- via del Castro Laurenziano 7/a
00161 Roma
- Computer Graphics, Digital Humanities, Virtual Communication, 3D Laser scanning (Architecture), Digital Archaeology, Digital heritage in architecture, and 23 moreClose-range Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing (Archaeology), Measurement and Evaluation, Measurements and Characterization, Visualization, Interior Design (Architecture), Design Visualization (Architecture), 3D Reconstruction, Heritage Visualization, Digital preservation (Cultural Heritage), 3D visualisation, Digitisation Of Cultural Heritage, 3D Modelling (Architecture), Cultural Heritage, Survey Research, Virtual Reality (Computer Graphics), BIM (Architecture), Serious Games, Photogrammetry, Artificial Intelligence, Disegno E Rilievo, 3D Laser Scanning (Archaeology), and 3D Laser scanningedit
- The PhD thesis deals with three-dimensional survey methods applied to the geometrical acquisition of Industrial Desig... moreThe PhD thesis deals with three-dimensional survey methods applied to the geometrical acquisition of Industrial Design products. 3D acquisition techniques are already used in industrial design production but their role in every single process was not yet systematically codified. In addition the level of geometrical complexity of any specific product may highlight limitations by using a single instrument, which can’t supply with good results for all typologies of industrial products. These factors have been critically framed in the current thesis, outlining the definition of object complexity for the best selection of survey method for every situation. The actual limits of 3D acquisition systems are so identified and compared to integrated systems (i.e. systems where different complementary instruments are used together) applied in fields different from Industrial Design. The objective of thesis is to demonstrate the limits of a single instrument application and the necessity to apply multi-resolution system or sensor fusion to solve the larger part of the problems in the 3D acquisition of complex shapesedit
The mass-product industry sees in the "disposable" object a solution able to provide a low-cost answer to the growing needs of consumers, feeding a con-sumerist circuit with negative social and environmental impact. The extension of this... more
The mass-product industry sees in the "disposable" object a solution able to provide a low-cost answer to the growing needs of consumers, feeding a con-sumerist circuit with negative social and environmental impact. The extension of this concept over a long time leads to the use of products composed by not durable components until they break down, then to the immediate replacement of the whole product. Do-it-yourself, meant the ability to fix products, coun-teracts this trend by extending the life cycle of objects, positively affecting both the environment and self-esteem. Advanced visualization technologies, such as augmented reality, can accompany and facilitate this process. Indeed, they provide tools accessible to all, thanks to smartphones, contextualizing digital info in the real environment and expanding knowledge about the product's accommodation. This process's criticality is related to creating a 3D representation of the product to recognize the different components and asso-ciating multimedia data. The article's research aims to experiment with an Augmented Reality application to improve maintenance and repair activities anywhere and anytime on design products. The application is created and test-ed on the bicycle, a rapidly growing product even in large Italian cities. The purpose is to experiment with using Augmented Reality in the Industrial Prod-uct domain for fixing purposes, scaling its application to different types of products belonging to homogeneous classes.
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Il libro propone un percorso conoscitivo sulla Delizia del Verginese, caso studio emblematico per la sua relazione con il territorio, la storia e lo stato di conservazione, inquadrata all’interno del sistema culturale delle Delizie... more
Il libro propone un percorso conoscitivo sulla Delizia del Verginese, caso studio emblematico per la sua relazione con il territorio, la storia e lo stato di conservazione, inquadrata all’interno del sistema culturale delle Delizie Estensi rinascimentali. Attraverso gli strumenti di studio propri del settore disciplinare del Disegno, illustra un percorso di ricerca e analisi multiscala dell’architettura e del suo territorio, attraverso il rilievo inteso come cantiere della conoscenza. Partendo dall’inquadramento storico, il percorso di analisi individua una possibile genesi progettuale, l’articolazione geometrica, funzionale e la sua relazione con il giardino e il territorio circostante, arrivando a contestualizzarne la presenza nel tempo e nello spazio. Attraverso gli strumenti e i metodi della Scienza della rappresentazione ne viene infine restituita la forma nel piano e in 3D, suggerendo alcuni percorsi comunicativi per la promozione e valorizzazione del Bene.
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Con l’evoluzione della tecnologia il costo di un apparato per il rilievo tridimensionale è divenuto abbordabile anche per piccole imprese e singoli professionisti: per questo le tecniche di digitalizzazione 3D divengono via via più... more
Con l’evoluzione della tecnologia il costo di un apparato per il rilievo tridimensionale è divenuto abbordabile anche per piccole imprese e singoli professionisti: per questo le tecniche di digitalizzazione 3D divengono via via più richieste sia in ambito didattico sia applicativo. Il testo si propone di illustrare il principio di funzionamento dei diversi sensori 3D ormai disponibili sul mercato, li inquadra in un contesto generale specificandone i principi di funzionamento, motivandone le prestazioni e fornendo dei criteri per permettere anche all’utente finale una caratterizzazione dei sistemi consentendone un uso consapevole. Descrive le modalità con cui questi sensori devono essere utilizzati per trasformare le superfici di un oggetto in un insieme di dati manipolabili con gli strumenti della rappresentazione digitale, come deve essere pianificato un progetto di acquisizione e quali sono gli errori da evitare. Vengono inoltre analizzate le procedure per il post-processing dei dati grezzi prodotti da un sensore 3D che consentono di arrivare ad un modello tridimensionale completo di texture e ci si sofferma sulle modalità di applicazione delle tecniche di acquisizione 3D a due campi applicativi in particolare: l’Industrial Design e la conservazione dei Beni Culturali. Infine, vengono esposti una serie di casi di studio, presi da differenti ambiti disciplinari, che illustrano come le tecniche descritte nella prima parte del libro possano essere utilmente applicate per far fronte alle difficoltà pratiche
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The research is framed in multimedia photogrammetry, a specific domain aimed at acquiring geometric information about static objects immersed or semi-submerged in a liquid through one or more cameras external to the liquid. If the liquid... more
The research is framed in multimedia photogrammetry, a specific domain aimed at acquiring geometric information about static objects immersed or semi-submerged in a liquid through one or more cameras external to the liquid. If the liquid is water, this field belongs to the broader field of applied metrology for analysing and understanding the aquatic world. Specifically, the various passive sensing techniques for acquiring Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) in shallow water are central to understanding the research domain's underlying issues. Our research is framed in the domain, implementing the automatic analysis to estimate a priori (and correcting a posteriori) the camera's behaviour under certain conditions for acquiring submerged or semi-submerged objects. The first analytical results are framed in a two-year project, which aims to define a behaviour model in a controlled environment with encoded targets and stereo-photogrammetry, automatically extracting the camera orientation parameters under different water height conditions. A planar reproduction of a CH artefact, which simulates an immersed architectonic floor, has been applied to validate the process in a first case study, testing the system's capacity to extract the correct coordinates of the image. At the end of this first experimental phase, the aim is to define a model for the behaviour of water deformation. It will make it possible to predict and correct the water refraction by calculating the correct coordinates within the liquid. In the future, this model will be tested under different and incrementally more complex acquisition conditions. The global project's primary goal is to arrive at the application of this model in an uncontrolled environment for the survey of UCH in shallow water.
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The construction physical copies of statues is not new, but it still contains several elements to investigate. On the one hand, the optimization of the digital models for their physical fruition while preserving the distinctive features,... more
The construction physical copies of statues is not new, but it still contains several elements to investigate. On the one hand, the optimization of the digital models for their physical fruition while preserving the distinctive features, and on the other hand, the pipeline for constructing a reliable physical copy in terms of morphometrics and material. These two steps require experimentation and comparisons, allowing the processes to be validated to reach scientifically accurate results. The article, starting from the case study of the head of Sant'Elena preserved inside the homonym mausoleum, proposes the comparison of different processes of physical and digital 3D acquisition and reproduction of the work to expand its fruition for people with visual impairment.
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Visual communication allows promoting territories to rediscover urban contexts. The stratification and hybridization of cultures, societies, and palimpsests, can be highlighted by visual paths, which offer possible keys of interpretation.... more
Visual communication allows promoting territories to rediscover urban contexts. The stratification and hybridization of cultures, societies, and palimpsests, can be highlighted by visual paths, which offer possible keys of interpretation. The article suggests two visual paths created during a CIVIS Summer School to read the Esquiline neighbourhood in Rome, a crossroads of cultures and transformations. The results allow evaluating critically the visual description of complex urban contexts.
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and includes knowledge from art history, digital surveying, 3D modelling, and digital solutions for cultural heritage. The research involves the reconstructive 3D modelling of Piffetti's Library, once placed in the cabinet toward midnight... more
and includes knowledge from art history, digital surveying, 3D modelling, and digital solutions for cultural heritage. The research involves the reconstructive 3D modelling of Piffetti's Library, once placed in the cabinet toward midnight and west inside the Villa della Regina and today in the Palazzo del Quirinale, and its interactive visualisation through augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) aimed at accessibility.
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Integrated surveying with active and passive systems is a well-established process for understanding artifacts at different scales and levels of complexity. But some acquisition problems still exist, related to the presence of... more
Integrated surveying with active and passive systems is a well-established process for understanding artifacts at different scales and levels of complexity. But some acquisition problems still exist, related to the presence of non-optically cooperating materials, reflective surfaces, and non-homogeneous and uncontrolled illumination conditions. Especially in these cases, the integration between different 3D acquisition techniques allows us to test the response of different instruments concerning the boundary conditions, going to compare the results. This activity highlights the pros and cons of each technique, identifying the right balance for future applications with the same conditions. The case study analyzed in the article is the Piffetti Library, a wooden work from the first half of the 1800s present at the Quirinale Palace (Rome). The artifact shows multiple levels of environmental complexity (small space with movement constraints and uncontrollable light), and it is composed of several wood pieces with a very glossy finish. The presence of shelving, free-form surfaces, and sculptural details requires careful planning to survey the artifact with consistent resolution. The use of different active and passive acquisition methods is tested, defining an integrated methodology coherent with the complexity of the artifact and the context in which it is positioned. The dual purpose is to define a possible replicable protocol, arriving at the definition of reliable 3D data for subsequent analysis and virtual reconstructions.
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The construction physical copies of statues is not new, but it still contains several elements to investigate. On the one hand, the optimization of the digital models for their physical fruition while preserving the distinctive features,... more
The construction physical copies of statues is not new, but it still contains several elements to investigate. On the one hand, the optimization of the digital models for their physical fruition while preserving the distinctive features, and on the other hand, the pipeline for constructing a reliable physical copy in terms of morphometrics and material. These two steps require experimentation and comparisons, allowing the processes to be validated to reach scientifically accurate results. The article, starting from the case study of the head of Sant'Elena preserved inside the homonym mausoleum, proposes the comparison of different processes of physical and digital 3D acquisition and reproduction of the work to expand its fruition for people with visual impairment.
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Drawing is a primary subject in university. Students learn tools and methods for representing any shape in the plane and space to deal with projects related to architecture, engineering, and design fields. The research aims to develop an... more
Drawing is a primary subject in university. Students learn tools and methods for representing any shape in the plane and space to deal with projects related to architecture, engineering, and design fields. The research aims to develop an innovative, interactive, inclusive, and engaging "augmented" didactic method to simplify cognitive processes in the geometric teaching domain. Augmented Reality (AR) introduction in the educational path determines a clear advancement in knowledge by merging the representation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects in both plane and space. The proposal of a method based on AR visualization by different levels of interaction allows the student to understand shapes, and tailor their learning experience to their individual needs. The AR experience is tested in specific Representation courses at Sapienza University. However, it will be scalable to any field in which 3D representation is a vehicle for understanding content or functional processes.
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In the cultural heritage knowledge path, the survey process assumes a primary role as a tool to analyze and interpret through bibliographic and iconographic analysis and the study of reality. The case study analyzed in the article is the... more
In the cultural heritage knowledge path, the survey process assumes a primary role as a tool to analyze and interpret through bibliographic and iconographic analysis and the study of reality. The case study analyzed in the article is the Castle of Canossa, the epicenter of some critical events in medieval times. The authors describe the first part of the research, mainly focused on the integrated survey process between active and passive techniques at architectural and territorial scales. Several geometrical validation steps have been introduced to verify the reliability of the 3D acquisition and historical reconstruction. The paper highlighted the crucial relationship between territorial heritage and buildings, laying the groundwork for a more articulated analysis of the entire architectural complex. The final aim is to realize a 3D BIM model that represent the current and the original architectures in the same type of environment.
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The survey and modeling of spatial grid structures is often a challenging task to solve, due to the many bottlenecks present in the reverse modelling process. Geometrical and material complexity, scale variation, shadows effects, low... more
The survey and modeling of spatial grid structures is often a challenging task to solve, due to the many bottlenecks present in the reverse modelling process. Geometrical and material complexity, scale variation, shadows effects, low accessibility, mismatch between similar elements, metrical validation, data management are all critical passages. They must be solved to obtain a reliable data able to solve the system maintenance and intervention requirements. In these cases, in particular, when the structure is difficult to be accessed, it is essential to plan an integrated survey approach. This paper shows how the survey and modelling of an impressive structure was carried out using both TLS and RPAS photogrammetry. After being validated, the data is integrated into a single point cloud that completely describes the structure, eliminating shadow areas and hidden parts. In the modeling process, particular attention was paid to verifying the correspondence between as-built and project. Finally, an element of particular interest is represented by the attempt to recognize the individual construction components belonging to specified geometric and dimensional classes, with the advantage of obtaining a complete model that is as faithful as possible to the real situation of the structure.
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The representation of complex architectures presents a strong connection with the increasingly massive use of 3D acquisition systems and virtual representations. These tools have changed the relationship between researchers and Cultural... more
The representation of complex architectures presents a strong connection with the increasingly massive use of 3D acquisition systems and virtual representations. These tools have changed the relationship between researchers and Cultural Heritage artefacts, deeply affecting their analysis and representation. In this evolutive framework, may orthogonal projections still play an effective role in the study of buildings, or are they can be entirely replaced by 3D virtual models? May these firsts be compared with the communication powerful shown in the field of Augmented Reality? Starting from a critical review on the concepts of "representation" and "complexity", the article aims to provide a possible answer to these questions, through the description of some case studies characterized by a similar spatial and functional complexity.
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The Jesuit church of San Fedele in Milan preserves the inlaid choir of Santa Maria della Scala church, decorated with perspective inlays in relief, which present repetitive elements and a composition like the wooden choir of San Satiro,... more
The Jesuit church of San Fedele in Milan preserves the inlaid choir of Santa Maria della Scala church, decorated with perspective inlays in relief, which present repetitive elements and a composition like the wooden choir of San Satiro, varying the decoration of the architectural elements and the urban landscape in the background. All the panels except one have the same decoration in pairs with very similar backgrounds, but the arrangement in the choir, which has been adapted to a different space respect to the original one, is not symmetrical. The analysis tries to reconstruct the design organization, integrating the survey of both the panels and the geometry of the wooden structure, trying to clarify the questions posed by the anomalies found, suggesting the original geometry in an unequal comparison between the digital survey and the eighteenth-century drawings of the demolished church.
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This contribution investigates the transformations, starting from the 16th century, of the façade of Palazzetto Baschenis Borghese, located in the ancient area of the Porto di Ripetta in the Campo Marzio district in Rome. It is part of... more
This contribution investigates the transformations, starting from the 16th century, of the façade of Palazzetto Baschenis Borghese, located in the ancient area of the Porto di Ripetta in the Campo Marzio district in Rome. It is part of an ongoing research project aimed at analysing architectural façades and, through the creation of virtual models of altered or no longer existing buildings, at the representation and knowledge of the urban metamorphoses of the area. The building was an integral part of the context of the picturesque Porto di Ripetta and was built by Antonio Baschenis in 1526. In 1658 it passed to the Borghese family, who in 1671 heavily changed its configuration to create a “perspective telescope” which, starting from the “enfilade” on the ground floor of the nearby Palazzo Borghese, culminated in a fountain placed in the middle of the façade of Palazzetto Baschenis. The paper proposes a critical reading of the changes of this latter based on the graphic and iconographic documentation, and through drawing and 3D modelling offers the reader the opportunity to visualize and understand the relationship with the perspective of Palazzo Borghese.
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The application of integrated survey techniques and 3D modelling methodologies for Cultural Heritage analysis is now considered a consolidated process, while preserving and suggesting continuous research lines related from one side to the... more
The application of integrated survey techniques and 3D modelling methodologies for Cultural Heritage analysis is now considered a consolidated process, while preserving and suggesting continuous research lines related from one side to the evolution of acquisition and restitution instruments, from the other to the problems linked to the specific case study and the goal of the research. This article describes the analysis of one of the largest and best-preserved gates of Rome, located within the Aurelian walls: Porta San Sebastiano. The original name of this gate was Porta Appia, transformed in the Middle Ages into San Sebastiano from the name of the Christian martyr buried in the Basilica on the Via Appia, located just outside the walls. The current gate aspect is the result of many architectural changes over the centuries , as well as a transformation happened in the twentieth century which has led it to a residential use, a unique example of its kind. Through the integration of different survey techniques, a geometric analysis of the complex building is completed, highlighting the construction complexity and the spatial articula-tion. A parametric model of a portion of the building is then suggested, aimed at understanding the logic underlying the definition of a HBIM model related to an existing complex artefact. Through an integrated analysis, the aim of the article is to provide an advancement in the knowledge of the specific Cultural Heritage through the integration of complementary methods of analysis and representation.
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ITA - Le immagini digitali rappresentano oggi il risultato di uno sviluppo multidisciplinare e uno strumento insostituibile per l’analisi sia dell’esistente che del progetto, consentendo la generazione di modelli 3D texturizzati grazie al... more
ITA - Le immagini digitali rappresentano oggi il risultato di uno sviluppo multidisciplinare e uno strumento insostituibile per l’analisi sia dell’esistente che del progetto, consentendo la generazione di modelli 3D texturizzati grazie al processo di fotomodellazione. Constatata la loro diffusione in ambito disciplinare, l’articolo si pone il dubbio se tali modelli siano utili solo a fini comunicativi o anche per l’analisi critica dell’esistente. Attraverso un approfondimento sui limiti metodologici e i metodi di applicazione, la ricerca suggerisce una risposta, prefigurando alcuni sviluppi futuri.
ENG - Digital images represent the result of a multidisciplinary advance and an exceptional tool for reality and project analysis, generating 3D texturized models through image-based modelling process. Once verified their spread in the disciplinary field, the article arises the question if these models are useful only for communication purposes or even for the critical reality analysis. Facing pipeline bottlenecks and methodology approach, the research suggests an answer, prefiguring some future developments.
ENG - Digital images represent the result of a multidisciplinary advance and an exceptional tool for reality and project analysis, generating 3D texturized models through image-based modelling process. Once verified their spread in the disciplinary field, the article arises the question if these models are useful only for communication purposes or even for the critical reality analysis. Facing pipeline bottlenecks and methodology approach, the research suggests an answer, prefiguring some future developments.
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The presented research is focused on a critical analysis of methodological survey approach related to 3D massive acquisition of Cultural Heritage assets. Starting from the authors’ experiences in 3D CH acquisition during the last 15... more
The presented research is focused on a critical analysis of methodological survey approach related to 3D massive acquisition of Cultural Heritage assets. Starting from the authors’ experiences in 3D CH acquisition during the last 15 years, the aim of the paper is to outline critically some pipeline bottlenecks still present in the 3D acquisition process. A short state of art about instruments and methodological evolution in such area support this evaluation, suggesting the opportunity for a mature comparison on the current 3D detection methods, their potential and limits, waiting for the latter to be overcome again in the nearly future. As example, a complex project experience in Pompeii is presented, highlighting some bounds and methodological aspects to control the entire 3D survey process and get results useful for Cultural Heritage understanding.
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The presented research deals with the 3D acquisition and modeling of San Zenone's chapel in Santa Prassede church, a very rich and unique example of byzantine architecture and sculpture. The aim of the paper deals with survey and... more
The presented research deals with the 3D acquisition and modeling of San Zenone's chapel in Santa Prassede church, a very rich and unique example of byzantine architecture and sculpture. The aim of the paper deals with survey and representation bottlenecks related to a portion of a church, characterized by a very important decorative apparatus. The paper analyses the transition between the acquisition phase and the construction of a 3D model, which contains reliable geometric and radiometric data, defining at the end a useful instrument for architectural, archaeological and architectural interpretation, balanced by the human capacity to read the real context and 3D extracted data.
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The survey of historical façades contains several bottlenecks, mainly related to the geometrical structure, the decorative framework, the presence of natural or artificial obstacles, the environment limitations. Urban context presents... more
The survey of historical façades contains several bottlenecks, mainly related to the geometrical structure, the decorative framework, the presence of natural or artificial obstacles, the environment limitations. Urban context presents additional restrictions, binding by ground acquisition activity and leading to building data loss. The integration of TLS and close-range photogrammetry allows to go over such stuff, not overcoming the shadows effect due to the ground point of view. In the last year the massive use of UAVs in survey activity has permitted to enlarge survey capabilities, reaching a deeper knowledge in the architecture analysis. In the meanwhile, several behaviour rules have been introduced in different countries, regulating the UAVs use in different field, strongly restricting their application in urban areas. Recently very small and light platforms have been presented, which can partially overcome these rules restrictions, opening to very interesting future scenarios. This article presents the application of one of these very small RPAS (less than 300 g), equipped with a low-cost camera, in a close range photogrammetric survey of an historical building façade in Bologna (Italy). The suggested analysis tries to point out the system accuracy and details acquisition capacity. The final aim of the paper is to validate the application of this new platform in an architectonic survey pipeline, widening the future application of close-range photogrammetry in the architecture acquisition process.
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Le case cantoniere, che prendono il nome dai "cantonieri", personale addetto alla manutenzione delle strade, rappresentano un simbolo indelebile della nostra storia, un’icona del nostro passato, del nostro presente e del nostro futuro.... more
Le case cantoniere, che prendono il nome dai "cantonieri", personale addetto alla manutenzione delle strade, rappresentano un simbolo indelebile della nostra storia, un’icona del nostro passato, del nostro presente e del nostro futuro. Attualmente molte di queste strutture non svolgono più la loro funzione primaria. Sul territorio se ne contano ancora un cospicuo numero di cui la metà sono utilizzate come sedi operative per il personale di esercizio dell'A.N.A.S., altre come magazzini o funzioni simili, altre ancora abbandonate. Già da qualche anno l'attenzione posta dalle istituzioni verso la riqualificazione e riuso di immobili pubblici tra i quali Caselli ferroviari, Case Coloniche, Case Cantoniere, situati lungo percorsi ciclopedonali e itinerari storico-religiosi, si è tradotto nel Progetto a rete denominato “Valore Paese – Cammini e Percorsi” presentato dall'Agenzia del Demanio e promosso da Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo (MiBACT) e dal Ministero delle infrastrutture e dei trasporti (MIT). Un programma di riqualificazione e valorizzazione di questa nostra eredità storica, messo a punto all’insegna del turismo sostenibile. Ed è in questo specifico contesto che il nostro gruppo di ricerca, afferente al Settore Scientifico Disciplinare ICAR 17, ha ritenuto interessante approfondire, partendo dall’ambito più generale delle Case Cantoniere, la specificità legata al loro aspetto cromatico. Questa tipologia di edificio, comunque ereditata ma definitivamente messa a sistema con il programma di riordino ed ampliamento della rete stradale nazionale iniziato nel 1928, superando il precipuo ruolo di immobile di servizio, divenne di fatto e non riteniamo casualmente- un riconosciuto e condiviso simbolo identificativo nazionale, ed al contempo, manifesto di propaganda di Regime.
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This contribution centres on Pier Luigi Nervi's 1934 project for “Una Casa Girevole” (A Rotating House). A never-built construction pertaining to the body of his lesser-known works, it presents original solutions for the shape, structure,... more
This contribution centres on Pier Luigi Nervi's 1934 project for “Una Casa Girevole” (A Rotating House). A never-built construction pertaining to the body of his lesser-known works, it presents original solutions for the shape, structure, distribution, and mechanical/electrical systems that were taken up and refined over time, especially in some of his creations in Rome. Among the results of an analysis of his drawings for the first plan and later variations, we present a digital model that can also be used from a kinematic point of view via augmented reality
Il contributo è incentrato sul progetto per la “Casa Girevole” di Pier Luigi Nervi del 1934. Un edificio mai realizzato che appartiene al novero delle sue architetture meno note, presenta soluzioni formali, strutturali, distributive ed impiantistiche originali riprese ed affinate in tempi successivi soprattutto in alcune sue realizzazioni romane. Tra i portati dell’analisi condotta attraverso i disegni della prima ipotesi e della successiva variante, proponiamo la realizzazione di un modello digitale fruibile anche dal punto di vista cinematico mediante AR.
Il contributo è incentrato sul progetto per la “Casa Girevole” di Pier Luigi Nervi del 1934. Un edificio mai realizzato che appartiene al novero delle sue architetture meno note, presenta soluzioni formali, strutturali, distributive ed impiantistiche originali riprese ed affinate in tempi successivi soprattutto in alcune sue realizzazioni romane. Tra i portati dell’analisi condotta attraverso i disegni della prima ipotesi e della successiva variante, proponiamo la realizzazione di un modello digitale fruibile anche dal punto di vista cinematico mediante AR.
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L’applicazione di metodologie di rilievo e modellazione digitale nella filiera produttiva nautica applicate ad uno scafo pluripremiato di classe Optimist presenta diversi limiti, che vengono evidenziati e superati attraverso una soluzione... more
L’applicazione di metodologie di rilievo e modellazione digitale nella filiera produttiva nautica applicate ad uno scafo pluripremiato di classe Optimist presenta diversi limiti, che vengono evidenziati e superati attraverso una soluzione metodologica integrata, consentendo di verificare e validare i risultati con un modello di riferimento.
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Il ruolo del colore come strumento conoscitivo dell’archeologia, declinato all’interno delle operazioni di rilievo e rappresentazione, è un tema che copre differenti ambiti disciplinari ed applicativi, dalla conoscenza e dallo studio... more
Il ruolo del colore come strumento conoscitivo dell’archeologia, declinato all’interno delle operazioni di rilievo e rappresentazione, è un tema che copre differenti ambiti disciplinari ed applicativi, dalla conoscenza e dallo studio evolutivo della fisica del colore alla storia dei materiali e dei pigmenti, dal rilievo degli aspetti cromatici e materici alla relativa rappresentazione, fino ad arrivare alla visualizzazione digitale in ambienti con un livello di immersività ed interazione crescente. Ad oggi sono molteplici le sperimentazioni condotte e i risultati raggiunti in diversi ambiti applicativi, ma nonostante questo il rilievo e la rappresentazione del colore risultano spesso un collo di bottiglia nel processo conoscitivo del manufatto archeologico. Tale condizione deriva principalmente da due fattori, il primo di natura culturale e il secondo di origine metodologica. Da un lato la persistente distanza culturale fra le figure umanistiche e quelle tecniche e la difficile realizzazione di un reale approccio interdisciplinare, inteso come effettiva collaborazione biunivoca fra le parti, sulla quale lavorano da molti anni differenti associazioni a livello internazionale (CAA, VSMM, AIC, etc.), porta ad una mancanza di dialogo e di conseguenza alla mancata comprensione delle esigenze in fase analitica, arrivando ad ottenere risultati lacunosi o dati non affidabili ai fini delle ricerche. Dal punto di vista metodologico invece si evidenzia una divergenza sul ruolo e finalità delle tecniche di rilievo e di rappresentazione, siano esse tradizionali o digitali, all’interno del processo conoscitivo del manufatto, che può portare a risultati fini a sé stessi, autoreferenziali e non utili ai fini del raggiungimento di una conoscenza complessa del Bene.
Partendo da una analisi storica sul ruolo del colore nel rilievo e nella rappresentazione dei Beni Archeologici, l’articolo intende suggerire alcune riflessioni di carattere culturale e metodologico, ponendo al centro del confronto il rilievo geometrico e radiometrico come strumento di conoscenza della archeologia, in relazione alle finalità del progetto di rilievo e alla sua relativa rappresentazione. Verranno presentati alcuni casi studio a supporto di tali riflessioni e delle successive conclusioni che ne verranno tratte.
Partendo da una analisi storica sul ruolo del colore nel rilievo e nella rappresentazione dei Beni Archeologici, l’articolo intende suggerire alcune riflessioni di carattere culturale e metodologico, ponendo al centro del confronto il rilievo geometrico e radiometrico come strumento di conoscenza della archeologia, in relazione alle finalità del progetto di rilievo e alla sua relativa rappresentazione. Verranno presentati alcuni casi studio a supporto di tali riflessioni e delle successive conclusioni che ne verranno tratte.
Research Interests:
The fruition of a natural or anthropic territory depends basically by the access and moving condition inside the area. These aspects are related both to the paths network characteristics, like slopes and road accessibility, crossing... more
The fruition of a natural or anthropic territory depends basically by the access and moving condition inside the area. These aspects are related both to the paths network characteristics, like slopes and road accessibility, crossing methods and usability. In addition, a second aspect, which combine all the firsts, is represented by the way in which humans decide to experience this territory, creating a relationship between the way of thinking and movement, contextualizing their thought identity with the external environment. Starting from an analysis that consider both the relation between thought and move-ment, merging personal and collective identity, and the historical evolution of human's walking and cycling, the article suggests a critical analysis about ac-cessibility of an urban area close to Rome centre, using drawing and represen-tation tools to support and visualize this process, in order to suggest a simpli-fied and optimized territory access, meanwhile trying to keep alive and foster the basic connection between thinking and movement.
Research Interests:
The fruition of a natural or anthropic territory depends basically by the access and moving condition inside the area. These aspects are related both to the paths network characteristics, like slopes and road accessibility, crossing... more
The fruition of a natural or anthropic territory depends basically by the access and moving condition inside the area. These aspects are related both to the paths network characteristics, like slopes and road accessibility, crossing methods and usability. In addition, a second aspect, which combine all the firsts, is represented by the way in which humans decide to experience this territory, creating a relationship between the way of thinking and movement, contextualizing their thought identity with the external environment. Starting from an analysis that consider both the relation between thought and movement, merging personal and collective identity, and the historical evolution of human’s walking and cycling, the article suggests a critical analysis about accessibility of an urban area close to Rome centre, using drawing and representation tools to support and visualize this process, in order to suggest a simplified and optimized territory access, meanwhile trying to keep alive and foster the basic connection between thinking and movement.
Research Interests:
Il Duomo di Monza è un complesso ecclesiastico fondato agli inizi del 1300, dotato di una imponente facciata di notevole complessità formale e compositiva. In concomitanza con Expo2015 è stato avviato un progetto pilota di analisi... more
Il Duomo di Monza è un complesso ecclesiastico fondato agli inizi del 1300, dotato di una imponente facciata di notevole complessità formale e compositiva. In concomitanza con Expo2015 è stato avviato un progetto pilota di analisi diagnostica dello stato di conservazione muraria e una campagna di rilievo finalizzata alla restituzione di dettaglio della intera facciata. Questo ha consentito di sperimentare una innovativa metodica di rilievo ed integrarla in un processo di foto modellazione, restituzione ed analisi compositiva del fabbricato, per accrescere la conoscenza del Bene Culturale / The Duomo church in Monza was built in the XIV century and it still presents a huge and complex façade. In 2015, preparing 2015Expo event, a survey campaign for a detailed restitution of the whole façade was planned to support a pilot project for diagnostic analysis of walls conservation. This opportunity has allowed to test a new survey approach, based on UAV photogrammetry methodology and integrated with image-base modeling, traditional CAD restitution and geometrical analysis, in order to study the fabric schema and raising the actual façade knowledge.
Research Interests:
Nel campo del rilievo architettonico l'integrazione fra differenti metodi di acquisizione digitale tridimensionali consente di sopperire ai limiti dei singoli approcci per ottenere modelli sempre più completi, dai quali poter estrarre un... more
Nel campo del rilievo architettonico l'integrazione fra differenti metodi di acquisizione digitale tridimensionali consente di sopperire ai limiti dei singoli approcci per ottenere modelli sempre più completi, dai quali poter estrarre un numero di informazioni utili per differenti analisi. Questo contributo presenta una metodologia di rilievo integrata fra strumenti attivi e passivi, applicati da terra e da drone, al fine di ottenere un modello multi-risoluzione completo. Il caso studio oggetto della sperimentazione è l'Abbazia di Pomposa, a Codigoro (FE).
Research Interests:
La pratica del rilievo urbano che caratterizzò le scuole di architettura italiane dal 1950 in poi, da alcuni anni sembra perdere progressivamente peso nei nuovi percorsi formativi universitari, mentre, paradossalmente, il successo dei... more
La pratica del rilievo urbano che caratterizzò le scuole di architettura italiane dal 1950 in poi, da alcuni anni sembra perdere progressivamente peso nei nuovi percorsi formativi universitari, mentre, paradossalmente, il successo dei sistemi di visualizzazione territoriale via Internet attesta una diffusa richiesta di conoscenza dei luoghi. Con l’obiettivo di coniugare i nuovi bisogni con l’innovazione tecnica e con una tradizione di studi consolidata, viene qui presentata un’esperienza di rilievo urbano condotta a Milano nella specifica prospettiva della comunicazione via web.
Research Interests:
In the last decade the Cultural Heritage field has deeply benefited from the opportunities of collecting accurate and detailed 3D information of sites and artifacts using both image- and range-based techniques. Since few years ago these... more
In the last decade the Cultural Heritage field has deeply benefited from the opportunities of collecting accurate and detailed 3D information of sites and artifacts using both image- and range-based techniques. Since few years ago these technologies were not so extensively used, mainly because they were very expensive, required expertise and the pipeline and procedures related to their use were not straightforward, nor consolidated. But in the last years significant improvements in the digital survey technologies have been reached, with the principal scope of simplifying reality-based survey procedure and providing a series of different solutions that combine the automation of processes with accuracy and resolution performances.
In addition to these aspects, the lowering of costs and the consequent widespread use of some survey solutions, such as, for example, range-based, as well as terrestrial and UAV image-based ones, have recently given strong impulse to the widening of use of these technologies in the Cultural Heritage field. As a consequence, this range of possibilities shows that in this field, where case studies have peculiar geometric and radiometric characteristics and survey conditions are often unique, preliminary investigations and evaluations are mandatory in order to define the most suitable solution to adopt.
In this context, this paper presents preliminary results from the Santa Maria di Pomposa survey project, with the purpose of starting a deep
investigation on the integration of 3D digital technologies and how they can provide complete and multi-scalar information about complex architectures. This purpose is particularly important in case studies where analysis have to be conducted at different scales of complexity. Structural analysis are just an example of the need to easily handle complete and global information that have to be deeply and detailed analyzed, eventually showing the behavior of structures over time. Within the adopted methodology, the comparison of results obtained using different approaches represents an indispensable step in order to evaluate and select the most reliable and suitable solutions to adopt within the final integrations process.
In addition to these aspects, the lowering of costs and the consequent widespread use of some survey solutions, such as, for example, range-based, as well as terrestrial and UAV image-based ones, have recently given strong impulse to the widening of use of these technologies in the Cultural Heritage field. As a consequence, this range of possibilities shows that in this field, where case studies have peculiar geometric and radiometric characteristics and survey conditions are often unique, preliminary investigations and evaluations are mandatory in order to define the most suitable solution to adopt.
In this context, this paper presents preliminary results from the Santa Maria di Pomposa survey project, with the purpose of starting a deep
investigation on the integration of 3D digital technologies and how they can provide complete and multi-scalar information about complex architectures. This purpose is particularly important in case studies where analysis have to be conducted at different scales of complexity. Structural analysis are just an example of the need to easily handle complete and global information that have to be deeply and detailed analyzed, eventually showing the behavior of structures over time. Within the adopted methodology, the comparison of results obtained using different approaches represents an indispensable step in order to evaluate and select the most reliable and suitable solutions to adopt within the final integrations process.
Research Interests:
The goal of the "3D Icons" European Project, is to provide Europeana with accurate 3D models of architectural and archaeological monuments and buildings of remarkable cultural importance. The purpose of this paper is to describe the... more
The goal of the "3D Icons" European Project, is to provide Europeana with accurate 3D models of architectural and archaeological monuments and buildings of remarkable cultural importance. The purpose of this paper is to describe the specific optimized processing pipeline that has been set-up for digitizing a significant part of the Civic Archaeological Museum in Milan (Italy). All technical and logistic aspects needed for capturing 3D models in a Museum environment are covered. The main issue is generating a good result by the technical point of view, minimizing the impact on the usual Museum activity during 3D capture operations, and shortening in the meantime the processing time to the minimal allowed by the different applicable techniques.
For producing an high number of 3D textured models in three years, it was essential to organize the work in a strict pipeline to avoid time consuming operations. This condition has led different choices related to the survey technologies (laser scanning and image based modeling) and data processing choices.
Most of the artifacts are digitized through images processed with the Structure From Motion (SFM) approach that, if the images are taken in proper capturing conditions, allows to generate good quality meshes from images in a semi-automatic way.
In this paper the optimized 3D modeling pipeline is described together with all the problems occurred during the survey (e.g. objects enlightenment, positioning, shape, material, etc.), the practical counter-measures and the related data processing, discussing difficulties and solutions for alignment, scaling, optimization of the model, etc. Although the project is still in progress, the model production rate with such optimized set-up is around 30 new texturized mesh models per month. The paper will illustrate the aforementioned systematic aspects through several practical examples.
For producing an high number of 3D textured models in three years, it was essential to organize the work in a strict pipeline to avoid time consuming operations. This condition has led different choices related to the survey technologies (laser scanning and image based modeling) and data processing choices.
Most of the artifacts are digitized through images processed with the Structure From Motion (SFM) approach that, if the images are taken in proper capturing conditions, allows to generate good quality meshes from images in a semi-automatic way.
In this paper the optimized 3D modeling pipeline is described together with all the problems occurred during the survey (e.g. objects enlightenment, positioning, shape, material, etc.), the practical counter-measures and the related data processing, discussing difficulties and solutions for alignment, scaling, optimization of the model, etc. Although the project is still in progress, the model production rate with such optimized set-up is around 30 new texturized mesh models per month. The paper will illustrate the aforementioned systematic aspects through several practical examples.
The aim of this research is to suggest a methodology based on 3D survey and reconstructive modeling, suitable to increase the actual knowledge of an historical building and supporting its historical interpretation. The case study used for... more
The aim of this research is to suggest a methodology based on 3D survey and reconstructive modeling, suitable to increase the actual knowledge of an historical building and supporting its historical interpretation. The case study used for testing the proposed methodology is the huge Chartreuse of Pavia, with a special focus on a relatively unexplored portion of the monument. The survey, based on 3D laser scanning and orthoimages, integrated by historical studies and other complementary information (thermoluminescence dating, IR imaging, hystorical analysis), allowed to read all the architectural aspects hidden in this highly architecturally stratified monument, improving in this way the comprehension of the building’s transformations in time. A 3D reconstruction approach was then suggested, merging several information of different nature, from the actual geometry of the building to the interpretation of historical documents, suggesting a sequence of diachronic models as virtual narration of the historical evolution. On other hand the 3D models were used to obtain a cross-validation of the historical evolution hypotheses developed by experts in the various disciplines involved in the project. The data collected were exploited through a web portal in order to enhance the readability of tangible and intangible heritage associated to that Chartreuse portion, nowadays not accessible to common public.
In the architectural survey field, one of the main aspects to consider during a 3D digitization is the multi-scalar geometrical complexity of the artifact to acquire, besides other fundamental factors connected with the different aims of... more
In the architectural survey field, one of the main aspects to consider during a 3D digitization is the multi-scalar geometrical complexity of the artifact to acquire, besides other fundamental factors connected with the different aims of communication. Since the widespread of range-sensors has provided extremely versatile instruments able to easily acquire huge amount of data that can be processed for different uses and users and changing communication aims, the possibility to survey and restore high-quality 3D multi-resolution models has become an urgent need. Despite these developments, these technologies are still very expensive, need expertise and present persistent bottlenecks both in the reverse modeling process and in time consuming. In order to overcome these critical aspects and taking advantage of recent improvements of automated image-based technologies based on the Structure from Motion approach, this contribution presents some first results of investigations on the reliability of these low-cost technologies for the 3D digitization of Cultural Heritage. One of the main aims of these investigations rely on developing a procedure that could ease the work of surveyors called to represent artifacts at an architectural scale using fast and low-cost technologies. 3D models derived using the selected low-cost image-based technologies were compared among each other and with a 3D laser scanner gold standard acquisition. These investigations led to qualitative and quantitative evaluations and to considerations on times and skills required by all tested technologies. Strengths and weaknesses are highlighted, suggesting the best solution with respect to the optimization of all considered aspects. Finally, integration of different technologies are presented, as it represents the best solution in multi-scalar contexts.
Massive 3D digitization has never been attempted before as in the framework of the 3D-ICONS European project, whose purpose is populating Europeana – an Internet portal for accessing to millions of books, paintings, films and archival... more
Massive 3D digitization has never been attempted
before as in the framework of the 3D-ICONS European project,
whose purpose is populating Europeana – an Internet portal for
accessing to millions of books, paintings, films and archival
records that have been digitized throughout Europe – with at
least 3000 3D models of important archaeological and artistic
objects. A correspondingly high number of metadata associated
to the 3D models has to be managed and supplied to Europeana
in order to make usable the whole set of 3D models generated
within the project. This paper presents a possible workflow that
allows to collect in advance all the metadata needed for the
following Europeana publication phase; assign coherent and
univocal IDs to the digitized objects; track the work progress
adding technical metadata to the descriptive ones at the
digitization stage.
before as in the framework of the 3D-ICONS European project,
whose purpose is populating Europeana – an Internet portal for
accessing to millions of books, paintings, films and archival
records that have been digitized throughout Europe – with at
least 3000 3D models of important archaeological and artistic
objects. A correspondingly high number of metadata associated
to the 3D models has to be managed and supplied to Europeana
in order to make usable the whole set of 3D models generated
within the project. This paper presents a possible workflow that
allows to collect in advance all the metadata needed for the
following Europeana publication phase; assign coherent and
univocal IDs to the digitized objects; track the work progress
adding technical metadata to the descriptive ones at the
digitization stage.
La tesi di dottorato analizza i diversi metodi di rilievo tridimensionale utilizzati per l’acquisizione 3D di prodotti nell’ambito dell’Industrial Design. Le tecniche di acquisizione 3D sono attualmente applicate all’interno dei processi... more
La tesi di dottorato analizza i diversi metodi di rilievo tridimensionale utilizzati per l’acquisizione 3D di prodotti nell’ambito dell’Industrial Design. Le tecniche di acquisizione 3D sono attualmente applicate all’interno dei processi di produzione ed ingegnerizzazione dei prodotti industriali, ma il loro ruolo non è codificato in maniera strutturata. In aggiunta il livello di complessità geometrica contenuta in ogni singolo prodotto evidenzia una serie di limitazioni date dal rilievo mono-strumentale, che non può garantire il raggiungimento di una qualità coerente con la tipologia dell’oggetto analizzato. Questi fattori vengono criticamente analizzati e discussi all’interno della tesi, suggerendo una definizione di complessità di tali oggetti e il miglior processo metodologico per il raggiungimento di un rilievo ottimale in ogni condizione di lavoro. I limiti attuali dei sistemi di acquisizione 3D sono identificati e confrontati con sistemi integrati (più strumenti complementari utilizzati assieme) utilizzati in differenti ambiti applicativi. Partendo dalla dimostrazione dei limiti contenuti nell’uso di un singolo strumento ottico, la tesi è incentrata sulla analisi e sviluppo di metodologie basate sulla multi-risoluzione o integrazione di sistemi, che consentono di risolvere alcune importanti problematiche nell’ambito della acquisizione 3D di forme complesse.
A virtual reconstruction of a set of five tower temples belonging to the archaeological area of My Son in central Vietnam, is shown. The novelty of the methodology proposed is an integration of actual 3D data collected on the site through... more
A virtual reconstruction of a set of five tower temples belonging to the archaeological area of My Son in central Vietnam, is shown. The novelty of the methodology proposed is an integration of actual 3D data collected on the site through various 3D capturing technologies and a set of historical and archeological sources and considerations. The paper shows how with a proper interdisciplinary process where technical experts in 3D capturing and digital modeling technologies interact with archeologists, reality based models may give an active feedback to the archeological reasoning, allowing to hypothesize a reliable virtual reconstruction.
The methodology proposed in this paper in based on an integrated approach for creating a 3D digital reconstruction of an archaeological site, using extensively the 3D documentation of the site in its current state, followed by an... more
The methodology proposed in this paper in based on an integrated approach for creating a 3D digital reconstruction of an archaeological site, using extensively the 3D documentation of the site in its current state, followed by an iterative interaction between archaeologists and digital modelers, leading to a progressive refinement of the reconstructive hypotheses. The starting point of the method is the reality-based model, which, together with ancient drawings and documents, is used for generating the first reconstructive step. Such rough approximation of a possible architectural structure can be annotated through archaeological considerations that has to be confronted with geometrical constraints, producing a reduction of the reconstructive hypotheses to a limited set, each one to be archaeologically evaluated. This refinement loop on the reconstructive choices is iterated until the result become convincing by both points of view, integrating in the best way all the available sources.
The proposed method has been verified on the ruins of five temples in the My Son site, a wide archaeological area located in central Vietnam. The integration of 3D surveyed data and historical documentation has allowed to support a digital reconstruction of not existing architectures, developing their three-dimensional digital models step by step, from rough shapes to highly sophisticate virtual prototypes.
The proposed method has been verified on the ruins of five temples in the My Son site, a wide archaeological area located in central Vietnam. The integration of 3D surveyed data and historical documentation has allowed to support a digital reconstruction of not existing architectures, developing their three-dimensional digital models step by step, from rough shapes to highly sophisticate virtual prototypes.
Le tecniche di 3D Modeling consentono la raccolta di informazioni geometriche tridimensionali per l’analisi di un manufatto complesso; poiché si applicano correntemente a diversi livelli di scala, da quella territoriale a quella... more
Le tecniche di 3D Modeling consentono la raccolta di informazioni geometriche tridimensionali per l’analisi di un manufatto complesso; poiché si applicano correntemente a diversi livelli di scala, da quella territoriale a quella architettonica fino ai singoli elementi decorativi, è necessario caratterizzare nello specifico gli strumenti, le loro prestazioni e i metodi adottati dall’acquisizione fino alla visualizzazione proprio per poter valorizzare appieno l’ingente volume di dati e comunicarne significato e qualità. L’applicazione di queste tecniche permette di acquisire forme complesse, non rilevabili in maniera tradizionale, registrando le molteplici qualità legate ai materiali, al loro stato di conservazione e riproducendo in maniera accurata la forma dell’oggetto ma anche il suo valore immateriale, quello di bene culturale o di semplice vettore di memoria collettiva. Negli ultimi anni le tecniche di rilievo 3D si sono indirizzate sia all’uso di sensori attivi, come laser scanner, sia all’uso di sensori passivi sviluppando nei rispettivi metodi una serie consolidata di applicazioni basate principalmente sull’accuratezza geometrica e sulla precisione della misura e rispondendo alle necessità dei differenti settori: restauro, prototipazione, design industriale, catalogazione, comunicazione multimediale, etc.
Il caso di studio è un monumento funebre di legno, memoria materiale di una tradizione e di una cultura artigianale che si è condensata a Parma attorno alla figura del burattinaio Giordano Ferrari e del burattino “Bargnocla”, letteralmente “bernoccolo” posto dal figlio sulla sua tomba; la scultura è stata rimossa per permetterne il restauro e la conservazione all’interno di un museo; il progetto prevede altresì la realizzazione di una copia di bronzo, di maggiore durabilità, da collocare presso il Cimitero.
Le metodologie di 3D Modeling impiegate puntano alla acquisizione della geometria tridimensionale, con minor precisione rispetto a quella potenzialmente ottenibile con strumenti dedicati ai piccoli oggetti (scanner close-range o fotogrammetria stereoscopica), ma ugualmente utile ai fini dell’interpretazione critica della scultura lignea e della sua riproduzione fisica. Da un lato infatti l’uso di strumenti tipicamente applicati in ambito architettonico (scanner a differenza di fase), posti ad una distanza di lavoro minima, consente di utilizzare lo stesso strumento di rilievo sull’intero range di scala. Dall’altro l’applicazione di tecniche di fotomodellazione, “dense image matching” con sequenze multiple di immagini, permette di estrarre nuvole di punti 3D dense e, successivamente, elaborare anche il modello texturizzato.
I modelli digitali ottenuti tramite le due tecniche sono messi a confronto, valutati comparativamente costituendo organismi analoghi all’originale e rappresentandone con differenti sfumature le sue molteplici componenti e qualità: geometriche, materiche, compositive, costruttive; le proprietà tangibili e quelle intangibili cioè quale significato rappresentare ovvero valorizzare attraverso la sua traduzione in una forma digitale.
Stante l’ampia diffusione di dette strumentazioni e metodologie per la modellazione mediante immagini o scansioni laser, nel contesto nazionale si documentano poche ricerche sui processi per l’acquisizione di modelli tridimensionali mediante immagini e sensori attivi; è necessario infatti predisporre valutazioni comparative che tengano conto anche della caratterizzazione degli strumenti in riferimento ai materiali al fine di illustrare non solo i vantaggi, ma anche le limitazioni legate a questi sistemi.
Le particolari caratteristiche geometriche e materiche della scultura lignea pongono un interessante caso di studio per la sperimentazione delle due tecniche di 3D Imaging e Modeling, per valutarle comparativamente su un caso complesso di restauro del materiale ligneo e di valorizzazione della memoria: valutando le prestazioni dei sistemi di acquisizione 3D e sviluppando protocolli, eseguendo test e valutando l’accuratezza metrica con l’obiettivo di definire standard ed evidenziare come si caratterizzano in termini di tempistiche e risultati raggiunti. L’obbiettivo della ricerca, al termine della sperimentazione, consiste nel definire metodologie che prevedano un uso consapevole ed ottimizzato di queste due tecniche, per permetterne l’applicazione su nuovi casi studio analoghi a quello sperimentato. In tale maniera è possibile sottolineare il concetto di valore di un bene culturale tramite lo studio della sua forma tridimensionale come chiave di accesso alla memoria e alla tradizione che ne hanno permesso la sua costruzione e permettendone una maggiore valorizzazione e fruizione.
Il caso di studio è un monumento funebre di legno, memoria materiale di una tradizione e di una cultura artigianale che si è condensata a Parma attorno alla figura del burattinaio Giordano Ferrari e del burattino “Bargnocla”, letteralmente “bernoccolo” posto dal figlio sulla sua tomba; la scultura è stata rimossa per permetterne il restauro e la conservazione all’interno di un museo; il progetto prevede altresì la realizzazione di una copia di bronzo, di maggiore durabilità, da collocare presso il Cimitero.
Le metodologie di 3D Modeling impiegate puntano alla acquisizione della geometria tridimensionale, con minor precisione rispetto a quella potenzialmente ottenibile con strumenti dedicati ai piccoli oggetti (scanner close-range o fotogrammetria stereoscopica), ma ugualmente utile ai fini dell’interpretazione critica della scultura lignea e della sua riproduzione fisica. Da un lato infatti l’uso di strumenti tipicamente applicati in ambito architettonico (scanner a differenza di fase), posti ad una distanza di lavoro minima, consente di utilizzare lo stesso strumento di rilievo sull’intero range di scala. Dall’altro l’applicazione di tecniche di fotomodellazione, “dense image matching” con sequenze multiple di immagini, permette di estrarre nuvole di punti 3D dense e, successivamente, elaborare anche il modello texturizzato.
I modelli digitali ottenuti tramite le due tecniche sono messi a confronto, valutati comparativamente costituendo organismi analoghi all’originale e rappresentandone con differenti sfumature le sue molteplici componenti e qualità: geometriche, materiche, compositive, costruttive; le proprietà tangibili e quelle intangibili cioè quale significato rappresentare ovvero valorizzare attraverso la sua traduzione in una forma digitale.
Stante l’ampia diffusione di dette strumentazioni e metodologie per la modellazione mediante immagini o scansioni laser, nel contesto nazionale si documentano poche ricerche sui processi per l’acquisizione di modelli tridimensionali mediante immagini e sensori attivi; è necessario infatti predisporre valutazioni comparative che tengano conto anche della caratterizzazione degli strumenti in riferimento ai materiali al fine di illustrare non solo i vantaggi, ma anche le limitazioni legate a questi sistemi.
Le particolari caratteristiche geometriche e materiche della scultura lignea pongono un interessante caso di studio per la sperimentazione delle due tecniche di 3D Imaging e Modeling, per valutarle comparativamente su un caso complesso di restauro del materiale ligneo e di valorizzazione della memoria: valutando le prestazioni dei sistemi di acquisizione 3D e sviluppando protocolli, eseguendo test e valutando l’accuratezza metrica con l’obiettivo di definire standard ed evidenziare come si caratterizzano in termini di tempistiche e risultati raggiunti. L’obbiettivo della ricerca, al termine della sperimentazione, consiste nel definire metodologie che prevedano un uso consapevole ed ottimizzato di queste due tecniche, per permetterne l’applicazione su nuovi casi studio analoghi a quello sperimentato. In tale maniera è possibile sottolineare il concetto di valore di un bene culturale tramite lo studio della sua forma tridimensionale come chiave di accesso alla memoria e alla tradizione che ne hanno permesso la sua costruzione e permettendone una maggiore valorizzazione e fruizione.
The traditional approach for understanding an archaeological site, mainly focused on excavations and stratigraphic examination of findings through the archaeological analysis, is still the main way for hypothesizing its most probable... more
The traditional approach for understanding an archaeological site, mainly focused on excavations and stratigraphic examination of findings through the archaeological analysis, is still the main way for hypothesizing its most probable interpretation. As demonstrated in several case studies 3D digital
acquisition techniques may greatly help for applications such as
site and findings documentation, digital stratigraphy, 3D GIS or
virtual interaction between experts. In addition, an accurate
geometrical representation in digital form may be used, once
integrated by archaeological considerations, as a starting point
for creating virtual reconstructions of the site, embedding the
most probable hypotheses. However, this last step might be
critical for a apparently trivial reason: with very few exceptions
the archaeological skill for interpreting some ruins and the
technological skill for 3D modeling the corresponding site
reconstruction are owned by different individuals or group of
scholars. The aim of this paper is to describe a widespread 3D
documentation of a site and a possible reconstruction process
step by step, starting from a laser scan survey and a set of
historical documents, focusing on a reasonable multi-disciplinary
concurrent interaction to reach the best virtual reconstruction
solutions. This path may help both archaeologists to better focus
their thoughts through a detailed visual representation, and the
technological experts to avoid misleading details in the final
virtual reconstruction. The case study regards a group of Cham
temples located in the Mỹ Sơn site, an UNESCO archeological
area in Vietnam.
acquisition techniques may greatly help for applications such as
site and findings documentation, digital stratigraphy, 3D GIS or
virtual interaction between experts. In addition, an accurate
geometrical representation in digital form may be used, once
integrated by archaeological considerations, as a starting point
for creating virtual reconstructions of the site, embedding the
most probable hypotheses. However, this last step might be
critical for a apparently trivial reason: with very few exceptions
the archaeological skill for interpreting some ruins and the
technological skill for 3D modeling the corresponding site
reconstruction are owned by different individuals or group of
scholars. The aim of this paper is to describe a widespread 3D
documentation of a site and a possible reconstruction process
step by step, starting from a laser scan survey and a set of
historical documents, focusing on a reasonable multi-disciplinary
concurrent interaction to reach the best virtual reconstruction
solutions. This path may help both archaeologists to better focus
their thoughts through a detailed visual representation, and the
technological experts to avoid misleading details in the final
virtual reconstruction. The case study regards a group of Cham
temples located in the Mỹ Sơn site, an UNESCO archeological
area in Vietnam.
Research Interests:
Cultural Heritage represents an aspect of our historical memory that has suffered transformations, reductions or destructions in the last decade for different human or external factors. In addition, some lacks in the preservation of the... more
Cultural Heritage represents an aspect of our historical memory that has suffered transformations, reductions or destructions in the last decade for different human or external factors. In addition, some lacks in the preservation of the artistic heritage, principally due to the found restrictions, led to a fall in
monument valorization and in cultural system management.
In this situation the research of methodologies that allow to lessen this deterioration process has became more evident: the definition of cultural and practical strategies that permit to save the information contained in the Cultural Heritage, supporting the process of valorization thorough the application of different representation and visualization instruments.
The 3D acquisition and modeling process represent a possible solution because it allow to generate the digital mould of a real artifact, virtually freezing the actual formal and material aspects. The exploitation of digital capacity can increase the comprehension and the valorization of the monuments,
supporting the Heritage management; at the end the virtual representation represents an interesting and shared analysis instrument for experts.
Starting from general observations on the use of these techniques in Cultural Heritage field, the paper presents two case studies that contain analogies in the approach and purpose: the 3D acquisition and modeling of Pompeii Forum and San Giovanni in Conca church in Milano.
monument valorization and in cultural system management.
In this situation the research of methodologies that allow to lessen this deterioration process has became more evident: the definition of cultural and practical strategies that permit to save the information contained in the Cultural Heritage, supporting the process of valorization thorough the application of different representation and visualization instruments.
The 3D acquisition and modeling process represent a possible solution because it allow to generate the digital mould of a real artifact, virtually freezing the actual formal and material aspects. The exploitation of digital capacity can increase the comprehension and the valorization of the monuments,
supporting the Heritage management; at the end the virtual representation represents an interesting and shared analysis instrument for experts.
Starting from general observations on the use of these techniques in Cultural Heritage field, the paper presents two case studies that contain analogies in the approach and purpose: the 3D acquisition and modeling of Pompeii Forum and San Giovanni in Conca church in Milano.
The analysis based on the visualization of 3D digital models represents nowadays a possible way for Cultural Heritage valorization, suitable to be aimed at different categories of users, ranging from experts to simple tourists. The... more
The analysis based on the visualization of 3D digital models represents nowadays a possible way for Cultural Heritage valorization, suitable to be aimed at different categories of users, ranging from experts to simple tourists.
The definition of a digital 3D representation of a Cultural Heritage monument deals with two crucial aspects: on one hand the integration between 3D survey and historical data, on the other the correct representation of the relative historical phases that can improve the comprehension of the artifact evolution by a diachronic model. For this reason the aim of this article is the definition of an integrated methodology that starts from an high-resolution digital survey of the remains of an ancient building and develops a coherent virtual reconstruction from different historical sources, suggesting a scalable method suitable to be re-used for generating a 4D model of the artifact (3D in space, 1D in time).
This approach has been experimented on the Basilica of San Giovanni in Conca in Milan, a very significant example for its complex historic evolution that combines evident historic values with an invisible presence inside the city.
The definition of a digital 3D representation of a Cultural Heritage monument deals with two crucial aspects: on one hand the integration between 3D survey and historical data, on the other the correct representation of the relative historical phases that can improve the comprehension of the artifact evolution by a diachronic model. For this reason the aim of this article is the definition of an integrated methodology that starts from an high-resolution digital survey of the remains of an ancient building and develops a coherent virtual reconstruction from different historical sources, suggesting a scalable method suitable to be re-used for generating a 4D model of the artifact (3D in space, 1D in time).
This approach has been experimented on the Basilica of San Giovanni in Conca in Milan, a very significant example for its complex historic evolution that combines evident historic values with an invisible presence inside the city.
"Cultural Heritage artifacts can often be underestimated for their hidden presence in the landscape. Such problem is particularly large in countries like Italy, where the massive amount of “famous” artifacts tends to neglect other... more
"Cultural Heritage artifacts can often be underestimated for their hidden presence in the landscape. Such problem is particularly large in countries like Italy, where the massive amount of “famous” artifacts tends to neglect other presences unless properly exposed, or when the remains are dramatically damaged leaving very few interpretation clues to the visitor. In such cases a virtual presentation of the Cultural Heritage site can be of great help, specially for explaining the evolution of its status, giving sometimes sense to few spare stones. The definition of these digital representations deal with two crucial aspects: on the one hand the possibility of 3D surveying the relics in order to have an accurate geometrical image of the current status of the artifact; on the other hand the presence of historical sources both in form of written text or images, that once properly matched with the current geometrical data, may help to recreate digitally a set of 3D models representing visually the various historical phases (diachronic model), up to the current one.
The core of this article is the definition of an integrated methodology that starts from an high-resolution digital survey of the remains of an ancient building and develops a coherent virtual reconstruction from different historical sources, suggesting a scalable method suitable to be re-used for generating a 4D (geometry + time) model of the artifact. This approach has been experimented on the “Basilica di San Giovanni in Conca” in Milan, a very significant example for its complex historic evolution that combines evident historic values with an invisible presence inside the city."
The core of this article is the definition of an integrated methodology that starts from an high-resolution digital survey of the remains of an ancient building and develops a coherent virtual reconstruction from different historical sources, suggesting a scalable method suitable to be re-used for generating a 4D (geometry + time) model of the artifact. This approach has been experimented on the “Basilica di San Giovanni in Conca” in Milan, a very significant example for its complex historic evolution that combines evident historic values with an invisible presence inside the city."
The core of the paper is focused on the experimental characterization of four different 3D laser scanners based on Time of Flight principle, through the extraction of resolution, accuracy and uncertainty parameters from specifically... more
The core of the paper is focused on the experimental characterization of four different 3D laser scanners based on Time of Flight principle, through the extraction of resolution, accuracy and uncertainty parameters from specifically designed 3D test objects. The testing process leads to four results: z-uncertainty, xy-resolution z-resolution and z-accuracy. The first is obtained by the evaluation of random residuals from the 3D capture of a planar target, the second from the scanner response to an abrupt z-jump, and the last two from direct evaluation of the image extracted by different geometric features progressively closer each other. The aim of this research is to suggest a low cost characterization process, mainly based on calibrated test object easy to duplicate, that allow an objective and reliable comparison between 3D TOF scanner performances.
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While 3D imaging systems are widely available and used, clear statements about the possible influence of material properties over the acquired geometrical data are still rather few. In particular a material very often used in Cultural... more
While 3D imaging systems are widely available and used, clear statements about the possible influence of material properties over the acquired geometrical data are still rather few. In particular a material very often used in Cultural Heritage is marble, known to give geometrical errors with range sensor technologies and whose entity reported in the literature seems to vary considerably in the different works. In this article a deep investigation with different types of active range sensors used on four types of marble surfaces, has been performed. Two triangulation-based active sensors employing laser stripe and white light pattern projection respectively, and one PW-TOF laser scanner have been used in the experimentation. The analysis gave rather different results for the two categories of instruments. A negligible light penetration came out from the triangulation-based equipment (below 50 microns with the laser stripe and even less with the pattern projection device), while with the TOF system this came out to be two orders of magnitude larger, quantitatively evidencing a source of systematic errors that any surveyor engaged in 3D scanning of Cultural Heritage sites and objects should take into account and correct.
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Despite many technological and scientific advances, the methodology of 3D model reconstruction of an archaeological excavation can present some difficulties. One of these is represented by a time factor, which is often linked to... more
Despite many technological and scientific advances, the methodology of 3D model reconstruction of an archaeological excavation can present some difficulties. One of these is represented by a time factor, which is often linked to economical issues. Time becomes an essential project constraint when there are survey restrictions or limitations in data processing. The temporal limits can lead to an important disjuncture between theoretical approaches and real results that can be obtained in a restricted time. Transferred into practice it means that a resolution-driven time frame approach can be applied only in projects with unlimited resources whereas a real situation often requires the application of a time-frame driven resolution methodology. A key step is represented by the initial survey planning in which the determined areas of study directly affect the acquisition method, instruments utilized in the project, data processing and, in general, the amount of time necessary to complete the whole modeling project. The realistic evaluation of these relevant factors, once determined, is essential in order to obtain the best results of the scan in a particular, limited amount of time. The case study presented in this paper is the "Villa delle Vignacce" excavation, a 2nd century AD structure in the area now called the "Parco degli Acquedotti" investigated by the American Institute for Roman Culture. The necessity to rapidly close this excavation project area and a limited budget required a particular compressed 3D acquisition and processing procedure, so a different 3D survey and modelling approach was applied for the creation of a 3D model of a big portion of this case study. The aim of the paper is to suggest a different planning approach for 3D laser scanner acquisition and data processing in order to optimize time and costs and reach a good compromise between quality and quantity factors, obtaining the best model resolution compliant with a pre-assigned time-frame.
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The article reports about a multi-resolution and multi-sensor approach developed for the accurate and detailed reality-based 3D modeling of the entire Roman Forum in Pompei, Italy. The Forum, approximately 150 x 80 m, contains more than... more
The article reports about a multi-resolution and multi-sensor approach developed for the accurate and detailed reality-based 3D modeling of the entire Roman Forum in Pompei, Italy. The Forum, approximately 150 x 80 m, contains more than 350 finds spread all over the area as well as larger mural structures of previous buildings and temples. The interdisciplinary 3D modeling work consists of a multi-scale image- and range-based digital documentation method developed to fulfill all the surveying and archaeological needs and exploit all the intrinsic potentialities of the actual 3D modeling techniques. Data’s resolution spans from few decimeters down to few millimeters. The results of the integration of the different 3D data in seamlessly textured 3D model are presented and discussed.
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The performances of 2D digital imaging systems depend on several factors related with both optical and electronic processing. These concepts originated standards, conceived for photographic equipment and bi-dimensional scanning systems,... more
The performances of 2D digital imaging systems depend on several factors related with both optical and electronic processing. These concepts originated standards, conceived for photographic equipment and bi-dimensional scanning systems, for calculating different system parameters such as resolution, noise or dynamic range. On the other hand no standard test protocols currently exist for evaluating the performances of 3D imaging systems such as laser scanners or pattern projection range cameras. This paper is focused on investigating an experimental process that allows to evaluate some critical parameters of a 3D equipment, extending concepts defined by the ISO standards to the 3D domain. In particular it is focused on experimental estimation of resolution along the three axes, for seven different 3D range cameras, based on both laser scanning and pattern projection. The general aim of this contribution is to suggest an easy characterization process for generating a reliable comparison between 3D scanner performances.
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Le architetture fortificate medioevali presentano spesso una stretta relazione con il territorio e una ridotta accessibilità. L’uso integrato degli strumenti propri del Disegno quali il rilievo, la restituzione grafica e la modellazione... more
Le architetture fortificate medioevali presentano spesso una stretta relazione con il territorio e una ridotta accessibilità. L’uso integrato degli strumenti propri del Disegno quali il rilievo, la restituzione grafica e la modellazione BIM consente di avviare analisi comparative ed interpretative per la definizione di nuovi modelli della conoscenza. L’oggetto di studio è il Castello di Canossa, epicentro di eventi cruciali in epoca medievale. L'obiettivo è svelare parte del mistero che avvolge la sua evoluzione architettonica, preparando le basi per un approfondimento interdisciplinare.
Medieval fortified architectures often present a close relationship with the territory and reduced accessibility. The integrated use of drawing tools such as surveying, graphic restitution and BIM modelling makes it possible to initiate comparative and interpretative analyses to define new knowledge models. The object of study is the Castle of Canossa, the epicentre of crucial events in the medieval era. The aim is to unveil part of the mystery surrounding its architectural evolution, preparing the basis for an in-depth interdisciplinary study.
Medieval fortified architectures often present a close relationship with the territory and reduced accessibility. The integrated use of drawing tools such as surveying, graphic restitution and BIM modelling makes it possible to initiate comparative and interpretative analyses to define new knowledge models. The object of study is the Castle of Canossa, the epicentre of crucial events in the medieval era. The aim is to unveil part of the mystery surrounding its architectural evolution, preparing the basis for an in-depth interdisciplinary study.
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The concept of Cultural Heritage, in its tangible and intangible meanings, has been expanding its contents and definitions for more than twenty years, involving multiple subjects and spaces at different scales. It plays a crucial role in... more
The concept of Cultural Heritage, in its tangible and intangible meanings, has been expanding its contents and definitions for more than twenty years, involving multiple subjects and spaces at different scales. It plays a crucial role in the progress of societies, promoting dialogue between cultures and respecting identity and diversity. At the same time, it is an invaluable resource for education, employment, tourism, and sustainable development. In this scenario, reading, understanding, and valorising the cultural resources of territories becomes crucial for understanding the urban area's objective and relational complexity, which is aimed at redesigning the actual spaces. In an urban context, the Cultural Heritage is exposed, subject to interpretation and understanding by citizens and tourists. In this process, visual storytelling becomes an essential communication instrument, identifying the recipient and its cultural background and proceeding to a cultural mediation to bridge the gap between perceived content and its meanings. The article starts with a state-of-the-art discussion of visual communication applied to cultural heritage, deepening the domain's techniques and methodological approaches. Then, starting from the contextualisation of the research, set within the Esquiline district in Rome, the study focuses on the critical-comparative analysis between different visual approaches of different itineraries, relating the type of communication, the object of the communication, and the results achieved. The aim is to validate the visual approach regarding an active cultural experience, guaranteeing an accessible, participatory, involving, and inclusive experience of Cultural Heritage.
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The reconstruction of 3D geometries starting from reality-based data is challenging and timeconsuming due to the difficulties involved in modeling existing structures and the complex nature of built heritage. This paper presents a... more
The reconstruction of 3D geometries starting from reality-based data is challenging and timeconsuming due to the difficulties involved in modeling existing structures and the complex nature of built heritage. This paper presents a methodological approach for the automated segmentation and classification of surveying outputs to improve the interpretation and building information modeling from laser scanning and photogrammetric data. The research focused on the surveying of reticular, space grid structures of the late 19th–20th–21st centuries, as part of our architectural heritage, which might require monitoring maintenance activities, and relied on artificial intelligence (machine learning and deep learning) for: (i) the classification of 3D architectural components at multiple levels of detail and (ii) automated masking in standard photogrammetric processing. Focusing on the case study of the grid structure in steel named La Vela in Bologna, the work raises many critical issues in space grid structures in terms of data accuracy, geometric and spatial complexity, semantic classification, and component recognition.
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The role of drones is becoming increasingly important within current 3D survey methodologies. Their flexibility of use and the ability to acquire images from inaccessible viewpoints make them a critical instrument in multiple fields of... more
The role of drones is becoming increasingly important within current 3D survey methodologies. Their flexibility of use and the ability to acquire images from inaccessible viewpoints make them a critical instrument in multiple fields of application at both urban and architectural scales. This success is mainly due to the progressive development of technology, including data acquisition sensors, flight systems, and data processing programs.
The Cultural Heritage domain is one with the most widespread and massive applications. Besides, due to the RPAS regulations in Italy, drones less than or equal to 250 g have seen a considerable expansion in use in recent years. The improved quality of the cameras and the recent introduction of flight planning has made them proper for photogrammetric applications. Recent research reports experiments in the architectural and archaeological domains aimed at verifying the metric reliability of the acquired data compared with active instruments.
In archaeological surveying, drones can cover large complex areas quickly, minimizing shadow areas concentrated in the crests of walls. The case study presented is the Canossa Castle, a medieval archaeological complex close to Reggio Emilia and extended on a steep hill with rocky spurs. The work describes integrating GNSS, 3D scanners, and ultralight RPAS photogrammetry, gathering multi-scale geometric information.
The integration between the different surveying techniques allowed to plan different verification moments on the metrological reliability of the multi-resolution model.
Al last, the data acquired made it possible to produce complete architectural and urban representations, improving the knowledge needed to prepare the virtual reconstruction of the entire complex area.
The Cultural Heritage domain is one with the most widespread and massive applications. Besides, due to the RPAS regulations in Italy, drones less than or equal to 250 g have seen a considerable expansion in use in recent years. The improved quality of the cameras and the recent introduction of flight planning has made them proper for photogrammetric applications. Recent research reports experiments in the architectural and archaeological domains aimed at verifying the metric reliability of the acquired data compared with active instruments.
In archaeological surveying, drones can cover large complex areas quickly, minimizing shadow areas concentrated in the crests of walls. The case study presented is the Canossa Castle, a medieval archaeological complex close to Reggio Emilia and extended on a steep hill with rocky spurs. The work describes integrating GNSS, 3D scanners, and ultralight RPAS photogrammetry, gathering multi-scale geometric information.
The integration between the different surveying techniques allowed to plan different verification moments on the metrological reliability of the multi-resolution model.
Al last, the data acquired made it possible to produce complete architectural and urban representations, improving the knowledge needed to prepare the virtual reconstruction of the entire complex area.
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In the Architecture domain, the study, comparison, connection of morphological properties and meaning in a knowledge domain are crucial for building analysis. According to their spatial and functional hierarchical system, the formal... more
In the Architecture domain, the study, comparison, connection of morphological properties and meaning in a knowledge domain are crucial for building analysis. According to their spatial and functional hierarchical system, the formal complexity depends on the relationships and inferences between shapes. Digital technologies open today new opportunities for the cross-analysis of many cultural heritage artifacts, afar in space but close in features (typologies, styles, composi onal rules), simulating the creation of innovative scientific frameworks. The architectonic shape investiga on involves different cognitive processes based on traditional and digital methods. The definition of experimental paths to study these forms and their hierarchical relations is an open topic. Combining theoretical knowledge with technological evolution is a crucial challenge today within the trending topic of the digital humanities. It moves towards a sustainable able framework to merge human-driven interpretation and computer-based massive analysis within cross-disciplinary approaches by introducing sustainable paths of methodological renewal. This goal shifts the focus to analysing architectural heritage’s geometric nature, representing the core of this journal issue.
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Augmented reality (AR) allows the real and digital worlds to converge and overlap in a new way of observation and understanding. The architectural field can significantly benefit from AR applications, due to their systemic complexity in... more
Augmented reality (AR) allows the real and digital worlds to converge and overlap in a new way of observation and understanding. The architectural field can significantly benefit from AR applications, due to their systemic complexity in terms of knowledge and process management. Global interest and many research challenges are focused on this field, thanks to the conjunction of technological and algorithmic developments from one side, and the massive digitization of built data. A significant quantity of research in the AEC and educational fields describes this state of the art. Moreover, it is a very fragmented domain, in which specific advances or case studies are often described without considering the complexity of the whole development process. The article illustrates the entire AR pipeline development in architecture, from the conceptual phase to its application, highlighting each step’s specific aspects. This storytelling aims to provide a general overview to a non-expert, deepening the topic and stimulating a democratization process. The aware and extended use of AR in multiple areas of application can lead a new way forward for environmental understanding, bridging the gap between real and virtual space in an innovative perception of architecture
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The recent years saw an extensive use of 3D point cloud data for heritage documentation, valorisation and visualisation. Although rich in metric quality, these 3D data lack structured information such as semantics and hierarchy between... more
The recent years saw an extensive use of 3D point cloud data for heritage documentation, valorisation and visualisation. Although rich in metric quality, these 3D data lack structured information such as semantics and hierarchy between parts. In this context, the introduction of point cloud classification methods can play an essential role for better data usage, model definition, analysis and conservation. The paper aims to extend a machine learning (ML) classification method with a multi-level and multi-resolution (MLMR) approach. The proposed MLMR approach improves the learning process and optimises 3D classification results through a hierarchical concept. The MLMR procedure is tested and evaluated on two large-scale and complex datasets: the Pomposa Abbey (Italy) and the Milan Cathedral (Italy). Classification results show the reliability and replicability of the developed method, allowing the identification of the necessary architectural classes at each geometric resolution.
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The prospective illusionism of vaulted systems is a research field in which the study of geometry, survey, and architectural representation converge. The painting defines a precise scale and orientation relationship with the observer,... more
The prospective illusionism of vaulted systems is a research field in which the study of geometry, survey, and architectural representation converge. The painting defines a precise scale and orientation relationship with the observer, while the morphology of the vaulted system increases the architecture's spatiality. Therefore, the study of quadrature framed in vaulted surfaces implies investigating systems based on stratifications of real and ephemeral information. The present research examines the Camera di Giove, a vaulted room located in the Ducal Palace of Sassuolo, an important residence of the Este family. The chamber represents a typical Baroque example of an extension of spatial perception, thanks to the relationship with the nearby rooms and the vertical perspective of the vaulted painting. The research suggests a path of analysis that highlights the geometric-mathematical relationships existing between the quadrature, the vault, and the architectural space.
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The use of digital images as a source data for analysis and knowledge of the built environment is a common and well-known topic, which has seen a significant increase in the last fifteen years thanks both to algorithmic and technological... more
The use of digital images as a source data for analysis and knowledge of the built environment is a common and well-known topic, which has seen a significant increase in the last fifteen years thanks both to algorithmic and technological development. One of the sensor families which has shown significant development in the last period are those mounted on smartphones, which offer ever increasingly advanced solutions from the technological and technical point of view. Considering the portability, handling and continuous availability of these instruments, it is legitimate to wonder if their cameras can be considered nowadays an effective working tool for architects and restorers. So, is the metric data, that comes from smartphones images acquisition and processing, reliable and usable for the two main phases of analysis and representation of the built environment? Starting from the case study of a façade of a church in the historic centre of Rome, the article aims to determine the reliability of the data acquired from a smartphone for architectural analysis and deterioration mapping.
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The BIM process applied to the built environment represents a much debated topic in the last decade, but it still contains unanswered questions. National and international frameworks introduced standards mainly focused on the levels of... more
The BIM process applied to the built environment represents a much debated topic in the last decade, but it still contains unanswered questions. National and international frameworks introduced standards mainly focused on the levels of detail definition related to new project, leaving a wide interpretation on the 3D reconstruction of existing building. On the other hand, the increase in the use of this modeling approach and the possible expansion of this application in the nearly future lead to predict a significant rise in built field, requiring a general assessment both on global methodology and on its peculiarities. Starting from the complete description and analysis of two modern railway architectures, based on integrated survey, 2D representation up to 3D modeling in BIM environments, the article tries to highlight the limits in the 3D BIM modeling applied on existing construction, suggesting possible solutions in relation with the obtained results. The process is critically evaluated in each passage, in order to focus the BIM research areas useful for built environment analysis.
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The present work is suggested as a contribution to the debate on Reverse Modeling (RM) topic in the Cultural Heritage field. It wants to test the methodology, the limits and the bottlenecks of the RM pipeline in the architectural field,... more
The present work is suggested as a contribution to the debate on Reverse Modeling (RM) topic in the Cultural Heritage field. It wants to test the methodology, the limits and the bottlenecks of the RM pipeline in the architectural field, with particular attention to the geometric shapes reading and interpretation. The mathematical reconstruction of architectural models represents an overlaid result of anthropic and natural transformations framed inside a complex process of shape simplification and surface generation. This pipeline must be supported by a careful Heritage reading by means of architecture rules, both preserving the actual shape and the original intent of the building designer. The integration of these last two aspects make the process of RM applied to CH extremely complex. It involves a cognitive activity aimed at choosing on the one hand the best 3D survey technique to obtain reliable 3D data, on the other hand reaching a suitable architectural knowledge for achieving a plausible modeling result. The research presented describes a RM process applied to an ecclesiastical architecture, highlighting some key passages: an integrated survey approach to extract geometrical information, data analysis and generation of a mathematical 3D model, reliable from both a formal and cultural point of view.
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Augmented Reality (AR) represents a growing communication channel, responding to the need to expand reality with additional information, offering easy and engaging access to digital data. AR for architectural representation allows a... more
Augmented Reality (AR) represents a growing communication channel, responding to the need to expand reality with additional
information, offering easy and engaging access to digital data. AR for architectural representation allows a simple interaction with 3D
models, facilitating spatial understanding of complex volumes and topological relationships between parts, overcoming some
limitations related to Virtual Reality. In the last decade different developments in the pipeline process have seen a significant
advancement in technological and algorithmic aspects, paying less attention to 3D modeling generation. For this, the article explores
the construction of basic geometries for 3D model’s generation, highlighting the relationship between geometry and topology, basic
for a consistent normal distribution. Moreover, a critical evaluation about corrective paths of existing 3D models is presented, analysing
a complex architectural case study, the virtual model of Villa del Verginese, an emblematic example for topological emerged problems.
The final aim of the paper is to refocus attention on 3D model construction, suggesting some "good practices" useful for preventing,
minimizing or correcting topological problems, extending the accessibility of AR to people engaged in architectural representation.
information, offering easy and engaging access to digital data. AR for architectural representation allows a simple interaction with 3D
models, facilitating spatial understanding of complex volumes and topological relationships between parts, overcoming some
limitations related to Virtual Reality. In the last decade different developments in the pipeline process have seen a significant
advancement in technological and algorithmic aspects, paying less attention to 3D modeling generation. For this, the article explores
the construction of basic geometries for 3D model’s generation, highlighting the relationship between geometry and topology, basic
for a consistent normal distribution. Moreover, a critical evaluation about corrective paths of existing 3D models is presented, analysing
a complex architectural case study, the virtual model of Villa del Verginese, an emblematic example for topological emerged problems.
The final aim of the paper is to refocus attention on 3D model construction, suggesting some "good practices" useful for preventing,
minimizing or correcting topological problems, extending the accessibility of AR to people engaged in architectural representation.
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Il progetto di rilievo e rappresentazione ad alta risoluzione dell’Abbazia di Santa Maria di Pomposa nasce con l’obiettivo di mettere a confronto differenti metodologie di rilievo e rappresentazione, valutare le prestazioni e le soluzioni... more
Il progetto di rilievo e rappresentazione ad alta risoluzione dell’Abbazia di Santa Maria di Pomposa nasce con l’obiettivo di mettere a confronto differenti metodologie di rilievo e rappresentazione, valutare le prestazioni e le soluzioni più idonee finalizzate ad ottenere un rilievo e una rappresentazione complessiva dell’intero complesso abbaziale, che consenta restituzioni e analisi multi-scalari. Il presente contributo presenta alcuni dei risultati ottenuti dall’utilizzo integrato di tecniche di rilievo 3D e illustra alcune tipologie di analisi e rappresentazioni grafiche che possono essere condotte e riprodotte a partire dal dato complesso e multi-scalare acquisito. Il contributo mostra come tale approccio non sia destinato ad un singolo caso studio, ma partendo da esso possa essere esteso ad altri contesti che presentino simili criticità e potenzialità comunicative, spesso ricorrenti nel campo del rilievo e della rappresentazione dei Beni Culturali.
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As demonstrated in several case studies 3D digital acquisition techniques may greatly help in documenting an archeological site and the related findings. Despite such information supports for the traditional analytical approach for... more
As demonstrated in several case studies 3D digital acquisition techniques may greatly help in documenting an archeological site and the related findings. Despite such information supports for the traditional analytical approach for hypothesizing the most probable interpretation of an archeological ruin, mainly focused on excavations and stratigraphic examination; an accurate reality-based representation maybe also used as the starting point for creating a scientifically sound virtual reconstruction of the site,embedding historical information of different provenances.
The aim of this paper is to describe this whole process step by step,focusing on the iterative feedback that can allow us to reach the best virtual reconstruction solutions,helping the archeologists to better focus the irreasoning through a detailed visual representation, and the technological experts to avoid misleading details in the final virtual reconstruction. The methodology has been experimented on a group of Cham temples located at MySon, an UNESCO archeological area in central Vietnam.
The aim of this paper is to describe this whole process step by step,focusing on the iterative feedback that can allow us to reach the best virtual reconstruction solutions,helping the archeologists to better focus the irreasoning through a detailed visual representation, and the technological experts to avoid misleading details in the final virtual reconstruction. The methodology has been experimented on a group of Cham temples located at MySon, an UNESCO archeological area in central Vietnam.
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I resti archeologici rappresentano un segno tangibile del passaggio di antiche culture nel territorio. Il rilievo integrato consente di arrivare ad una equilibrata conoscenza tra il passato e il presente e alla proposizione di... more
I resti archeologici rappresentano un segno tangibile del passaggio di antiche culture nel territorio. Il rilievo integrato consente di arrivare ad una equilibrata conoscenza tra il passato e il presente e alla proposizione di ricostruzioni virtuali storiche. Ma la definizione di modelli digitali “affidabili” dal punto di vista geometrico e interpretativo rende necessario l’affinamento di metodologie iterative, fondate sulla integrazione fra diverse conoscenze. Un esempio viene fornito dalla ricostruzione interpretativa di un gruppo di templi Cham in Vietnam, patrimonio dell’UNESCO dal 1999.
La fotografia digitale rappresenta oggi giorno non soltanto un efficace mezzo di comunicazione, ma costituisce uno strumento essenziale per l’analisi in situ dei manufatti architettonici. Infatti il legame tra l’acquisizione fotografica e... more
La fotografia digitale rappresenta oggi giorno non soltanto un efficace mezzo di comunicazione, ma costituisce uno strumento essenziale per l’analisi in situ dei manufatti architettonici. Infatti il legame tra l’acquisizione fotografica e la relativa restituzione grafica è molto forte in diversi ambiti scientifici.
Nel restauro, ad esempio, il ruolo e l'uso dell'immagine é ben codificato per tutto il processo, dal rilievo del manufatto fino alla sua restituzione attraverso elaborati grafici, indirizzando l’uso delle immagini ad una specifica restituzione grafica, che si concretizza in tavole tematiche, accanto alle quali la fotografia ha sempre un ruolo essenziale per la comprensione dei fenomeni. Nell'ambito del rilievo architettonico, le immagini da oltre un secolo rappresentano il dato di partenza dal quale poter estrarre attraverso la tecnica fotogrammetrica un modello geometrico dell’oggetto. Negli ultimi anni l’avvento della fotografia digitale e l’implementazione di algoritmi di correlazione delle immagini hanno consentito la generazione di nuvole dense di punti (dense matching) e la creazione di modelli reality-based. Infine, nella rappresentazione digitale 2D e 3D la fotografia assume un ruolo fondamentale sia come base di riferimento per la costruzione di outline, sia come fonte di informazioni per la generazione di texture da poter applicare come materiale ai modelli o all'ambiente circostante.
Un settore che prevede un interessante impiego delle immagini digitali è quello del monitoraggio, che ha tra i suoi principali obbiettivi quello di mappare ed analizzare le variazioni delle morfologia di un oggetto con il passare del tempo. In questo processo conoscitivo, le immagini rappresentano una base informativa essenziale fornendo informazioni geometriche e materiche multi-scala, garantendo nel contempo una rapidità nella acquisizione del dato quanto mai opportuna in condizioni operative non agevoli. Un esempio in tal senso è rappresentato del monitoraggio di fabbricati gravemente danneggiati da un sisma, nel quale diviene essenziale la velocità di acquisizione di tutte quelle informazioni che possano consentire una mappatura dettagliata e metricamente corretta del quadro fessurativo del manufatto.
Con riferimento a questa specifica applicazione, l'articolo si propone di identificare un possibile percorso di codifica delle immagini fotografiche, finalizzato alla loro acquisizione, gestione e restituzione grafica. Da un lato viene descritto un metodo di organizzazione del rilievo e di gestione delle immagini acquisite in situ, attraverso un database che ne consenta la rapida identificazione e relativa interrogazione dei contenuti. Dall’altro si propone un procedimento di traduzione delle immagini in una mappatura grafica, utile non solo a documentare lo stato di degrado, ma anche per a comprendere le condizioni statiche di un manufatto architettonico.
Il caso studio presentato nell’articolo riguarda il monitoraggio fotografico di uno dei palazzi storici di Ferrara, Palazzo Renata di Francia, ex-sede del Rettorato dell’Università, gravemente danneggiato a seguito del sisma di magnitudo 5.9 e 5.8 che ha colpito la città estense il 20 e il 29 Maggio 2012. In tale occasione l’Università di Ferrara ha promosso una rapida serie di campagne di rilievo e monitoraggio, atte a verificare lo stato di danneggiamento degli edifici universitari. In questo contesto una particolare importanza ha rivestito proprio il passaggio dalla immagine fotografica alla rappresentazione grafica, geometricamente corretta, che ha consentito una rapida ed efficace lettura e analisi dei danni subiti dall’immobile, indirizzando immediatamente i lavori di messa in sicurezza delle strutture e dei beni mobili ed immobili.
Nel restauro, ad esempio, il ruolo e l'uso dell'immagine é ben codificato per tutto il processo, dal rilievo del manufatto fino alla sua restituzione attraverso elaborati grafici, indirizzando l’uso delle immagini ad una specifica restituzione grafica, che si concretizza in tavole tematiche, accanto alle quali la fotografia ha sempre un ruolo essenziale per la comprensione dei fenomeni. Nell'ambito del rilievo architettonico, le immagini da oltre un secolo rappresentano il dato di partenza dal quale poter estrarre attraverso la tecnica fotogrammetrica un modello geometrico dell’oggetto. Negli ultimi anni l’avvento della fotografia digitale e l’implementazione di algoritmi di correlazione delle immagini hanno consentito la generazione di nuvole dense di punti (dense matching) e la creazione di modelli reality-based. Infine, nella rappresentazione digitale 2D e 3D la fotografia assume un ruolo fondamentale sia come base di riferimento per la costruzione di outline, sia come fonte di informazioni per la generazione di texture da poter applicare come materiale ai modelli o all'ambiente circostante.
Un settore che prevede un interessante impiego delle immagini digitali è quello del monitoraggio, che ha tra i suoi principali obbiettivi quello di mappare ed analizzare le variazioni delle morfologia di un oggetto con il passare del tempo. In questo processo conoscitivo, le immagini rappresentano una base informativa essenziale fornendo informazioni geometriche e materiche multi-scala, garantendo nel contempo una rapidità nella acquisizione del dato quanto mai opportuna in condizioni operative non agevoli. Un esempio in tal senso è rappresentato del monitoraggio di fabbricati gravemente danneggiati da un sisma, nel quale diviene essenziale la velocità di acquisizione di tutte quelle informazioni che possano consentire una mappatura dettagliata e metricamente corretta del quadro fessurativo del manufatto.
Con riferimento a questa specifica applicazione, l'articolo si propone di identificare un possibile percorso di codifica delle immagini fotografiche, finalizzato alla loro acquisizione, gestione e restituzione grafica. Da un lato viene descritto un metodo di organizzazione del rilievo e di gestione delle immagini acquisite in situ, attraverso un database che ne consenta la rapida identificazione e relativa interrogazione dei contenuti. Dall’altro si propone un procedimento di traduzione delle immagini in una mappatura grafica, utile non solo a documentare lo stato di degrado, ma anche per a comprendere le condizioni statiche di un manufatto architettonico.
Il caso studio presentato nell’articolo riguarda il monitoraggio fotografico di uno dei palazzi storici di Ferrara, Palazzo Renata di Francia, ex-sede del Rettorato dell’Università, gravemente danneggiato a seguito del sisma di magnitudo 5.9 e 5.8 che ha colpito la città estense il 20 e il 29 Maggio 2012. In tale occasione l’Università di Ferrara ha promosso una rapida serie di campagne di rilievo e monitoraggio, atte a verificare lo stato di danneggiamento degli edifici universitari. In questo contesto una particolare importanza ha rivestito proprio il passaggio dalla immagine fotografica alla rappresentazione grafica, geometricamente corretta, che ha consentito una rapida ed efficace lettura e analisi dei danni subiti dall’immobile, indirizzando immediatamente i lavori di messa in sicurezza delle strutture e dei beni mobili ed immobili.
The increase of 3D acquisition and modeling techniques applied to archeology is due principally to (i) their capacity to survey archeological artifacts with high precision and a non-contact approach and (ii) the possibility to create 3D... more
The increase of 3D acquisition and modeling techniques applied to archeology is due principally to (i) their capacity to survey archeological artifacts with high precision and a non-contact approach and (ii) the possibility to create 3D digital models useful for data analysis, simulation and preservation. These benefits in terms of knowledge oblige the contemporary archaeologist to acquire a better understanding of 3D acquisition and modeling principles and practice. This evidence arises from the necessity of adopting a common language for experts in 3D data management and archaeologists with the principal aim being the understanding of each other’s requirements and sharing of the purposes of the project. In this article the authors propose a concise but exhaustive explanation of the working principles of active and passive 3D acquisition techniques. For each one a description of instruments and methodologies is developed, pointing out pros and cons of every technique. In conclusion, a sensor fusion approach is presented as an interesting solution to increase the instrument performances while obtaining at the same time a quality improvement of 3D acquisition and modeling results. A final multi-resolution application about Pompeii Forum 3D modeling follows and closes the article.
"Cultural Heritage represents an aspect of our historical memory that in the last decade has suffered transformations, reductions or destructions for different human or external factors. In this situation the introduction of technologies... more
"Cultural Heritage represents an aspect of our historical memory that in the last decade has suffered transformations, reductions or destructions for different human or external factors. In this situation the introduction of technologies and methodologies suitable to reduce this deterioration process has been perceived as mandatory, leading to the development of strategies that permit to preserve and explain the information embedded in Cultural Heritage, supporting the process of valorization through the application of different representation instruments.
3D acquisition and modeling technologies represents a possible aid because they allow to generate the digital simulacrum of a real artifact, and the availability of digital tools for manipulating, exploring, comparing and explaining a virtual object, can greatly increase the comprehension and the valorization of monuments. In addition to these applications orient to the common public, once an artifact is represented in digital form also analysis, management and conservation can be allowed with instruments oriented to experts.
This paper critically presents the two possible complementary approaches to 3D modeling in CH: the representation of a monument “as is” through precise 3D capturing and modeling vs. the representation of a previous hypothetical state through a scientific reconstructive process. Such presentation is based on two exemplar cases of the two approaches: the reality-based modeling of the Pompeii Forum and the diachronic reconstruction of the San Giovanni in Conca basilica in Milan."
3D acquisition and modeling technologies represents a possible aid because they allow to generate the digital simulacrum of a real artifact, and the availability of digital tools for manipulating, exploring, comparing and explaining a virtual object, can greatly increase the comprehension and the valorization of monuments. In addition to these applications orient to the common public, once an artifact is represented in digital form also analysis, management and conservation can be allowed with instruments oriented to experts.
This paper critically presents the two possible complementary approaches to 3D modeling in CH: the representation of a monument “as is” through precise 3D capturing and modeling vs. the representation of a previous hypothetical state through a scientific reconstructive process. Such presentation is based on two exemplar cases of the two approaches: the reality-based modeling of the Pompeii Forum and the diachronic reconstruction of the San Giovanni in Conca basilica in Milan."
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This article proposes a methodology for the virtual representation of lost Cultural Heritage monuments, based on the integration of a 3D digital survey of the remains, with the analysis of historical, literary, cadastral and iconographic... more
This article proposes a methodology for the virtual representation of lost Cultural Heritage monuments, based on the integration of a 3D digital survey of the remains, with the analysis of historical, literary, cadastral and iconographic sources. By using the objective geometrical data as initial interpretative grid, a scalable method is generated, suitable to be re-used on different artifacts. This approach has been experimented on the virtual reconstruction of different historical periods of a church characterized by a complex architectural development: the Basilica of San Giovanni in Conca in Milan. Realistic 3D digital representations of this monument allow to better understand the lost building changes, useful both for critical analysis of the experts or for touristic valorization.
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The core of the paper is focused on the experimental characterization of four different 3D laser scanners based on Time of Flight principle, through the extraction of resolution, accuracy and uncertainty parameters from specifically... more
The core of the paper is focused on the experimental characterization of four different 3D laser scanners based on Time of Flight principle, through the extraction of resolution, accuracy and uncertainty parameters from specifically designed 3D test objects. The testing process leads to four results: z-uncertainty, xy-resolution z-resolution and z-accuracy. The first is obtained by the evaluation of random residuals from the 3D capture of a planar target, the second from the scanner response to an abrupt z-jump, and the last two from direct evaluation of the image extracted by different geometric features progressively closer each other. The aim of this research is to suggest a low cost characterization process, mainly based on calibrated test object easy to duplicate, that allow an objective and reliable comparison between 3D TOF scanner performances.
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This article reports on a multi-resolution and multi-sensor approach developed for the accurate and detailed 3D modeling of the entire Roman Forum in Pompei, Italy.The archaeological area, approximately 150 × 80 m, contains more than 350... more
This article reports on a multi-resolution and multi-sensor approach developed for the accurate and detailed 3D modeling of the entire Roman Forum in Pompei, Italy.The archaeological area, approximately 150 × 80 m, contains more than 350 finds spread all over the forum as well as larger mural structures of previous buildings and temples.The interdisciplinary 3D modeling work consists of a multi-scale image- and range-based digital documentation method developed to fulfill all the surveying and archaeological needs and exploit all the intrinsic potentialities of the actual 3d modeling techniques.The data resolution spans from a few decimeters down to few millimeters.The employed surveying methodologies have pros and cons which will be addressed and discussed.The results of the integration of the different 3D data in seamlessly textured 3D model are finally presented and discussed.
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This paper deals with two, related topics: the acquisition and recovery of information ‘trapped’ in the geometry of an historical artifact; the employment of this form of ‘intangible heritage’ as an historical source on a par with more... more
This paper deals with two, related topics: the acquisition and recovery of information ‘trapped’ in the geometry of an historical artifact; the employment of this form of ‘intangible heritage’ as an historical source on a par with more explicit sources such as ancient drawings, books, archaeological excavations, etc. This study relates to the construction of a virtual model of ancient Rome within the framework of the international project known as “Rome Reborn 1.0” (www.romereborn.virginia.edu). It exploits intangible information in order to make a plausible reconstruction of ancient Rome, currently one of the largest virtual models ever developed in the field of cultural heritage.
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In questo articolo viene descritta l’introduzione di alcuni metodi di acquisizione e modellazione digitale tridimensionale nell’ambiente nautico. Partendo da una breve descrizione sulla tipologia di strumenti e i metodi di elaborazione... more
In questo articolo viene descritta l’introduzione di alcuni metodi di acquisizione e modellazione digitale tridimensionale nell’ambiente nautico. Partendo da una breve descrizione sulla tipologia di strumenti e i metodi di elaborazione dati e modellazione, viene illustrato un caso completo di applicazione di tali tecniche sullo stampo di uno scafo 555.
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Cultural heritage digitization is becoming more common every day, but the applications discussed in the literature address mainly the digitization of objects at a resolution proportional to the object size, using low resolution for large... more
Cultural heritage digitization is becoming more common every day, but the applications discussed in the literature address mainly the digitization of objects at a resolution proportional to the object size, using low resolution for large artifacts such as buildings or large statues, and high resolution for small detailed objects. The case studied in this paper concerns a huge physical model of imperial Rome (16 × 17.5 m) whose extremely small details forced the use of high resolution and low noise scanning, in contrast with the long range needed. This paper gives an account of the procedures and the technologies used for solving this “contradiction”.
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Importanti aspetti finora oscuri delle tipologie Ferraresi di “travi composte” in legno ricevono un primo chiarimento grazie ad un’attenta lettura critica della trattatistica rinascimentale e ad una sperimentazione numerica condotta con... more
Importanti aspetti finora oscuri delle tipologie Ferraresi di “travi composte” in legno ricevono un primo chiarimento grazie ad un’attenta lettura critica della trattatistica rinascimentale e ad una sperimentazione numerica condotta con un avanzato codice di calcolo strutturale agli elementi finiti. In particolare si fornisce un’interpretazione del comportamento statico sia delle travi composte che dei loro elementi componenti mediante un’analisi che ripropone le fasi costruttive, le modalità di lavorazione ed assemblaggio, supposte seguite dalle maestranze dell’epoca. Ne risulta uno studio che, legando in un rapporto di complementarietà conoscenze storiche e sperimentazione numerica, si propone con caratteri di originalità e innovazione.
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Il patrimonio di una raffinata tecnologia, manifestazione dell’alto livello raggiunto dalla pratica costruttiva Ferrarese nel Quattrocento, viene recuperato e studiato mediante tecniche avanzate di rilievo e di analisi strutturale. In... more
Il patrimonio di una raffinata tecnologia, manifestazione dell’alto livello raggiunto dalla pratica costruttiva Ferrarese nel Quattrocento, viene recuperato e studiato mediante tecniche avanzate di rilievo e di analisi strutturale. In particolare si riscoprono regole di proporzionalità fra componenti e comportamenti statici la cui memoria si era perduta nel tempo. L’indagine è svolta sulla base di contributi interdisciplinari che, relazionandosi fra loro in un rapporto di complementarietà, conducono a risultati inediti.
The communication of Cultural Heritage based on interactive tools and heterogeneous data is a current research topic. The article investigates different ways of using 3D point clouds to improve the communication of complex artifacts. It... more
The communication of Cultural Heritage based on interactive tools and heterogeneous data is a current research topic. The article investigates different ways of using 3D point clouds to improve the communication of complex artifacts. It evaluates a communication system based on an active and exploratory experience that triggers new cognitive processes and proposes a virtual place for learning about complex architectures. The case study analyzed is Porta San Sebastiano, one of the historical Roman gates. The representation of orthogonal projections is the first necessary step to explaining the whole building, but it is insufficient to provide a comprehensive overview of its complexity. The introduction of interactive 3D data navigation based on point clouds and linked 2D images allows for broader and more dynamic exploration. It serves as a complementary and integrative tool for the understanding complex asset.
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Castles are complex fortified systems based on a solid relationship between the territory and the built architecture. The former defines the context of development, access, and defense conditions. The latter adapts to the context,... more
Castles are complex fortified systems based on a solid relationship between the territory and the built architecture. The former defines the context of development, access, and defense conditions. The latter adapts to the context, proposing fortified structures in continuity with the orography of the territory. Both factors are crucial to understanding castles' historical evolution and social roles over time. In this knowledge path, the survey process assumes a primary role as a tool to analyze and interpret the built environment through bibliographic and iconographic analysis and the study of reality. Within the castle domain became essential to manage multiple scales of knowledge, acquisition, and representation, deepening the territory and the fortress systems. The case study analyzed is the Castle of Canossa, the epicenter of some critical events in medieval times. The authors describe an integrated survey process between active and passive techniques at architectural and territorial scales. Several geometrical validation steps have been introduced to verify the geometrical reliability. The pipeline highlights also the crucial relationship between territory and buildings, laying the groundwork for a more articulated analysis of the entire architectural complex. At the end, a superimposition between the geometrical model and a historical mock-up is suggested, collecting helpful information for the next reconstruction step.
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Photography is an essential instrument of knowledge in the archaeological field, both for historical source analysis, reality interpretation, and conservation mapping. This article highlights the instrument's role, tracing known... more
Photography is an essential instrument of knowledge in the archaeological field, both for historical source analysis, reality interpretation, and conservation mapping. This article highlights the instrument's role, tracing known historical paths and reconstructing detailed 3D reality-based mold of complex monuments. The case study is the Arch of Druso in Rome, located at the Via Appia's beginning. It presents several structures superimposed and stratified over time, a first original one in the pre-imperial age, a second one as an aqueduct arch in the 3rd century A.D., and a third one decorated with some architectural elements around 1800. The method of analysis and data validation of the case study refers to the image and range-based methodologies. It starts from a historical/stylistic analysis to create a complex image-based 3D model of the entire archaeological system. The data collected will serve as the basis for defining a semantic model, useful for asset management, and preparing the Scan-to-BIM phase. The results will ratify the image-based approach as a necessary tool for archaeology reading and interpretation, producing both 2D representation to support analysis processes and complex 3D models for virtual reconstruction. The case study's complexity requires data validation, based on the comparison between active and passive methodologies, refining a research path to define a semantically structured model which may open new scenarios in the ArcheoBIM domain.
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La collana FORME DEL DISEGNO si propone come occasione per la condivisione di ri essioni sul disegno quale linguaggio antropologicamente naturale, al tempo stesso culturale e universale, e che indica contemporaneamente la concezione e l'... more
La collana FORME DEL DISEGNO si propone come occasione per la condivisione di ri essioni sul disegno quale linguaggio antropologicamente naturale, al tempo stesso culturale e universale, e che indica contemporaneamente la concezione e l' esecuzione dei suoi oggetti. In particolare raccoglie opere e saggi sul disegno e sulla rappresentazione nell'ambito dell'architettura, dell'ingegneria e del design in un' ottica sia di approfondimento sia di divulgazione scienti ca. La collana si articola in tre sezioni: PUNTO, che raccoglie contributi più prettamente teorici su tematiche puntuali, LINEA, che ospita contributi tesi alla sistematizzazione delle conoscenze intorno ad argomenti speci ci, SUPERFICIE, che presenta pratiche ed attività sperimentali su casi studio o argomenti peculiari.
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Nel 1826 Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, dopo una attesa di otto ore di esposizione, ottenne la prima immagine con una macchina fotografica. Da allora, grazie agli incredibili sviluppi in ambito meccanico, ottico, geometrico, matematico,... more
Nel 1826 Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, dopo una attesa di otto ore di esposizione, ottenne la prima immagine con una macchina fotografica. Da allora, grazie agli incredibili sviluppi in ambito meccanico, ottico, geometrico, matematico, informatico, le fotocamere sono divenute uno strumento essenziale per gli studiosi dell’architettura e della archeologia, garantendo la possibilità di memorizzare su un supporto fisico una versione semplificata ma attendibile delle informazioni visibili all’occhio umano. Nel tempo è divenuto un supporto fondamentale, a integrazione della analisi in situ, registrando una ‘traccia’ del reale a supporto delle analisi a tavolino. Ma l’evidente utilità dello strumento non è corrisposta nel XX secolo a una sua eguale crescita di utilizzo, complice certamente il costo strumentale e la complessità sia delle apparecchiature che del processo di restituzione. La straordinaria evoluzione dell’informatica, dell’elettronica e della Computer Vision degli ultimi decenni ha permesso oggi, a distanza di quasi 200 anni da quelle prime sperimentazioni, una totale accessibilità a fotocamere digitali avanzate e sistemi di elaborazione dati sempre più performanti. Tali condizioni hanno contribuito a una democratizzazione nell’uso della fotografia digitale, in accordo con la diffusione pervasiva delle immagini digitali nella società contemporanea, divenendo il principale strumento di comunicazione e simulazione multilivello sia del mondo reale sia progettuale. Significativo in tal senso è la crescita esponenziale di modelli 3D in ambito archeologico, a dimostrazione del ruolo e significato delle immagini digitali, la loro accessibilità e le potenzialità offerte da alcuni programmi di elaborazione. Questi ultimi sono in grado di restituire modelli geometrici sempre più complessi e a differenti livelli di scala, che divengono a loro volta strumento di studio e meta-analisi indispensabile nel processo di conoscenza e comunicazione dei reperti archeologici, a supporto delle molteplici fasi di indagine. Lo studio e la comprensione delle caratteristiche morfologiche, materiche, strutturali, compositive e tecnologiche del manufatto archeologico rappresentano la base fondativa per la conoscenza dell’artefatto reale. Tale processo di analisi, integrato da uno studio iconografico e bibliografico che ripercorre la genesi del reperto e consente di collocarlo nel tempo e nello spazio, è propedeutica a una sua valutazione critica. La fotografia e la fotomodellazione in tal senso rappresentano uno strumento di studio essenziale a supporto dell’analisi diretta, in grado di ‘congelare digitalmente’ i principali aspetti morfologici e materici, fornendo allo studioso un importante strumento di analisi dell’esistente. Nell’ambito delle metodologie di rilevamento digitale, negli ultimi anni si sta assistendo alla parziale sostituzione di alcune tecniche di acquisizione attiva del reale, quali ad esempio quelle basate sull’uso del laser scanner 3D, con metodologie di rilevamento passive e basate sull’integrazione fra metodi fotogrammetrici e Structure from Motion (SfM). A distanza di dieci anni dalle prime sperimentazioni nell’ambito della A distanza di dieci anni dalle prime sperimentazioni nell’ambito della fotomodellazione, è plausibile avere uno sguardo maggiormente consapevole sulla tematica, portando avanti una riflessione critica sui vantaggi e i limiti delle tecniche fotogrammetriche per la conoscenza degli artefatti archeologici, provando a rintracciare in essi alcuni ‘segnali’ sugli sviluppi futuri. Per tale ragione l’analisi critica sulla crescita di tale fenomeno e sulle prospettive che esso può offrire rappresenta il principale obbiettivo di questo lavoro. Partendo da un’analisi temporale-comparativa fondata sull’uso dei principali strumenti nell’ambito del rilievo archeologico dell’esistente, vengono evidenziati alcuni limiti e vantaggi applicativi, per cercare di verificare se tale metodologia di indagine sia realmente utile per la conoscenza archeologica oppure rappresenti ‘solo’ un potente strumento di comunicazione. Questo quadro consentirà di prefigurare alcuni possibili scenari nell’ambito della ricerca.
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Nell’ambito dell’Industrial Design la ricerca della forma, intesa come atto traduttivo ed interpretativo di una idea nella sua realizzazione, rappresenta un percorso complesso di mediazione fra tradizione e innovazione, fra significante e... more
Nell’ambito dell’Industrial Design la ricerca della forma, intesa come atto traduttivo ed interpretativo di una idea nella sua realizzazione, rappresenta un percorso complesso di mediazione fra tradizione e innovazione, fra significante e significato, fra libertà progettuale e vincolo materico, per arrivare ad un prodotto di sintesi. In questo processo di raffinamento iterativo verso la forma, le curve rappresentano il dato generativo di partenza per la costruzione di superfici complesse, liquide, che tendono ad uscire dai canoni geometrici verso un unicum formale. Una importante declinazione di questo ambito è rappresentata dal Design Nautico, una disciplina complessa nella quale la rappresentazione gioca un ruolo chiave di restituzione grafica di forme spaziali complesse e sviluppate secondo una rete di curve che ne definiscono l’ossatura. L’intervento intende approfondire il ruolo della curva nell’ambito del Design Nautico; partendo dalla genesi costruttiva e formale delle imbarcazioni, approfondisce le tipologie e l’evoluzione della geometria delle curve nell’ambito della progettazione industriale, esplorandone la rappresentazione per mezzo dei piani di costruzione. Infine, partendo dalla dicotomia fra progetto ed oggetto, il contributo intende evidenziare l’utilizzo delle curve per la progettazione in ambito nautico versus la loro estrapolazione da modelli tridimensionali ottenuti al termine di un processo di Reverse Modeling. A supporto di tale analisi sono presentati alcuni casi studio rappresentativi di una differente evoluzione formale del modello di imbarcazione dal punto di vista costruttivo e materico.
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This contribution presents the results of investigations on the reliability of technologies based on the Structure from Motion approach for the 3D digitization of build heritage. Since in the architectonical survey field the level of... more
This contribution presents the results of investigations on the reliability of technologies based on the Structure from Motion approach for the 3D digitization of build heritage. Since in the architectonical survey field the level of detail of acquisitions is based on scales of representation that range between values that are generally compatible with the definition provided by some of the most widespread SfM technologies, we tested their performances and developed a procedure with the purpose of easing the work of surveyors called to restore digital representations at different scales. Restored 3D models were compared among each other and with a gold standard acquisition. These analysis led to qualitative and quantitative evaluations and to considerations on times and skills required by all tested technologies. Strengths and weaknesses are here highlighted and the integration of different technologies is presented, as it generally represents the best solution in most multi-scalar contexts.
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The goal of the 3D-ICONS European Project is to provide EUROPEANA (www.europeana.eu) with accurate 3D models of architectural and archaeological monuments and buildings of remarkable cultural importance. The purpose of this paper is to... more
The goal of the 3D-ICONS European Project is to provide EUROPEANA (www.europeana.eu) with accurate 3D models of architectural and archaeological monuments and buildings of remarkable cultural importance. The purpose of this paper is to describe the specific processing pipeline that has been set for digitizing a significant part of the Civic Archaeological Museum in Milan (Italy). All the technical and logistic aspects needed for capturing 3D models in a Museum environment, the implication with IPR, and the metadata acquisition, are covered. The main issue is generating a good result by the technical point of view, minimizing the impact on the usual Museum activity during the 3D capturing operations, shortening in the meantime the processing time to the minimal allowed by the different applicable techniques. This condition has led different choices related to the survey technologies (laser scanning and image based modeling) and the related data processing. Both technical and descriptive metadata have been collected for each item acquired, for generating a record of data searchable on EUROPEANA, with the addition of new metadata not defined in the minimal record, for making traceable the path leading to the generated digital content. The paper gives a general discussion of such issues with some specific examples referred to the large set of 3D objects digitized within the 3D-ICONS project.
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La crescente accessibilità verso gli strumenti del disegno digitale e la progressiva democratizzazione fornita dai sistemi comunicativi hanno portato ad un utilizzo sempre più intenso delle tecniche di rappresentazione digitale... more
La crescente accessibilità verso gli strumenti del disegno digitale e la progressiva democratizzazione fornita dai sistemi comunicativi hanno portato ad un utilizzo sempre più intenso delle tecniche di rappresentazione digitale nell’ambito della progettazione. Se tale centralità è innegabilmente legata alle evoluzioni scientifiche e tecnologiche, è altrettanto possibile ritrovare nella fusione tra le tecniche di rappresentazione manuale e digitale un ulteriore strumento di forza. Partendo da una breve disamina sulla relazione evolutiva tra il disegno manuale e digitale, si riporta una esperienza didattica che illustra un esempio di semplice ibridazione fra delle tecniche tradizionali e digitali.
In the last decade the use of 3D acquisition techniques in the archaeological field has allowed to widen the scope of the geometric survey process, providing high resolution reality-based digital models capable to be linked with different... more
In the last decade the use of 3D acquisition techniques in the archaeological field has allowed to widen the scope of the geometric survey process, providing high resolution reality-based digital models capable to be linked with different historical documentations, greatly improving the conventional bi-dimensional hand-made survey with a consequent gain of knowledge for the archeologists.
Another possible output, supported both by reality-based models and historical data, can lead to the generation of suggestive 3D digital reconstructions of architectures not anymore existing, made lively through Computer Graphics. These can be useful for a careful interpretation of the existing ruins but sometimes they might also be capable to suggest new archaeological discoveries.
A weak part of the latter process is represented by the possible lack of scientific reliability on the reconstructed model, due to the actual disjunction between the modelers producing the final computer graphics output, and the archeologist owning the knowledge for creating the appropriate reconstructive hypotheses. The methodology here proposed is based on a first extensive 3D documentation of the site in its current state, followed by an iterative interaction between archaeologists and digital modelers, leading to a progressive refinement of the reconstructive hypotheses. The starting point of the method is the reality based model, that, together with ancient drawings and documents, is used for generating the first reconstructive step.
Such rough approximation of a possible architectural structure can be annotated through archaeological considerations that has to be confronted with geometrical constraints, producing a reduction of the reconstructive hypotheses to a limited set, each one to be archaeologically evaluated. This refinement loop on the reconstructive choices is iterated until the result become convincing by both points of view, integrating in the best way all the available starting data.
This paper describes this approach to the digital reconstruction problem has been verified on the ruins of five temples in the Mỹ Sơn site, a wide archaeological area located in central Vietam. Created by the ancient Cham civilization active in Vietnam from 7th to 18th century, it has been listed as UNESCO World Heritage in 1999. Mỹ Sơn area contains a reasonably well preserved system of 78 Cham Temples, some of them destroyed by the nature in the last centuries. The integration of 3D surveyed data and historical documentation has allowed to support a digital reconstruction of not existing architectures, developing their three-dimensional digital models step by step, from rough shapes to highly sophisticate virtual prototypes. The 3D acquisition and modeling of a specific set of five temples, indicated by the archaeologists as “G group”, is here presented and methodologically discussed.
Another possible output, supported both by reality-based models and historical data, can lead to the generation of suggestive 3D digital reconstructions of architectures not anymore existing, made lively through Computer Graphics. These can be useful for a careful interpretation of the existing ruins but sometimes they might also be capable to suggest new archaeological discoveries.
A weak part of the latter process is represented by the possible lack of scientific reliability on the reconstructed model, due to the actual disjunction between the modelers producing the final computer graphics output, and the archeologist owning the knowledge for creating the appropriate reconstructive hypotheses. The methodology here proposed is based on a first extensive 3D documentation of the site in its current state, followed by an iterative interaction between archaeologists and digital modelers, leading to a progressive refinement of the reconstructive hypotheses. The starting point of the method is the reality based model, that, together with ancient drawings and documents, is used for generating the first reconstructive step.
Such rough approximation of a possible architectural structure can be annotated through archaeological considerations that has to be confronted with geometrical constraints, producing a reduction of the reconstructive hypotheses to a limited set, each one to be archaeologically evaluated. This refinement loop on the reconstructive choices is iterated until the result become convincing by both points of view, integrating in the best way all the available starting data.
This paper describes this approach to the digital reconstruction problem has been verified on the ruins of five temples in the Mỹ Sơn site, a wide archaeological area located in central Vietam. Created by the ancient Cham civilization active in Vietnam from 7th to 18th century, it has been listed as UNESCO World Heritage in 1999. Mỹ Sơn area contains a reasonably well preserved system of 78 Cham Temples, some of them destroyed by the nature in the last centuries. The integration of 3D surveyed data and historical documentation has allowed to support a digital reconstruction of not existing architectures, developing their three-dimensional digital models step by step, from rough shapes to highly sophisticate virtual prototypes. The 3D acquisition and modeling of a specific set of five temples, indicated by the archaeologists as “G group”, is here presented and methodologically discussed.
Research Interests:
L’uso delle tecniche di acquisizione digitale in ambito archeologico ha evidenziato nell’ultimo quinquennio un aumento considerevole, dovuto principalmente (i) alla capacità di rilevare con grande precisione e senza contatto i manufatti... more
L’uso delle tecniche di acquisizione digitale in ambito archeologico ha evidenziato nell’ultimo quinquennio un aumento considerevole, dovuto principalmente (i) alla
capacità di rilevare con grande precisione e senza contatto i manufatti archeologici e (ii) alla possibilità di generare modelli digitali informativi utili per le fasi di analisi, simulazione, interpretazione e conservazione. La grande diffusione di queste tecniche rende sempre più evidente la necessaria conoscenza da parte dell’archeologo dei principi fondamentali di funzionamento degli strumenti e delle metodologie su cui si poggia il processo di acquisizione e modellazione del dato digitale. Tal evidenza nasce dalla necessità di adottare un linguaggio comune tra chi acquisisce e modella il dato digitale e
l’archeologo, al fine di poter comprendere le necessità reciproche e condividere appieno la finalità del progetto. Questo articolo si pone la finalità di illustrare in maniera sintetica ma esaustiva i principi basilari del funzionamento degli strumenti ottici attivi e passivi. In particolare per ognuno di questi viene descritta in maniera semplificata la fase di acquisizione dei dati e la loro elaborazione, ponendo l’accento sulle caratteristiche principali, i vantaggi e gli svantaggi nell’uso di ogni tipologia di
strumento. Per ogni strumento e tecnica di rilievo vengono descritti alcuni casi di studio esemplificativi in ambito archeologico, sintetizzando il processo di restituzione del
modello digitale finale. Infine, sulla base della conoscenza dei singoli strumenti, viene affrontato il tema dell’integrazione tra diverse tecniche di rilievo, evidenziando il possibile miglioramento dei risultati di rilievo e modellazione 3D.
capacità di rilevare con grande precisione e senza contatto i manufatti archeologici e (ii) alla possibilità di generare modelli digitali informativi utili per le fasi di analisi, simulazione, interpretazione e conservazione. La grande diffusione di queste tecniche rende sempre più evidente la necessaria conoscenza da parte dell’archeologo dei principi fondamentali di funzionamento degli strumenti e delle metodologie su cui si poggia il processo di acquisizione e modellazione del dato digitale. Tal evidenza nasce dalla necessità di adottare un linguaggio comune tra chi acquisisce e modella il dato digitale e
l’archeologo, al fine di poter comprendere le necessità reciproche e condividere appieno la finalità del progetto. Questo articolo si pone la finalità di illustrare in maniera sintetica ma esaustiva i principi basilari del funzionamento degli strumenti ottici attivi e passivi. In particolare per ognuno di questi viene descritta in maniera semplificata la fase di acquisizione dei dati e la loro elaborazione, ponendo l’accento sulle caratteristiche principali, i vantaggi e gli svantaggi nell’uso di ogni tipologia di
strumento. Per ogni strumento e tecnica di rilievo vengono descritti alcuni casi di studio esemplificativi in ambito archeologico, sintetizzando il processo di restituzione del
modello digitale finale. Infine, sulla base della conoscenza dei singoli strumenti, viene affrontato il tema dell’integrazione tra diverse tecniche di rilievo, evidenziando il possibile miglioramento dei risultati di rilievo e modellazione 3D.
This chapter proposal deals with three-dimensional survey methods applied to the geometrical acquisition of Industrial Design products. 3D acquisition techniques are defined by well-know procedures that nowadays are applied in a lot of... more
This chapter proposal deals with three-dimensional survey methods applied to the geometrical acquisition of Industrial Design products. 3D acquisition techniques are defined by well-know procedures that nowadays are applied in a lot of fields, from Mechanics to Aerospace, from Robotics to Cultural Heritage. In the last years the impressive technology evolution used for developing hardware and software allowed to reach excellence peaks in the 3D instruments application. At the same time a lot of experiments and researches were leaded in order to reach a well structured pipeline of reverse modeling process, supporting the process from the real object to its digital mould. In the last decade 3D acquisition and modeling techniques tried to support Industrial Design production, but their role in every single process is not yet systematically codified for some bottlenecks present in the design process and in product knowledge, that will be discussed in the chapter in relation with the state of the art of the current technology.
In addition the level of geometrical complexity of any specific product often highlight limitations in the use of a single 3D laser scanner technology, which can’t reach good results with all the typologies of Industrial Design products. These factors are critically framed, outlining the definition of object complexity towards the suited choice of survey methods and technologies for every condition.
The actual limits of 3D acquisition systems will be identified and compared to integrate ones (i.e. systems composed by different complementary instruments are used together) applied in different fields, from Car Design to Product Restyling, from Nautical Analysis to Design in Cultural Heritage. The aim of the contribution is to demonstrate the intrinsic limits of a single 3D instrument application and the necessity to apply multi-resolution system or sensor fusion to solve the larger part of the problems in the 3D acquisition of complex shapes.
In addition the level of geometrical complexity of any specific product often highlight limitations in the use of a single 3D laser scanner technology, which can’t reach good results with all the typologies of Industrial Design products. These factors are critically framed, outlining the definition of object complexity towards the suited choice of survey methods and technologies for every condition.
The actual limits of 3D acquisition systems will be identified and compared to integrate ones (i.e. systems composed by different complementary instruments are used together) applied in different fields, from Car Design to Product Restyling, from Nautical Analysis to Design in Cultural Heritage. The aim of the contribution is to demonstrate the intrinsic limits of a single 3D instrument application and the necessity to apply multi-resolution system or sensor fusion to solve the larger part of the problems in the 3D acquisition of complex shapes.
L’introduzione del CAD e il progressivo sviluppo delle tecniche di modellazione tridimensionale ha indiscutibilmente generato profonde ripercussioni sul disegno, tanto da essere paragonata a livello di innovazione tecnologica al pari... more
L’introduzione del CAD e il progressivo sviluppo delle tecniche di modellazione tridimensionale ha indiscutibilmente generato profonde ripercussioni sul disegno, tanto da essere paragonata a livello di innovazione tecnologica al pari dell’introduzione della carta. Questo non implica la scomparsa della rappresentazione manuale, che mantiene un ruolo essenziale nella rappresentazione della fase ideativa e di sviluppo del progetto proprio per l’unicità ed immediatezza comunicativa, che consente di riportare ed affinare progressivamente le idee progettuali. Oggi l’uso del CAD è indispensabile nelle fasi del progetto che riguardano il disegno operativo, poiché consente
una dinamica realizzazione di spazi e forme 2D e 3D precedentemente definite a livello progettuale e un controllo globale di un sistema complesso altrimenti gestibile solo per porzioni separate [Ackerman, 2003]. La capacità di rappresentare e gestire forme complesse offre la possibilità di generare e controllare sistemi architettonici e prodotti dell’Industrial Design molto articolati.
In tal senso alcune opere di architettura di Frank Gehery, Sir Norman Forster o Zaha Hadid rappresentano un esempio tangibile della qualità formale e complessità strutturale che può essere raggiunta grazie all’utilizzo dei sistemi di modellazione 3D nell’ambito della progettazione architettonica. Quindi risulta evidente come l’utilizzo del calcolatore possa non solo accelerare
alcuni processi del disegno, ma ne ampli indiscutibilmente le potenzialità, permettendo la generazione ed esplorazione interattiva di forme dinamiche complesse prima relegate al solo disegno manuale di sintesi su supporto fisico statico [A.A.V.V., 2000].
Per inquadrare le potenzialità offerte dagli applicativi nell’ambito della modellazione 3D, viene proposta una panoramica delle forme di rappresentazione tridimensionale continue e discrete offerte dalla maggior parte dei modellatori in commercio, distinguendole per caratteristiche e finalità e ponendole in relazione con il concetto di precisione applicato al mondo della
modellazione 3D.
una dinamica realizzazione di spazi e forme 2D e 3D precedentemente definite a livello progettuale e un controllo globale di un sistema complesso altrimenti gestibile solo per porzioni separate [Ackerman, 2003]. La capacità di rappresentare e gestire forme complesse offre la possibilità di generare e controllare sistemi architettonici e prodotti dell’Industrial Design molto articolati.
In tal senso alcune opere di architettura di Frank Gehery, Sir Norman Forster o Zaha Hadid rappresentano un esempio tangibile della qualità formale e complessità strutturale che può essere raggiunta grazie all’utilizzo dei sistemi di modellazione 3D nell’ambito della progettazione architettonica. Quindi risulta evidente come l’utilizzo del calcolatore possa non solo accelerare
alcuni processi del disegno, ma ne ampli indiscutibilmente le potenzialità, permettendo la generazione ed esplorazione interattiva di forme dinamiche complesse prima relegate al solo disegno manuale di sintesi su supporto fisico statico [A.A.V.V., 2000].
Per inquadrare le potenzialità offerte dagli applicativi nell’ambito della modellazione 3D, viene proposta una panoramica delle forme di rappresentazione tridimensionale continue e discrete offerte dalla maggior parte dei modellatori in commercio, distinguendole per caratteristiche e finalità e ponendole in relazione con il concetto di precisione applicato al mondo della
modellazione 3D.
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Libro finalizzato a individuare e puntualizzare le problematiche legate al design nautico in generale e al concept design delle unità da diporto in particolare. L’opera è divisa in tre parti tematiche. La prima parte vuole essere... more
Libro finalizzato a individuare e puntualizzare le problematiche legate al design nautico in generale e al concept design delle unità da diporto in particolare. L’opera è divisa in tre parti tematiche. La prima parte vuole essere un’introduzione al concetto di imbarcazione (nozioni di base, tipologie, nomenclatura, ecc.) completa di un rapido excursus storico che presenta i fondamenti di base dello stile mediterraneo quale valido esempio, riferimento e punto di partenza per il design nautico contemporaneo. La seconda parte illustra, in modo sistematico, il concept design degli yacht affrontando e indagando tutte le problematiche connesse all’oggetto barca, proponendo una metodologia di approccio al progetto tout court, dal generale al particolare, dalle linee esterne fino agli accessori, dalla distribuzione interna agli arredi. Capitolo per capitolo, questa seconda parte, fornisce al lettore gli strumenti necessari per affrontare il concept design nautico sia esso indirizzato a un’unità a vela sia a una a motore, sia a una piccola barca per uso giornaliero sia a uno yacht. La terza parte vuole, invece, indagare e approfondire alcune modalità legate all’elaborazione e alla rappresentazione del progetto come il disegno digitale, la modellazione tridimensionale, il rilievo tradizionale o digitale e, infine, per completezza di trattazione, un primo approccio al restauro, disciplina ancora giovane, ma, giorno dopo giorno, sempre più importante nel mondo della nautica.
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Il progetto nazionale di ricerca Cofin 2002 sulle Metodologie innovative e integrate per il rilevamento dell'architettura e dell'ambiente ha concluso il suo percorso alla fine dello scorso anno e oggi i risultati conseguiti vengo resi... more
Il progetto nazionale di ricerca Cofin 2002 sulle Metodologie innovative e integrate per il rilevamento dell'architettura e dell'ambiente ha concluso il suo percorso alla fine dello scorso anno e oggi i risultati conseguiti vengo resi pubblici con questo volume. Negli ultimi quarant'anni, alle tradizionali tecniche del rilevamento architettonico, che si erano mantenute sostanzialmente immutate per molti secoli, si sono aggiunte in modo imprevedibile e con sempre maggiore rapidità una serie di nuove metodologie. L'avvento negli anni ottanta dell'informatica ha determinato mutamenti radicali nella nostra disciplina, dapprima investendo la stessa fotogrammetria, trasformata da analogica in digitale, e successivamente introducendo la rivoluzionaria tecnologia dei laser scanner. Contrariamente a quanto accade in altri settori del sapere, dove le nuove metodologie rendono spesso superate e obsolete le precedenti, nel nostro caso esse, pur apportando nuove e diverse conoscenze, da sole non sempre riescono a documentare la totalità degli aspetti dell'architettura. Si comprende quindi come l'integrazione tra le diverse metodologie di rilevamento, sia innovative che tradizionali, costituisca un passo necessario per giungere a una conoscenza profonda e completa dell'architettura e dell'ambiente.
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Quali problemi, quali strumenti e quali tecniche di rappresentazione e di produzione del progetto usa oggi il design di prodotto? Quali tematiche e quali soluzioni propongono le tecnologie digitali nell’era del visual computing?... more
Quali problemi, quali strumenti e quali tecniche di rappresentazione e di produzione del progetto usa oggi il design di prodotto? Quali tematiche e quali soluzioni propongono le tecnologie digitali nell’era del visual computing? Nonostante le grandi possibilità tecnologiche, infatti manca oggi una filosofia del processo di produzione del progetto basata completamente su sistemi digitali oltre il semplice software e il suo immediato uso. Occorre allora sviluppare un piano operativo su queste problematiche e per questo contesto, al fine di fornire risposte che non siano proprie del costruttore di strumenti, né dell’informatico, ma dell’utente che, infine recuperata la sua dimensione fondamentale, torni a possedere un metodo di lavoro semplice ed efficiente, similmente a quanto avveniva disponendo solo del foglio di carta come supporto primario del progetto, ma capace di risolvere tutte quelle situazioni che questo non era in grado di affrontare con efficacia
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Lo studio che si presenta riguarda una particolare tecnologia adottata dalla carpenteria rinascimentale ferrarese, che consiste nella “composizione di travi lignee”, ossia nei metodi tramite i quali realizzare le orditure principali dei... more
Lo studio che si presenta riguarda una particolare tecnologia adottata dalla carpenteria rinascimentale ferrarese, che consiste nella “composizione di travi lignee”, ossia nei metodi tramite i quali realizzare le orditure principali dei solai assemblando parti di dimensioni generalmente inferiori alla luce da coprire. La presenza della trave composta a Ferrara, così come la sua introduzione nella trattatistica e nella pratica costruttiva quattrocentesca, è manifestazione dell’alto livello raggiunto dalla cantieristica rinascimentale nell’individuazione di soluzioni innovative e tecnicamente avanzate in grado di fornire risposta alle esigenze costruttive e compositive del tempo. La peculiarità del sistema è data dalla capacità di coprire ambienti di notevoli dimensioni grazie alla opportuna disposizione dei pezzi e ad un rapporto base-altezza, nella sezione della trave, piuttosto ardito per i tempi; l’inadeguatezza manifestata dalle tecniche tradizionali impiegate nelle rivoluzionarie realizzazioni architettoniche del primo quattrocento ferrarese ha comportato, in un modo che a Ferrara ha assunto proporzioni di eccezionale rilievo, un impiego diffuso e sistematico della tecnologia della trave composta ed una fusione tra l’elemento tecnologico e la concezione architettonica che ha caratterizzato la cantieristica durante il fiorente dominio estense. L’uso estensivo di questa tecnologia e lo stato di conservazione, anche contestuale, dei manufatti hanno consentito lo studio del fenomeno in maniera piuttosto completa, nonostante la mancanza pressoché totale di fonti specifiche e di conoscenze acquisite, d’ordine storico e tecnico. Si è infine affrontata la stesura di un progetto che ha investito uno specifico caso di studio, consistente in un solaio incompleto al piano terreno del palazzo Tassoni di via della Ghiara: un impegno che ha mirato alla sintesi dei risultati ottenuti nello studio delle peculiarità di ciascuno dei casi analizzati.
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This PhD thesis deals with tridimensional survey methods application for acquiring physical Industrial Design products. 3D acquisition techniques are already applied in industrial design production but their role in every single process... more
This PhD thesis deals with tridimensional survey methods application for acquiring physical Industrial Design products. 3D acquisition techniques are already applied in industrial design production but their role in every single process is not yet clearly identified. Besides this the complex objects shape highlight the limitations about the use of a single instrument, which can’t supply with good results for all industrial typology products. These factors are critically framed in industrial develop process, outlining the level definition of object complexity for the best selection of survey method for every situation. The actual limits of 3D acquisition systems are so identified and compared to integrated systems applied in fields different from Industrial Design. 3D acquisition and registration process knowledge is a basic step to pro-ceed in sensor fusion techniques. For this reason, resolution, precision and accuracy factors are analyzed stand alone and in comparison with characterization process of active and passive systems. Moreover the critical role of alignment phase inside the reverse modeling process is highlighted, defining critical parameters that influence alignment process and quality of final result. At the end integrated approaches are experi-mented on complex industrial products, proposing for every case study the best survey solution, that optimize the quality of the final model and the time spent in 3D modeling, gaining in alignment and quality control of great amount of data of object with complex shape or huge dimension. The relevant final results concern with the definition of an optimal solutions system for sensor fusion application, which improves 3D sensor per-formances and optimizes 3D modeling construction. Moreover these results enlarge the use of 3D sensor in Industrial Design applications, overcoming the problems due to mono-instrument methods.
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The use of digital images as a source data for analysis and knowledge of the built environment is a common and well-known topic, which has seen a significant increase in the last fifteen years thanks both to algorithmic and technological... more
The use of digital images as a source data for analysis and knowledge of the built environment is a common and well-known topic, which has seen a significant increase in the last fifteen years thanks both to algorithmic and technological development. One of the sensor families which has shown significant development in the last period are those mounted on smartphones, which offer ever increasingly advanced solutions from the technological and technical point of view. Considering the portability, handling and continuous availability of these instruments, it is legitimate to wonder if their cameras can be considered nowadays an effective working tool for architects and restorers. So, is the metric data, that comes from smartphones images acquisition and processing, reliable and usable for the two main phases of analysis and representation of the built environment? Starting from the case study of a façade of a church in the historic centre of Rome, the article aims to determine the reliability of the data acquired from a smartphone for architectural analysis and deterioration mapping.
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The present work is suggested as a contribution to the debate on Reverse Modeling (RM) topic in the Cultural Heritage field. It wants to test the methodology, the limits and the bottlenecks of the RM pipeline in the architectural field,... more
The present work is suggested as a contribution to the debate on Reverse Modeling (RM) topic in the Cultural Heritage field. It wants to test the methodology, the limits and the bottlenecks of the RM pipeline in the architectural field, with particular attention to the geometric shapes reading and interpretation. The mathematical reconstruction of architectural models represents an overlaid result of anthropic and natural transformations framed inside a complex process of shape simplification and surface generation. This pipeline must be supported by a careful Heritage reading by means of architecture rules, both preserving the actual shape and the original intent of the building designer. The integration of these last two aspects make the process of RM applied to CH extremely complex. It involves a cognitive activity aimed at choosing on the one hand the best 3D survey technique to obtain reliable 3D data, on the other hand reaching a suitable architectural knowledge for achieving a plausible modeling result. The research presented describes a RM process applied to an ecclesiastical architecture, highlighting some key passages: an integrated survey approach to extract geometrical information, data analysis and generation of a mathematical 3D model, reliable from both a formal and cultural point of view.
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Augmented Reality (AR) represents a growing communication channel, responding to the need to expand reality with additional information, offering easy and engaging access to digital data. AR for architectural representation allows a... more
Augmented Reality (AR) represents a growing communication channel, responding to the need to expand reality with additional
information, offering easy and engaging access to digital data. AR for architectural representation allows a simple interaction with 3D
models, facilitating spatial understanding of complex volumes and topological relationships between parts, overcoming some
limitations related to Virtual Reality. In the last decade different developments in the pipeline process have seen a significant
advancement in technological and algorithmic aspects, paying less attention to 3D modeling generation. For this, the article explores
the construction of basic geometries for 3D model’s generation, highlighting the relationship between geometry and topology, basic
for a consistent normal distribution. Moreover, a critical evaluation about corrective paths of existing 3D models is presented, analysing
a complex architectural case study, the virtual model of Villa del Verginese, an emblematic example for topological emerged problems.
The final aim of the paper is to refocus attention on 3D model construction, suggesting some "good practices" useful for preventing,
minimizing or correcting topological problems, extending the accessibility of AR to people engaged in architectural representation.
information, offering easy and engaging access to digital data. AR for architectural representation allows a simple interaction with 3D
models, facilitating spatial understanding of complex volumes and topological relationships between parts, overcoming some
limitations related to Virtual Reality. In the last decade different developments in the pipeline process have seen a significant
advancement in technological and algorithmic aspects, paying less attention to 3D modeling generation. For this, the article explores
the construction of basic geometries for 3D model’s generation, highlighting the relationship between geometry and topology, basic
for a consistent normal distribution. Moreover, a critical evaluation about corrective paths of existing 3D models is presented, analysing
a complex architectural case study, the virtual model of Villa del Verginese, an emblematic example for topological emerged problems.
The final aim of the paper is to refocus attention on 3D model construction, suggesting some "good practices" useful for preventing,
minimizing or correcting topological problems, extending the accessibility of AR to people engaged in architectural representation.
Research Interests:
In the cultural heritage knowledge path, the survey process assumes a primary role as a tool to analyze and interpret through bibliographic and iconographic analysis and the study of reality. The case study analyzed in the article is the... more
In the cultural heritage knowledge path, the survey process assumes a primary role as a tool to analyze and interpret through bibliographic and iconographic analysis and the study of reality. The case study analyzed in the article is the Castle of Canossa, the epicenter of some critical events in medieval times. The authors describe the first part of the research, mainly focused on the integrated survey process between active and passive techniques at architectural and territorial scales. Several geometrical validation steps have been introduced to verify the reliability of the 3D acquisition and historical reconstruction. The paper highlighted the crucial relationship between territorial heritage and buildings, laying the groundwork for a more articulated analysis of the entire architectural complex. The final aim is to realize a 3D BIM model that represent the current and the original architectures in the same type of environment.
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The time-of-flight (TOF) principle is a well known technology to acquire a scene in all three dimensions. The advantages of the knowledge of the third dimension are obvious for many kinds of applications. The distance information within... more
The time-of-flight (TOF) principle is a well known technology to acquire a scene in all three dimensions. The advantages of the knowledge of the third dimension are obvious for many kinds of applications. The distance information within the scene renders automatic information-processing systems more robust and much less complex or even enables completely new solutions. A solid-state image sensor containing 124x160 pixels and the corresponding 3D-camera, the so-called SwissRanger camera has already been ...
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Drawing, besides being the only tool able to represent ideas that live in our mind, is also a means to represent the perception of the world. The importance that is still dedicated to freehand drawing has led to the proliferation of... more
Drawing, besides being the only tool able to represent ideas that live in our mind, is also a means to represent the perception of the world. The importance that is still dedicated to freehand drawing has led to the proliferation of digital tools for simulating traditional techniques, creating good opportunities that mix manual gesture and virtual world. Spherical drawing is placed in this context: it comes from spherical photography and from digital environment but, to some extent, is bearer of that materiality and abstraction that are sometimes sought to communicate images or interpret real places. The idea is to exploit the potential of an immersive 360°environment for the understanding of urban spaces through graphic-perceptive analyses. This type of representation is very close to the human vision from which perceptual studies derive, so it could contribute to the discipline with considerable advantages. In order to verify the validity of this new procedure, piazza Sempione in the Montesacro district in Rome was chosen as a case study. The contribution includes a series of representations of piazza Sempione that are based on the fragmentation of some visual stimuli, so that they can be recognized and appreciated individually.
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ABSTRACT
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In the architectural survey field, one of the main aspects to consider during a 3D digitization is the multi-scalar geometrical complexity of the artifact to acquire, besides other fundamental factors connected with the different aims of... more
In the architectural survey field, one of the main aspects to consider during a 3D digitization is the multi-scalar geometrical complexity of the artifact to acquire, besides other fundamental factors connected with the different aims of communication. Since the widespread of range-sensors has provided extremely versatile instruments able to easily acquire huge amount of data that can be processed for different uses and users and changing communication aims, the possibility to survey and restore high-quality 3D multi-resolution models has become an urgent need. Despite these developments, these technologies are still very expensive, need expertise and present persistent bottlenecks both in the reverse modeling process and in time consuming. In order to overcome these critical aspects and taking advantage of recent improvements of automated image-based technologies based on the Structure from Motion approach, this contribution presents some first results of investigations on the reliability of these low-cost technologies for the 3D digitization of Cultural Heritage. One of the main aims of these investigations rely on developing a procedure that could ease the work of surveyors called to represent artifacts at an architectural scale using fast and low-cost technologies. 3D models derived using the selected low-cost image-based technologies were compared among each other and with a 3D laser scanner gold standard acquisition. These investigations led to qualitative and quantitative evaluations and to considerations on times and skills required by all tested technologies. Strengths and weaknesses are highlighted, suggesting the best solution with respect to the optimization of all considered aspects. Finally, integration of different technologies are presented, as it represents the best solution in multi-scalar contexts.
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Resolution analysis represents a 2D imaging topic for the use of particular targets for equipment characterization. These concepts can be extended in 3D imaging through the use of specific tridimensional target object. The core of this... more
Resolution analysis represents a 2D imaging topic for the use of particular targets for equipment characterization. These concepts can be extended in 3D imaging through the use of specific tridimensional target object. The core of this paper is focused on experimental characterization of seven different 3D laser scanner through the extraction of resolution, accuracy and uncertainly parameters from 3D target object. The process of every single range map defined by the same resolution leads to different results as z-resolution, ...
Augmented reality (AR) allows the real and digital worlds to converge and overlap in a new way of observation and understanding. The architectural field can significantly benefit from AR applications, due to their systemic complexity in... more
Augmented reality (AR) allows the real and digital worlds to converge and overlap in a new way of observation and understanding. The architectural field can significantly benefit from AR applications, due to their systemic complexity in terms of knowledge and process management. Global interest and many research challenges are focused on this field, thanks to the conjunction of technological and algorithmic developments from one side, and the massive digitization of built data. A significant quantity of research in the AEC and educational fields describes this state of the art. Moreover, it is a very fragmented domain, in which specific advances or case studies are often described without considering the complexity of the whole development process. The article illustrates the entire AR pipeline development in architecture, from the conceptual phase to its application, highlighting each step’s specific aspects. This storytelling aims to provide a general overview to a non-expert, dee...
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The performances of 2D digital imaging systems depend on several factors related with both optical and electronic processing. These concepts originated standards, conceived for photographic equipment and bi-dimensional scanning systems,... more
The performances of 2D digital imaging systems depend on several factors related with both optical and electronic processing. These concepts originated standards, conceived for photographic equipment and bi-dimensional scanning systems, for calculating different system parameters such as resolution, noise or dynamic range. On the other hand no standard test protocols currently exist for evaluating the performances of 3D imaging systems such as laser scanners or pattern projection range cameras. This paper is focused on investigating an experimental process that allows to evaluate some critical parameters of a 3D equipment, extending concepts defined by the ISO standards to the 3D domain. In particular it is focused on experimental estimation of resolution along the three axes, for seven different 3D range cameras, based on both laser scanning and pattern projection. The general aim of this contribution is to suggest an easy characterization process for generating a reliable comparis...
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En Cultural Heritage represents an aspect of our historical memory that in the last decade has suffered transformations, reductions or destructions for different human or external factors. In this situation the introduction of... more
En Cultural Heritage represents an aspect of our historical memory that in the last decade has suffered transformations, reductions or destructions for different human or external factors. In this situation the introduction of technologies and methodologies suitable to reduce this deterioration process has been perceived as mandatory, leading to the development of strategies that permit to preserve and explain the information embedded in Cultural Heritage, supporting the process of valorization through the application of different representation instruments. 3D acquisition and modeling technologies represents a possible aid because they allow to generate the digital simulacrum of a real artifact, and the availability of digital tools for manipulating, exploring, comparing and explaining a virtual object, can greatly increase the comprehension and the valorization of monuments. In addition to these applications orient to the common public, once an artifact is represented in digital f...
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The application of integrated survey techniques and 3D modelling methodologies for Cultural Heritage analysis is now considered a consolidated process, while preserving and suggesting continuous research lines related from one side to the... more
The application of integrated survey techniques and 3D modelling methodologies for Cultural Heritage analysis is now considered a consolidated process, while preserving and suggesting continuous research lines related from one side to the evolution of acquisition and restitution instruments, from the other to the problems linked to the specific case study and the goal of the research. This article describes the analysis of one of the largest and best-preserved gates of Rome, located within the Aurelian walls: Porta San Sebastiano. The original name of this gate was Porta Appia, transformed in the Middle Ages into San Sebastiano from the name of the Christian martyr buried in the Basilica on the Via Appia, located just outside the walls. The current gate aspect is the result of many architectural changes over the centuries, as well as a transformation happened in the twentieth century which has led it to a residential use, a unique example of its kind. Through the integration of diff...
Aim of this paper is to describe a research activity on the virtual prototyping, by means of the Reverse Engineering techniques, of an automotive semi-active differential based on the use of a Magneto-Rheological Fluid. The MRF allows to... more
Aim of this paper is to describe a research activity on the virtual prototyping, by means of the Reverse Engineering techniques, of an automotive semi-active differential based on the use of a Magneto-Rheological Fluid. The MRF allows to control the locking torque and consequently to improve the vehicle handling. Starting from the 3D digitizing and the virtual reconstruction of a gearbox of a common front wheel drive vehicle, the boundary volume of the new device (MRF LSD) was defined and a preliminary CAD model was realized. Then, optimizing its dimensions and choosing the adequate materials, the final virtual prototype was obtained. The successive GD&T phase allowed to get the best assembly procedure and quality of the final model of the new device. In order to evaluate the goodness of the virtual simulations realized and of the results proposed, a physical prototype was manufactured. Finally, several experimental tests were carried out to validate the design process.
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The recent years saw an extensive use of 3D point cloud data for heritage documentation, valorisation and visualisation. Although rich in metric quality, these 3D data lack structured information such as semantics and hierarchy between... more
The recent years saw an extensive use of 3D point cloud data for heritage documentation, valorisation and visualisation. Although rich in metric quality, these 3D data lack structured information such as semantics and hierarchy between parts. In this context, the introduction of point cloud classification methods can play an essential role for better data usage, model definition, analysis and conservation. The paper aims to extend a machine learning (ML) classification method with a multi-level and multi-resolution (MLMR) approach. The proposed MLMR approach improves the learning process and optimises 3D classification results through a hierarchical concept. The MLMR procedure is tested and evaluated on two large-scale and complex datasets: the Pomposa Abbey (Italy) and the Milan Cathedral (Italy). Classification results show the reliability and replicability of the developed method, allowing the identification of the necessary architectural classes at each geometric resolution.
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The BIM process applied to the built environment represents a much debated topic in the last decade, but it still contains unanswered questions. National and international frameworks introduced standards mainly focused on the levels of... more
The BIM process applied to the built environment represents a much debated topic in the last decade, but it still contains unanswered questions. National and international frameworks introduced standards mainly focused on the levels of detail definition related to new project, leaving a wide interpretation on the 3D reconstruction of existing building. On the other hand, the increase in the use of this modeling approach and the possible expansion of this application in the nearly future lead to predict a significant rise in built field, requiring a general assessment both on global methodology and on its peculiarities. Starting from the complete description and analysis of two modern railway architectures, based on integrated survey, 2D representation up to 3D modeling in BIM environments, the article tries to highlight the limits in the 3D BIM modeling applied on existing construction, suggesting possible solutions in relation with the obtained results. The process is critically ev...
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La fotografia digitale rappresenta non soltanto un mezzo di comunicazione immediata, ma anche uno strumento efficace di rilievo e monitoraggio del patrimonio architettonico. Il rilevamento fotografico consente infatti di acquisire... more
La fotografia digitale rappresenta non soltanto un mezzo di comunicazione immediata, ma anche uno strumento efficace di rilievo e monitoraggio del patrimonio architettonico. Il rilevamento fotografico consente infatti di acquisire informazioni geometriche e materiche multi-scala anche in tempi molto brevi. Questa peculiarità rende particolarmente efficace l’applicazione della fotografia digitale al rilevamento del quadro fessurativo in condizioni di emergenza, ad esempio immediatamente dopo un evento sismico. Con riferimento a questa specifica applicazione, si presenta un procedimento di acquisizione, organizzazione e restituzione delle immagini fotografiche adottato nel rilievo del quadro fessurativo di un palazzo storico delle città di Ferrara, Palazzo Renata di Francia, gravemente danneggiato dagli eventi sismici avvenuti del Maggio 2012.
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La pratica del rilievo urbano che caratterizzò le scuole di architettura italiane dal 1950 in poi, da alcuni anni sembra perdere progressivamente peso nei nuovi percorsi formativi universitari, mentre, paradossalmente, il successo dei... more
La pratica del rilievo urbano che caratterizzò le scuole di architettura italiane dal 1950 in poi, da alcuni anni sembra perdere progressivamente peso nei nuovi percorsi formativi universitari, mentre, paradossalmente, il successo dei sistemi di visualizzazione territoriale via Internet attesta una diffusa richiesta di conoscenza dei luoghi. Con l’obiettivo di coniugare i nuovi bisogni con l’innovazione tecnica e con una tradizione di studi consolidata, viene qui presentata un’esperienza di rilievo urbano condotta a Milano nella specifica prospettiva della comunicazione via web.
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ABSTRACT The goal of the "3D Icons" European Project, is to provide Europeana with accurate 3D models of architectural and archaeological monuments and buildings of remarkable cultural importance. The purpose of this... more
ABSTRACT The goal of the "3D Icons" European Project, is to provide Europeana with accurate 3D models of architectural and archaeological monuments and buildings of remarkable cultural importance. The purpose of this paper is to describe the specific optimized processing pipeline that has been set-up for digitizing a significant part of the Civic Archaeological Museum in Milan (Italy). All technical and logistic aspects needed for capturing 3D models in a Museum environment are covered. The main issue is generating a good result by the technical point of view, minimizing the impact on the usual Museum activity during 3D capture operations, and shortening in the meantime the processing time to the minimal allowed by the different applicable techniques. For producing an high number of 3D textured models in three years, it was essential to organize the work in a strict pipeline to avoid time consuming operations. This condition has led different choices related to the survey technologies (laser scanning and image based modeling) and data processing choices. Most of the artifacts are digitized through images processed with the Structure From Motion (SFM) approach that, if the images are taken in proper capturing conditions, allows to generate good quality meshes from images in a semi-automatic way. In this paper the optimized 3D modeling pipeline is described together with all the problems occurred during the survey (e.g. objects enlightenment, positioning, shape, material, etc.), the practical counter-measures and the related data processing, discussing difficulties and solutions for alignment, scaling, optimization of the model, etc. Although the project is still in progress, the model production rate with such optimized set-up is around 30 new texturized mesh models per month. The paper will illustrate the aforementioned systematic aspects through several practical examples.
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Research Interests: Computer Science, Algorithms, Analytical Chemistry, Triangulation, Software, and 12 moreSensors, Performance Evaluation, Uncertainty, Three Dimensional Imaging, Pattern Projection, Resolution, Accuracy, Laser scanner, Theoretical Models, Reproducibility of Results, Equipment Design, and Electrical And Electronic Engineering
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Despite many technological and scientific advances, the methodology of 3D model reconstruction of an archaeological excavation can present some difficulties. One of these is represented by a time factor, which is often linked to... more
Despite many technological and scientific advances, the methodology of 3D model reconstruction of an archaeological excavation can present some difficulties. One of these is represented by a time factor, which is often linked to economical issues. Time becomes an essential ...
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Cultural Heritage represents an aspect of our historical memory that has suffered transformations, reductions or destructions in the last decade for different human or external factors. In addition, some lacks in the preservation of the... more
Cultural Heritage represents an aspect of our historical memory that has suffered transformations, reductions or destructions in the last decade for different human or external factors. In addition, some lacks in the preservation of the artistic heritage, principally due to the found restrictions, led to a fall in monument valorization and in cultural system management. In this situation the research of methodologies that allow to lessen this deterioration process has became more evident: the definition of cultural and practical ...
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The analysis based on the visualization of 3D digital models represents nowadays a possible way for Cultural Heritage valorization, suitable to be aimed at different categories of users, ranging from experts to simple tourists. The... more
The analysis based on the visualization of 3D digital models represents nowadays a possible way for Cultural Heritage valorization, suitable to be aimed at different categories of users, ranging from experts to simple tourists. The definition of a digital 3D representation of a Cultural Heritage monument deals with two crucial aspects: on one hand the integration between 3D survey and historical data, on the other the correct representation of the relative historical phases that can improve the comprehension of the artifact evolution by a diachronic model. For this reason the aim of this article is the definition of an integrated methodology that starts from an high-resolution digital survey of the remains of an ancient building and develops a coherent virtual reconstruction from different historical sources, suggesting a scalable method suitable to be reused for generating a 4D model of the artifact (3D in space, 1D in time). This approach has been experimented on the Basilica of S...
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This paper deals with two, related topics: the acquisition and recovery of information'trapped'in the geometry of an historical artifact; the employment of this form... more
This paper deals with two, related topics: the acquisition and recovery of information'trapped'in the geometry of an historical artifact; the employment of this form of'intangible heritage'as an historical source on a par with more explicit sources such as ancient drawings, books, archaeological excavations, etc. This study relates to the construction of a virtual model of ancient Rome within the framework of the international project known as" Rome Reborn 1.0"(www. romereborn. virginia. edu). It exploits ...
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This article reports on a multi-resolution and multi-sensor approach developed for the accurate and detailed 3D modeling of the entire Roman Forum in Pompei, Italy. The archaeological area, approximately 150 × 80 m, contains more than 350... more
This article reports on a multi-resolution and multi-sensor approach developed for the accurate and detailed 3D modeling of the entire Roman Forum in Pompei, Italy. The archaeological area, approximately 150 × 80 m, contains more than 350 finds spread all over the forum as well as larger mural structures of previous buildings and temples. The interdisciplinary 3D modeling work consists of a multi-scale image- and range-based digital documentation method developed to fulfill all the surveying and archaeological needs and exploit all the intrinsic potentialities of the actual 3D modeling techniques. The data resolution spans from a few decimeters down to few millimeters. The employed surveying methodologies have pros and cons which will be addressed and discussed. The results of the integration of the different 3D data in seamlessly textured 3D model are finally presented and discussed.
Research Interests: Engineering, Computer Vision, Digital Humanities, Geomatics, Photogrammetry, and 9 moreArchitecture, Digital Archaeology, Pompeii (Archaeology), Virtual Worlds, Digital Photogrammetry applied to Archaeology, Close Range Photogrammetry, Geomatics Engineering, Architectural Computing, and Multi Resolution Transform
This article proposes a methodology for the virtual representation of lost Cultural Heritage monuments, based on the integration of a 3D digital survey of the remains, with the analysis of historical, literary, cadastral and iconographic... more
This article proposes a methodology for the virtual representation of lost Cultural Heritage monuments, based on the integration of a 3D digital survey of the remains, with the analysis of historical, literary, cadastral and iconographic sources. By using the objective ...
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The increase of 3D acquisition and modeling techniques applied to archeology is due principally to (i) their capacity to survey archeological artifacts with high precision and a non-contact approach and (ii) the possibility to create 3D... more
The increase of 3D acquisition and modeling techniques applied to archeology is due principally to (i) their capacity to survey archeological artifacts with high precision and a non-contact approach and (ii) the possibility to create 3D digital models useful for data analysis, simulation and preservation. These benefits in terms of knowledge oblige the contemporary archaeologist to acquire a better understanding of 3D acquisition and modeling principles and practice. This evidence arises from the necessity of adopting a common language for ...