World War. Its aftermath – population influx into city areas and the extensive rebuilding of the war-torn communities, was an inevitable milestone in the way we live. In the period 1950–1970 reforming minds of Nikolа Dobrović (1897–1967), Ratomir Bogojević (1912–1963), Milorad Macurа (1914–1989), Milicа Šterić (1914–1997), Aleksej Brkić (1922–1999), Mihajlо Mitrović (1922), Uglješа Bogunović (1922–1994), Ivan Antić (1923–2006), Branislav Jovin (1935), and other architects had been alive to the progressive technological development that became crucible for all state redesign of modern urban landscape. Reinforced concrete, curtain-wall cladding, strip window frame and free plan freed designers from the constraints of solid walls. At the same time, Serbian architecture became a polarizing force. Mid-century city transformation of mass housing structures with prefabricated elements and modular apartments were on one side, and striking architectural showcases on other. Today we all live with the legacy of post war architecture. The great majority of these buildings that are inevitably crumbling represent a catalogue of masterpieces that was neglected and under maintained. Technologies have moved on rapidly, acknowledging how life is changing for the people in 21st century. Buildings from after Second World War period are demanding major repairs and technological upgrading. Presented examples show that we had little sympathy for protection and preservation of this once innovative architecture that needs to be valorized and then preserved as heritage or resort to modernization. Nowadays, the attitude toward Serbian post-war architecture is shifting, and we have to ask how we live with “ageing” architectural design – confronting the possibility of destruction and/or inexpert adaptation for 21st century.

APSTRAKT: Danas živimo u građevinama nastalim sredinom 20. veka, koje već predstavljaju arhitektonsko nasleđe. Pre osamdeset godina, srpski modernisti dostigli su jednostavnost novog mašinskog doba u bezornamentalnoj arhitekturi lišenoj istoricizama. Sledeća decenija je donela Drugi svetski rat. Kao posledica razaranja i uvećanog priliva stanovništva u gradske sredine, sveobuhvatna posleratna obnova građevinskog fonda postala je neizbežna prekretnica u načinu života i funkcionisanja zajednice. U periodu 1950–1970 odlučujuća je bila reformatorska uloga Nikole Dobrovića (1897–1967), Ratomira Bogojevića (1912–1963), Milorada Macure (1914–1989), Milice Šterić (1914–1997), Alekseja Brkića (1922–1999), Mihajla Mitrovića (1922), Uglješe Bogunovića (1922– 1994), Ivana Antića (1923–2006), Branislava Jovina (1935) i drugih arhitekta koji su bili nosioci progresivnog tehnološkog razvoja, važnog aspekta u remodelaciji modernog urbanog pejzaža. Armirani beton, zid-zavesa, horizontalne prozorske trake i slobodan plan osnove oslobodili su graditelje ograničenja čvrste zidne mase. Istovremeno, srpska arhitektura postala je polarizirajuća sila. Transformacija gradova sredinom 20. veka sa jedne strane je dovela do stambenih naselja izgrađenih od prefabrikovanih elemenata i modularnih sistema, a sa druge do upečatljivih arhitektonskih autorskih dela. Danas, svi živimo sa nasleđem posleratne arhitekture. Veliki broj ovih objekata koji neumitno propadaju predstavlja vrhunska arhitektonska dostignuća koja se konstantno zanemaruju i nedovoljno održavaju. Ubrzani tehnološki napredak u 21. veku umnogome je izmenio svakodnevni život i potrebe ljudi. Građevine nastale nakon Drugog svetskog rata sada zahtevaju velike popravke i tehnološke nadogradnje. Prezentovani primeri pokazuju da smo do sada imali malo razumevanja za zaštitu i očuvanje ove, nekada inovativne arhitekture, koja se prvenstveno mora valorizovati, zatim i sačuvati kao graditeljsko nasleđe ili osavremeniti. Odnos prema srpskoj arhitekturi nastaloj nakon Drugog svetskog rata se menja, i došlo je vreme da se zapitamo na koji način želimo da živimo sa „ostarelim“ arhitektonskim delima – suočavajući se pritom sa mogućnošću uništenja i/ili nestručne adaptacije za potrebe 21. veka.

Sgraffito as a decorative element of the exterior of 14th and 15th century Florentine buildings has long been known, although seldom granted much attention. The present dissertation, therefore, examines the phenomenon of sgraffito, a technique in which motifs are scratched into smoothened or whitewashed plaster. These decorations can be found as wall decorations on public and semi-public buildings, religious structures, and private dwellings. For the period in question 34 buildings with sgraffito decorations—preserved or otherwise accounted for—could be identified. They have been compiled into a catalogue of the objects under investigation in this study; their documentary value is assessed in a separate chapter. Since many of the sgraffito renderings have only been preserved fragmentarily, extensively restored, or reconstructed, the question of their testimonial value must be treated with caution. The chapter about the history of the technique explores its invention and further development. Scrutiny of the characteristics of the earliest known examples allows the origins of the sgraffito technique—unclear until today—to be traced back to stone work designs and masonry joints. Furthermore, the material suggests a dating of the adoption of grey coloring to the mid-quattrocento, connecting it with the design of the Palazzo Medici’s inner courtyard. The chapter on technology addresses how artists and artisans executed the decorations before and after the Palazzo Medici. Written sources and, most importantly, close study of the decorated objects are the foundation for a reconstruction of the technique in its different stages, taking materials, tools and the time taken to execute these steps into account. The fact that sgraffito decorations were used on both public and private buildings of importance suggests that they were intended to give the buildings a cachet of distinction. The chapter on the significance of sgraffito decorations examines which buildings were so decorated, and investigates who gave the work in commission and what their social standing was. The success of the inexpensive and uncomplicated wall decorations was owed above all to their inherent pictorial character, as the chapter Architektur/Bild argues on the basis of the first and simplest motif—the ashlar. The final chapter compiles examples of the technique’s dissemination from Florence. In particular Rome and Pienza, where many examples of sgraffito have survived, are key locations in this context.
Andreas Huth
Florentiner Sgraffito-Dekorationen des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts Erfindung, Technologie, Bedeutung
Abstract (Deutsch)
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht mit den Florentiner Sgraffito-Dekorationen des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts eine in der Forschung seit langem bekannte, aber wenig erforschte Form der Außengestaltung von Bauwerken. Mit Sgraffito wird eine Technik bezeichnet, bei der in die geglättete oder geweißte Oberfläche eines Putzes Motive eingeritzt werden. Sgraffito-Dekorationen sind an öffentlichen/halb-öffentlichen Bauwerken, Gebäuden in religiösem Kontext und privaten Wohnbauten zu finden. Für die Arbeit wurden für den Untersuchungszeitraum insgesamt 34 Bauwerke ermittelt und in einem Katalog erfasst. Die erhaltenen und nachweisbaren Sgraffito-Dekorationen bilden das Untersuchungsmaterial, dessen dokumentarischer Wert im einleitenden Kapitel diskutiert wird, da viele der Wandgestaltungen nur fragmentarisch, stark restauriert oder als Rekonstruktionen überliefert sind. Ein Kapitel zur Geschichte nimmt die Erfindung und die weitere Entwicklung der Technik in den Focus. Mit Blick auf die Charakteristika der frühesten bekannten Dekorationen wird die bislang unbekannte Herkunft der Sgraffito-Technik aus Formen der Mauerwerks- und Fugengestaltung erklärt. Darüber hinaus kann der Zeitpunkt der Einführung der Grau-Färbung auf Mitte des Quattrocento eingegrenzt und mit dem Innenhof des Palazzo Medici verbunden werden. Wie Handwerker und Künstler Sgraffito-Dekorationen vor und nach den Palazzo Medici ausführten, behandelt ein Kapitel zur Technologie. Auf Basis von schriftlichen Quellen, vor allem aber Beobachtungen an den Objekten wird hier die Technik in ihren Einzelschritten und unter Berücksichtigung der verwendeten Materialien und Werkzeuge sowie der Ausführungszeit rekonstruiert. Der Einsatz von Sgraffito-Dekorationen für bedeutende öffentliche und private Gebäude erlaubt die Annahme, dass es sich bei ihnen um eine besondere Form der Aus- und Kennzeichnung der Bauwerke handelt. Ein Kapitel zur Bedeutung der Sgraffito-Dekorationen fragt, welche Gebäude verziert wurden, wer die AuftraggeberInnen waren und welchen gesellschaftlichen Status sie besaßen. Der Erfolg der kostengünstigen und technisch wenig aufwändigen Wanddekoration verdankt sich vor allem ihrem bildlichen Charakter, wie das Kapitel ‚Architektur/Bild‘ anhand der Quaderung als dem ersten und einfachsten Motiv zu zeigen versucht. Das letzte Kapitel versammelt Beispiele für die von Florenz ausgehende Verbreitung der Sgraffito-Dekorationen. Hierbei kommt vor allem Rom und Pienza eine Schlüsselstellung zu, wo sich zudem zahlreiche Bauwerke mit Sgraffito-Gestaltungen erhalten haben.

Binaların cephesinde kullanılan kaplama malzemelerinin çeşitliliğinin artmasıyla cephe yangınlarının sayısı da artmış, cephede kullanılan ısı yalıtım malzemeleri sınırlandırılarak yangın dayanıklı cephe malzemeleri araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Cephede oluşan yangınların yayılım hızı, katlar arasında binanın cephesinde uygulanan detaya, cephede kullanılan ısı ve su yalıtım malzemelerinin yanıcılık özelliklerine ve cephe geometrisine bağlı olarak değişir. Daha çok dış cephe malzemeleri yangına dayanıklı seçilerek yangının cepheden yayılması önlenir. İç hacımda oluşan yangının dış cepheye geçmemesi için iki katın pencere gibi korumasız boşlukları arasında, yangına dayanıklı cephe elamanıyla dolu yüzey oluşturulur ve yüksek binalarda iç hacım­ da cephe yağmurlama sistemi ile koru­ nur. Cephe yangınları farklı sebeplerden başlayabilmektedir. İç hacımda oluşan yangınlar, pencere ve menfez gibi açık­ lıklardan cepheye geçebildiği gibi komşu bina yangınlarında ısıl ışınımla tutuşma sıcaklığına da gelebilir veya cepheye bitişik bir cihazda başlayan yangın cep­ he boyunca genişleyebilir. İç hacımda meydana gelen bir yangında oluşan alevin ve sıcak gazların pencerelerden, menfezlerden veya benzeri açıklıklardan dış cepheye geçmesine daha çok rast­ lanılmaktadır. Yangının cepheye sirayeti, pencere veya menfezin büyüklüğüne, pencerenin konumuna ve içeride oluşan yangının büyüklüğüne bağlıdır. Yangının büyüklüğü de kullanılan ortamda bulunan yanıcı madde miktarı ile orantılıdır. Tam gelişmiş yangınlarda, yangın olan ortamda sıcaklık 500 ºC değerinin üze­ rine çıkar ve ortamdaki yanıcı madde miktarına ve yangın yüküne bağlı olarak 120-150 kW/m2 ısı üretilir. Açıklıktan cep-heye ulaşan alev, üst katın penceresini yalayarak ısıtır, patlatır ve yangının üst kata geçmesini sağlar. Üst kattaki yangın bir üst kata sirayet eder ve yangın cephe boyunca devam eder.. Diğer bir husus, bir binada oluşan yangının komşu binaların iç kısmında ve cephele­ rinden yeni yangınlara sebep olmasıdır. Yanan binada sıcaklığın yükselmesi ile ısıl enerji ışınım (radyasyon) ve taşınım yoluyla çevreye yayılmaya başlar. Rüzgarın etkisiy­ le taşınan ısı, yanıcı cephenin tutuşmasını sağlar. Rüzgar olmasa bile yüksek sıcaklıkta oluşan ısıl ışınım yakın cepheyi ısıtarak tu-tuşturabilir. Cephe atmosfere açık olduğu için tutuşma sıcaklığına gelmeyebilir, fakat alevin sıcaklığının dördüncü kuvvetiyle orantılı olarak oluşan ısıl ışınım pencere­ lerden içeri girerek içerideki eşyaları tu­ tuşturur ve komşu binada yeni bir yangın başlatabilir. İçerideki yangının büyümesiyle cam patlar ve ısınmış olan cephe kısa Novus Residence, 25-09-2008 Polat Residence, 16-07-2012 YANGIN ve GÜVENLİK SAYI 152 Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman KILIÇ İTÜ Makina Fakültesi

In a time of urbangrowth and densification, when the concentration of population and
housing market stimulate the verticalgrowth, the urban design project has changed from the urban
action on the horizontal plane to a look on the vertical surfaces of the city, the facades. The building
market offers the widest range of products for new envelopes under the discourse of efficiency,
technological innovation, speed of installation and aesthetic experience. The slogan "This Envelope
Changes Everything" is one of the examples of the focus on the surface which was reflected in the
last decade in an increasing number of publications about the contemporary production of facades -
multiplicity that changes the city landscape in the surface contour of the facades.
This work aims to understand and define conceptually how the contemporary facades are
manifested in the city and contribute to the construction of an urban image, characterized by the
culture of outward appearance, diversity and temporary surfaces exchanges. Through the
methodology of conceptual poles, concepts such as skins, masks and other metaphors are defined to
characterize physically and conceptually the contemporary facades.

The issue of identity in architecture is debated throughout the world. In countries with a diverse cultural background and history rich in invasions however, the pursue of identity becomes a necessity rather than a debate. As one of those countries, Albania is experiencing its own quest for identity, the results of which can be interpreted through its architecture.
What flourished in Albania after the 90’ is an architecture of controversy and multi imagery. It can be articulated into different trends such as: the post communist architecture, the high rise buildings and suburban gated communities as well as the cloned façades. These new trends are pieces of an architectural collage composed by both the latter and the existing building typologies that display the identities of three influential countries in the history of Albania: Turkey, Italy and the Soviet Union.
This dissertation offers a reading of the image of multiple identities in contemporary Albanian architecture through the observation of set trends that have emerged recently. Emanating from the conceptual nature of the notion of identity, the first part of the study takes on a theoretical approach to explore people’s perception of identity as well as the role of architecture in constructing one. In the second part, an analytical and comparative perspective is taken to understand the visual messages of past architectural changes followed by the third part that analyses tradition/modernity and recent developments by simultaneously examining the factors that influence identity.
The developed framework offers an insight into Albanian architecture while predicting a future approach that could resolve the image of multiple identities into a comprehensive visual response.

Dorian Gray is a Gothic caricature of the lives of many ordinary Victorian men: an outwardly respectable veneer disguising a hidden, dark private life ". Discuss what Wilde's novel has to tell us about masculinity in the late nineteenth century.

Xth International Congress on Renewable Energy and the Environment Résumé : Le choix d'une enveloppe performante est une décision importante dans le processus de la conception architecturale vue la complexité de ses aspects hyper-interférés. La façade ventilée, en tant qu'enveloppe multifonctionnelle s'inscrivant dans l'optique thématique des bâtiments à haute performance énergétique et de confort thermique. Ce papier résume une recherche entreprise dans le but de tester et d'évaluer l'impact de la façade ventilée sur le confort thermique en zones arides et semi-arides. Pour ce faire, le comportement thermique de la façade ventilée est étudié sous les conditions climatiques de la ville de Biskra (climat chaud et aride). L'investigation a croisé les techniques, elle a porté à la fois sur des mesures prises in situ sur un cas réel, l'élaboration d'une cellule réduite ainsi que la simulation effectuée par le logiciel "Energy Plus". Des vérifications empiriques sous forme d'une enquête par questionnaires a également été effectuée pour permettre l'évaluation de la qualité esthétique de cette façade selon le modèle MATEA. Mots clés : la façade ventilée ; le confort thermique ; la performance ; l'esthétique ; les zones arides et semi-arides.

Architectural design is a process that not only offers better solutions to evolving user requirements but also seeks the one which meets relevant performance requirements in terms of building physics. Within the framework of this definition, the selection is made often from among ready-made systems for building today's facade cladding systems, which might prevent discovery of new design opportunities by taking into consideration the basic characteristics resulting from the type of material. The performance of a facade cladding is not only affected, positively or negatively, by material type and characteristics but also by the form of material and fastening method. The properties resulting from the type of material define the behavior of material in time against external factors and mechanical loads such as sun, rain, and wind. The form of material and fastening method ensure such loads affecting the material to be transmitted to the building envelope.
At this point, performing a general evaluation and comparison of all materials and fastening method options that can be used on the facade, in terms of major performance criteria depending on the building height, will provide architects with a broad range of insights about selection of materials. The behavior demonstrated in time by the system, which is created through combination of the material on the facade through fastening method, should be examined. Particularly, as the technology advances, development of new materials such as composite materials and enhancement of new facade cladding details as a result of the efforts by companies to make a difference, have been increasingly driving the competitive environment in the material market. In this competitive environment, architects who are involved in the decision making process of facade coating system design, seek the one which is the most satisfactory from an aesthetic perspective and the most ideal in technical terms.
This thesis aims to compare different facade cladding systems in terms of their performance, based on fastening safety, fire safety and resistance to atmospheric conditions. Facade cladding systems are addressed by advancing versatile evaluation method in terms of performance requirements expected from the facade. Joint evaluation of various facade systems composed of cladding materials from all material groups that can be used in modern facade cladding systems provides architects with the opportunity to adopt a broader perspective and to make fast decisions during the design process. Therefore, this study compares the behavior of different forms and fastening method alternatives for the same material within the facade cladding system as well as the performances of different materials.

The first section of the thesis provides the definition of the problem, reasons of its emergence, and the purpose and scope of this study. The facade cladding system forming the subject matter of the research is defined and its relationship with the facade and its difference from the curtain wall are explained.
The second section of the thesis discusses the relationship of the factors affecting the selection of facade cladding material such as function, geographical location, climate conditions, building form and height, with the properties related to the material, form and fastening method. The scope of the duties of a facade cladding material is established by comparing it with the roles of the facade.
The evaluation method devised within this study is composed of three stages: input, process and output.
The third part of the thesis establishes the facade coating cladding that generate inputs for the evaluation method. The literature and firm catalogues are used to explore facade cladding products representing formed materials manufactured in the market, as well as the fastening method alternatives for these products. In line with this research, each facade cladding system composed by combining the material, form and fastening method is categorized in order to compare performance criteria and, as a result of this categorization, '33' products representing formed material and '57' facade coating cladding are identified for evaluation. This categorization is performed based on material type, form and fastening method.
A classification has been made in order to be able to make a comparison of performance criteria in alternative façade systems such that the material type (m), the form (b) and the type of construction (k) have been combined to establish facade cladding system (mkb). Each facade cladding system has a material code that is expressed with letters and a form and construction code that is expressed in numbers. Façade materials can be metal, polymer, clay, cement, wood, stone or glass based. The facing material can be used as tiles/slabs (A), sheets (B) or panels (C) in form. The construction installation type can be one of two types, fixing on the infill wall body or fixing on a metal sub-construction system that is fixed on the infill wall body. In fixing on the infill wall the facade material can be fixed using mortar (1) or applied on the infill wall body using anchorage elements without a base construction system (2). In fixing on a metal subconstruction system where fixing is usually done by bolts and anchorage elements on the infill wall body, the façade material can be fixed on the metal subconstruction by special adhesives (3), screw anchors (4), clips (5), special fittings (6). The material thickness, weight per unit volume, the height of the building and the dead, dynamic and seismic loads on the façade determine the form and size of these elements. Also, more than a single mechanical fixing method can be used in a given construction system.
The fourth section of the thesis explains the process stages of the evaluation method developed. The most important ones among them are the fastening safety which is one of the criteria posing threat against safety of life due to various mechanical loads and the fire safety in case of uncontrolled heat/flames or release of poisonous gases. These are followed by the performance criterion related to resistance to atmospheric conditions caused by thermal changes, rain water and various environmental gases.
The products and fixing methods that are used in facade systems have been analyzed with regard to determined performance criteria. There are material properties related to each performance criteria: safety of fixing; Modulus of Elasticity, compressive strength, tensile strength, coefficient of thermal expansion, weight of unit volume, and concerning fire safety; ease of ignition and flame speed, coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity as the last feature concerning resistance to atmosphere conditions; water absorption, heat absorption, coefficient of thermal expansion, corrosion and, hardness.
The quantitative size must be determined in order to perform an evaluation and comparison of facade cladding systems. Therefore, the benefit value coefficients of the product and the fastening method options are identified in quantitative terms. For the '33' products identified as based on metal, polymer, clay, cement, stone, glass and wood, which can be used in facade cladding systems, the respective benefit value coefficients are established based on the benefit value analysis in terms of sub-criteria (Xn) for each major performance criterion (A). Then benefit value coefficients found for each product (mb) based on the sub-criteria (Xn) for the major performance criterion are summed up (mb)X1 + (mb)X2...(mb)Xn = Σ(mb)Xn). This total value is multiplied by the benefit value coefficients in terms of major criteria of the fastening method (kA) designated based on the Churchman and Ackoff method (Σmb)Xn.(kA). This final process is applied for each facade cladding system with all three major performance criteria (A) and the calculated value represents the major performance value of a facade cladding system. (ΣmXn. kA).
The fifth section of the thesis is related to the outputs stage of the method developed. The total values calculated for performance requirements of facade cladding systems (ΣmXn. kA) are compared and discussed based on the normalized values. Facade cladding systems for each material group are shown in charts in order to compare internally normalized values together with three major performance criteria.
Finally, the sixth section of the thesis interprets the results obtained from this evaluation method by discussing the related reasons and generating suggestions.
 It can be suggested that the reason for varying performances of facade cladding systems having the same form and fastening method but different type of materials is the change in material properties due to differentiation in the internal structure of the facade cladding material.
 It can also be suggested that the reason for varying performances of facade cladding systems having the same material and form but different fastening method is the impact of the air layer resulting from the construction and properties of the fastener.
 It is observed that various facade cladding systems having the same material type and fastening method but different form show no substantial difference in terms of fastening safety or performance of resistance against atmospheric conditions but the same has an impact on the fire safety performance of multi-layer panel type products.
It is understood that a facade cladding system is likely to demonstrate different performances in terms of fastening safety, fire safety and resistance to atmospheric conditions. Therefore, an architect can benefit from this evaluation method when selecting facade cladding systems by establishing the priorities according to the respective conditions applicable to the building.

The transfer of information between environment and building offer a wide range of possibilities for occupant’s comfort and energy-related optimization of buildings. Th e building envelope plays a crucial role in the generation and preservation of a controlled indoor climate. This approach understands the building envelope as a system able to perform various tasks beyond the single addition of separated functional components.
Passive design and low energy strategies have been researched, developed and effectively put into practice in buildings and the effectiveness of these strategies is closely linked to the specific climate in which they are used. Mid-latitude or temperate climates tend to benefit the most from passive design and significant energy savings are possible.
In hot and dry climates, for those that can afford it, air conditioning is a standard means to achieve thermal comfort and designers generally intend their buildings to include some sort of mechanical cooling system. However, providing thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings in this climate is a big challenge. Th e study focuses on research of the functional properties of the building façade and highlights the issues surrounding thermal comfort in hot and dry climates, the limitations of current thermal comfort standards in India.

The need to reduce energy consumption in buildings leads to the development of new facade systems that can be energy efficient; thus, contributing significantly to heat transfer between outdoor and
indoor spaces. Here, the versatility and flexibility of the modules are key attributes. For this purpose, this study focused on the thermal performance of Trombe walls and glazings and the glazing daylighting
performance of a modular fac¸ade system in four different Portuguese cities. Computational simulations for the thermal performance of different arrangements of the modules were accomplished with the DesignBuilder software, while the glazing daylighting performance was studied by means of Ecotect and Desktop Radiance software, and compared with the transmittance curves of glazings. Occupancy profile and internal gains were fixed according to the Portuguese reality for both studies. The main characteristics considered in this research were the use of two double glazings, four different
Portuguese climates and one or two Trombe walls in the facade. According to results, the use of Trombe walls and double self-cleaning glazing in the fac¸ade showed an important reduction in the energy consumption as well as better daylighting performance.

Com’è cambiato il concetto di involucro edilizio nel corso degli anni? Qual è la funzione delle strutture in maglia metallica che recentemente progettisti e architetti stanno inserendo come guscio nei nuovi edifici?
Queste domande sorgono spontanee analizzando i progetti dei fabbricati di nuova generazione o semplicemente osservando l’architettura delle grandi città, sempre in evoluzione. Per questo motivo il titolo del seguente lavoro di tesi contiene entrambi i concetti in stretta correlazione, eppure diametralmente opposti nell’immaginario comune.
L’involucro architettonico è da sempre considerato come limite di separazione tra il mondo esterno e la vita che si svolge all’interno di case, uffici, fabbriche; l’uomo, probabilmente per una forma di retaggio culturale, si sente più protetto da una superficie piena, opaca e circondata da recinzioni.
Per questo motivo i metalli hanno sempre avuto un ruolo marginale nell’ideale architettonico susseguitosi nei secoli: metallo è sinonimo di sostegno e forza; è il veicolo per unire agglomerati e sopportare carichi, ma solo recentemente ha assunto un ruolo caratterizzante.
Durante i secoli la siderurgia si è specializzata per poter aumentare la capacità di lavorazione dell’elemento metallico che ha preso piede in vari ambiti: bellico per la creazione di armi sempre più resistenti ed efficaci, edilizio e architettonico per far da sostegno a messaggi perpetuati attraverso altri materiali (cemento, ceramica, vetro…).
Negli ultimi 20 anni i metalli sono stati svincolati dagli elementi che supportavano ed è iniziata ad emergere l’espressività che il materiale ha intrinsecamente in sé: gli architetti hanno sfruttato la pelle metallica visibile e tangibile per rivestire manufatti e per esprimere aspetti artistici ed espressivi diversi dai precedenti.
Le tele metalliche oggi si stanno facendo largo nel mondo delle costruzioni grazie alle loro potenzialità espressive e tecnologiche, in particolare nel settore dei rivestimenti di facciata, liberandosi dalla loro origine industriale e produttiva. Le possibilità realizzative e di utilizzo sono molteplici, sia come applicazioni esterne che nella realizzazione di interni, dato l’impatto stilistico e architettonico molto incisivo; l'unico limite è la fantasia dei progettisti e le norme che regolano la qualità e
la funzionalità degli elementi nel mondo edilizio.
Poiché la letteratura tecnica su questo argomento è ancora limitata, la maggior parte delle informazioni sono state reperite attraverso l’analisi dei principali prodotti in commercio e tramite confronti diretti con le aziende produttrici che hanno fornito dettagliate schede tecniche, cataloghi e stralci di progetti.
Per completare logicamente la trattazione e presentare in concreto le tipologie applicative esposte nell’elaborato, sono presentati tre casi studio, due dei quali effettivamente realizzati mentre uno solo presente a livello progettuale.

The article is devoted to one of the actual problems concerning the current state of the facades on apartment buildings in residential districts in Kiev - videoecology. The main purpose of the article is to determine the degree of visual aggressiveness of multistorey residential buildings in Kiev. It also investigates the problem of finding the optimal criteria for creating an ecologically healthy and friendly inhabited environment in the capital city of Ukraine. The modern visual environment in the capital is contaminated, not only because of the increasing numbers of promotional billboards, but also because of the contemporary architecture of high-rise buildings such as office buildings, apartment buildings. Their composition is usually based on a simple description of a rhythm. There are also repetitions of the end parts of buildings in “lowercase” buildings, which are high-rise buildings that alternate with nine or identical apartment groups. It creates a sense of oppressive monotony and leads to psychological and visual fatigue, especially when these repetitions are the only pattern the eye perceives. In the article a theoretical block of ecological-aesthetic criteria is defined, which must be met by the modern architecture facades of multistorey residential houses in Kiev.

By the nature of his profession as a painter of capricci and vedute, Giovanni Paolo Panini (1692–1765), had to be well acquainted with issues of architectural style and theory. In 1732 he was one of the judges of a competition to choose the architect of the new façade of S. Giovanni in Laterano under the Florentine Pope Clement XII Corsini (reigned 1730–1740). By examining his critiques of the various models and drawings submitted to the Lateran competition, this article attempts to establish where Panini stood in relation to the architectural design issues of his day, in particular the conflict between an established tradition derived from the unexecuted designs of Francesco Borromini (1599–1667) for the façade and the radical conception of the winner of the competition, the Florentine architect Alessandro Galilei (1691–1736). It also argues that a painting in which Panini makes significant changes to the design of the Quirinal Caffeaus by Ferdinando Fuga (1699–1782) was a considered correction of what Panini considered to be deficiencies in Fuga’s style.

Apartman konusunun incelenmesi; dönemin mimarlık anlayışı, yaşam kurgusu ve teknolojisi üzerine bilgi edinmeye kaynaklık etmektedir. İstanbul özelinde apartman yapılarının incelenmesinin amacı, ilk apartman örneklerini barındırması ve tarihsel süreklilikte yapılardaki değişimin izlerini aramaya kaynaklık etmesidir. Dört bölümden oluşan makalenin birinci bölümünde apartmanın tanımı yapılmış, Dünya’da ortaya çıkışı incelenmiş ve önemli örneklerine yer verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde İstanbul özelinde Galata ve Pera’da ortaya çıkıp gelişim gösteren apartman tipi yerleşimler üzerinde durulmuştur. Üçüncü bölümde ise İstanbul’da apartmanın gelişim süreci; Mısır, Ceylan ve NoXX Apartmanları ele alınarak incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde ise ele alınan yapıların plan ve cepheleri karşılaştırılmış, tarihsel süreklilikte apartman yapılarının değişimi anlaşılmaya çalışılmış ve üç dönem yapısının hem plan hem de cephe kurgusunda farklılaşmalar gözlenmiştir.

کالبد شهر و نماهای ساخته شده به دست انسان ادامه فرایند تفکر اوست. هر بنا جزئی از کل در نظر گرفته می شود، لذا با قرارگرفتن در کلی هماهنگ ارزش ارتباط پیدا می کند. با تغییر پارادایم فضا به مکان، طراحي نمای شهری با تغييرات بسيار اساسي همراه است چرا كه مفهوم مكان به عنوان عامل اصلي خلق فضا مطرح مي شود كه معناي آن بيش از آرايش كالبدي فضاهاي شهري می باشد، انسان به فضا شکل می دهد و در فضا شکل می گیرد، ارتباطی متقابل با یکدیگر، بنابراین یکی از مهمترین عناصر کالبدی که در تقویت حس مکان و ایجاد ارتباط بین شهروند و محیط بصری ایفای نقش می کند ترکیب نمای ساختمانها یا به عبارتی نمای شهری می باشد. هدف از این تحقیق سازماندهی نمای شهری در جهت ارتقاء اصول ارتباط و هماهنگی در نما می باشد، در درون چنین فضاهای محصور با نماهای شهری، فعالیتهای انسان و ساخت و سازهای وی، ارتباط و هماهنگی چند جانبه میان نماهای شهری و محیط، تصویری واضح از خود به جای می گذارد. بدین ترتیب معیارهای مختلفی برای اصول ارتباط و هماهنگی نماهای شهری می توان در نظر گرفت، زمانی که این عوامل را کنار یکدیگر قرار دهیم ترکیبی مطلوب از یک جداره شهری شکل می گیرد و بر فرم شهر تاثیر می گذارد و هارمونی فضای شهری را حفظ می نماید. روش تحقیق این مقاله روش تحلیل محتوا می باشد زیرا پژوهش از طریق جستجوی محتوای متونی که به دنبال رابطه و تفسیر متن نماهای شهری هستیم و ابزار تحلیل متن، تحلیل زمینه می باشد که به تشخیص و برجسته سازی هویت زمینه می پردازد . طراحان در صورت خلق چنین مکان هایی می توانند ارتباط و هماهنگی بین انسان و نماهای شهری بیافرینند.

High performance glass and Trombe
walls in the façade was studied in this
research. The paper reports results of an
ongoing investigation on a new façade
system concept, designed as: “Façade
Modules for Eco-Eficient Refurbishment
of Buildings”, especially on energy ef! -
ciency of Trombe wall and glazing modules
arrangement. Computational simulation
was carried out by using the software
DesignBuilder. Two double glazing types
and Trombe walls were considered for
three different climates in Portugal and
four solar orientations. Results obtained
for heating energy needs were compared
to all façade con! gurations. The use of
Trombe wall and the double self-cleaning
glass in the façade point towards a
signi! cant decrease of heating energy
needs. The great majority of the façades
combinations presented energy needs
lower than the maximum allowed by the
Portuguese regulation (RCCTE).

Buildings of modern movement have become a subject of preservation both in the world and in Turkey as a part of recent history. Detection and diagnosis of the defects and failures occurring at these buildings is an important step to protect them that allows determining necessary measures. Building facades that are a part of building envelope are affected from exterior environmental factors such as wind, temperature changes or rain, and defects and failures may occur due to physical and chemical changes resulting from being exposed to location specific exterior conditions. The defects and failures observed may also vary depending on the technology used. Therefore, a master study is being done on defect detection and diagnosis at the facades of Turkish modern movement buildings to prepare an inspection model. In this paper, as a part of aforementioned study, preliminary outcomes based mainly on literature review will be presented and discussed. In this respect, facade characteristics and technology of Turkish modern movement buildings will be presented initially considering some buildings with potential for conservation. Defects that may occur in these technologies together with a brief explanation of the climatic conditions in Turkey, and available inspection methods to detect these defects will then be presented. Finally, the preliminary inspection model and defect detection template generated will be presented and their potentials will be discussed.

Kayseri’nin şehir merkezine 6 km uzaklıkta bulunan Germir, 2000’li yıllarda mahalle niteliğini almıştır. Eski adıyla Konaklar olarak da bilinen bölge tarih boyunca birçok farklı kültüre ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Farklı kültürlerin bölge üzerine etkisi bölgenin mimari mirasını da etkilemiştir. Zengin bir mimari mirası günümüze aktaran Germir, özgün bir dokuya sahiptir. Bölgede geleneksel konut tiplerinin oluşturduğu karakteristik sokak dokusu bulunmaktadır. Doku içerisinde bazı konutların özgün işleviyle kullanımı devam ederken, bazı konutlar terkedilmiştir. Kullanımı devam eden konutların bazılarının ise niteliksiz ekler sebebiyle özgünlüğü zedelenmiştir. Sokak dokusunun yanı sıra bölgede kiliseler, camiler ve bezirhaneler de bulunmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında Germir Yukarı Mahalle’de bulunan, günümüzde müze ve bölge halkı için bir toplanma mekânı olarak kullanılan Germir İptidai Mektebi incelenmektedir. Ana materyal olan Germir İptidai Mektebi’nin detaylı incelenmesinden sonra yakın tarihlerde inşa edilmiş olan mektepler belirlenerek kıyaslama yoluna gidilmiştir. Yapılan kıyaslamalarla XX. yüzyılın başlarında inşa edilmiş olan mekteplerin ortak karakteristik özellikler taşıması çalışmanın olası sonucudur.

The utilisation preference of glazed facades in the hot regions is accompanied by serious environmental and economic impacts. Attempts are continuing to fulfil an optimum balance between minimising heat gains and maximising daylighting benefits; in an economical approach. This study was conducted in Egypt, where a real case study was investigated to evaluate the thermo-visual performance of a building with glazed facades. Improvements of the thermo-visual performance are pursued via the application of five different glazing alternatives in the first phase of the study. In the other two phases, further enhancement is sought via the addition of parametric lightshelves and perforated double skin facades; creating a total of 138 possible configurations. The best configuration that combined clear glass and a lightshelf has significantly improved the thermal comfort and daylighting uniformity, but it also slightly improved the availability of daylight. This ultimately leads to an energy saving, however, further economic assessment is required.

Thesis for a Candidate of Science degree (PhD) of Architecture in speciality 18.00.02 – Architecture of buildings and structures. – Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, Kyiv, 2019. The dissertation is devoted to the problem of architectural organization of facades of multistorey residential buildings taking into account the visual ecology (videoecology) on the example of the city of Kyiv. Based on the research carried out by architects, psychologists, sociologists, physicians, physiologists, mathematicians, the author scientifically substantiated the influence of architecture of the facades of multistorey residential buildings in the city of Kyiv, as an environmental factor, on the psychological state and the visual apparatus of urban dwellers. Three modern directions of formation of the architecture of facades of domestic multistorey residential buildings were determined in the work. These directions have not yet been considered for visual comfort and their degree of aggressiveness. It was revealed that for the city of Kyiv the leading direction is the traditional approach (characterized by a simple form of window and door openings, lack of elements of small decor). The general methodology of the study is based on the methods: deduction; systematization, analysis of scientific sources and examples of design and construction practices; constructing logic circuits and models; historical-genetic and comparative analysis of domestic and foreign experience; retrospective analysis; physical examination and photographic fixation; mathematical and graph-analytical apparatuses of research; sociological survey and mapping; modelling and forecasting; design and experimental design. The complex of modern factors influencing the level of visual comfort of the facades of multistorey residential buildings was determined: the detection of structures on the facade surface; flexible organization of the facade field; identification of the internal structure; conditions of perception; the nature of the details of the facade field. Ten signs of ecological beauty of buildings are revealed. The method was proposed for determining dynamic and static visual connections, the presence of visual field, and the method of architectural organization of the facades of multi-storeyed residential buildings, taking into
account the requirements of the visual environment. The principles of architectural organization of facades of multistorey residential buildings were formulated taking into account the visual ecology: increased contact, organic, variability, and eco-reconstruction. The map of videoecological zoning in Kyiv was developed, which includes three zones: with favourable visual environment, with unfavourable visible environment, with a neutral visible environment. Classification of modern (basic and additional) techniques of architectural organization of the facades of multistorey residential buildings was improved taking into account the visual ecology at levels of large, medium and small plasticity elements. The final part provides the ways to introduce the study results into experimental design, project activities and in the educational process.

This article determines basic and additional techniques of the architecture of multistorey residential buildings` facades taking into consideration requirements of visual ecology (videoecology) based on the example of Kyiv. The author noted that at the stages of developing pre-design and design proposals for multistorey residential buildings, basic techniques should be applied. In the conditions of existing housing environment, in Kyiv, it is necessary to apply additional techniques, subject to the visual landscape analysis of the urban planning situation.