Metrology

Recommended values of temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 are given for a large number of secondary reference points, together with assessments of the uncertainties of these values. * The exceptions are the freezing point of antimony, where is taken to be -0,125 K (the defined value), rather than the value from the equation (-0,1257 K); the freezing point of mercury; and the triple points of gallium and indium. The latter three points are so very near the corresponding ITS-90 defining fixed points that their temperatures on the ITS-90 can be found more accurately directly from temperature differences. ** The only exceptions are the freezing point of mercury and the triple points of gallium and indium. The differences in temperature of these three points from those of the corresponding ITS-90 defining fixed points, respectively, are known to better than 1 mK (as shown) and so the temperatures are listed to the 0,1 mK level.

Much may be inferred about item S.8391, a folding cubit rod that belonged to Kha (TT 8, 18 Dyn.), by analyzing the results of the measurement survey conducted in 2011 from the perspective of woodwork.
When Schiaparelli discovered the rod, it was folded inside a leather bag with handles. The extremely rare folding cubit rod was loved by Kha, who was the overseer of works in Deir el-Medina and its related sites, where it was in practical use. This rod folds in half with a simple bronze hinge at the center; there are absolutely no inscriptions. The carved tally marks are only rough divisions into palms and the digits, and compared with other rods, the cubit measure is somewhat long, so the rod’s precision was in doubt. However, a metrological argument concerning the differences in the values of the palms and digits is proposed based on the presumed manner in which the wooden rod was created and actually used.
The rod’s total length is 527.6mm, not greatly different from that reported by Senigalliesi in 1961. The size of each measurement interval, which Senigalliesi did not report, suggests how the rod was made. The tally marks are fine white lines; the left-hand palm is 75mm long, which is the common measurement of one palm, subdivided into four digits that vary little in size. Taking this into account, it is unthinkable that the makers lacked the ability to make tally marks accurately. The variations of values were supposedly caused by the process of creating the hinge. The center interval, including the hinge, is especially small, at (36mm + 36mm =) 72mm. For example, if we assume a play of about 3mm, a commonly used value, the center interval would become (36mm + 36mm) + 3mm = 75mm. The inclination of the lines and the variations in size, shown by arrows in Figure 3, indicates that tally marks were etched in the closed position. S.8391 can also be used as a half-cubit measure in a closed position, and the first palm on the left side can measure digits.
Traces of trial and error in remaking the hinge were found. In this study, I discovered that the clever hinge that makes this cubit rod possible satisfies two contradictory requirements to realize this rare folding rod. The appearance of this folding cubit rod, with no inscriptions and purely functional design, shows that it took incalculable effort to make it a prized instrument for the owner.
( JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 26580024)

Poigt, Th., Les instruments de pesée en Europe occidentale aux âges des Métaux : Conception, usages et utilisateurs (XIVe-IIIe s. av. n.è.). In : Nordez M., Rousseau L. et Cervel M., Recherches sur l'âge du Bronze, Nouvelles approches et perspectives, Actes de la journée d'étude de l'Association pour la promotion des recherches archéologiques sur l'âge du Bronze, 28 février 2014, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Bulletin de l'APRAB, suppl. n° 1 (Nantes, 2015), p. 177-179.

Un résumé de la thèse en cours, portant le même titre, publié dans le supplément n°1 du bulletin de l'APRAB.

Computer Tomography – Metrology for complex purposes. NDT and Metrology: Two worlds meet. There is an increasing demand not only to ensure the geometrical quality on the part, but also looking inside hidden structures. The speaker will introduce how computer tomography system work in general, will show up with typical applications as well as intend to build the bridge from non-distructive-testing to metrology. It will answer to the question why Yxlon International is particularly capable to provide suitable solutions.

Innovation, as a competitive economic factor, is a process that requires a continuous, evolving and mastered management. Therefore innovative companies need to measure their innovation capacity. Literature attests of research in the field of innovation measurement or the innovation abilities evaluation. One major theoretical problem consists in elaborating mathematical models that consider the threshold effect and synergy between innovation practices and verify their validity. In this article, mathematical approaches supplementing multi-criteria models are suggested.

Laser scanning, photogrammetry, and multi-beam sonar generate millions of points within a highly complex, XYZ co-ordinate system, but in doing so, create different types of datasets and errors depending on a wide range of operational and environmental factors. As the availability of these powerful recording techniques reach ubiquity due to cost depreciations from rapid developments in advanced computing and robotics, several questions emerge when it comes to their full efficacy of use in maritime archaeology. In October and November of 2016, a team of scientists from the University of Southampton, Biscayne National Park and the University of Miami, conducted diver deployed underwater laser scans and DSLR based photogrammetry of the bow section of an early 20th century, steel-hulled schooner, "Mandalay" in Biscayne National Park, Florida. The results of this paper are part of a third case study that investigates the use of these advanced technologies/methodologies in a relatively shallow (~3.65m), clear (>5m of visibility), saline, coral reef environment, under ambient and non-ambient light conditions. The team compared the use of a mid-range (.38 – 2.5m) ULS-200 triangulation scanner developed by 2G Robotics and a D90 Nikon camera for the multi-image photogrammetry. Timings of the recordings were tabulated, data quality outputs were compared and recording accuracies were measured using a series of metrologically certified reference objects, which were used in a Phase I controlled indoor lab test that took place in 2014. The results indicate that photogrammetric capture of shipwrecks like the "Mandalay" under variable lighting conditions can render severely degraded datasets and significant spatial distortions with as much as 6cm of deviation from laser scans over a 1.2m area. However, while laser scanning has an ambient light filtration mechanism as a means of resolving subject material with some amount of light present, imagery could not be resolved with light intensities reaching 1000 lumens. Under non-ambient, near zero turbidity conditions, laser scanning provides an unprecedented amount of spatial and geometric accuracy and can be used most effectively for micro-change analytics of a shipwreck site over time. However, photogrammetry renders visually attractive textures that can be of diagnostic value to the archaeologist in light conditions where underwater laser scanning cannot function. A combination of the two datasets with capture taken at different times of the day, provides a powerful means for the researcher to gather more information compared to traditional 3D capture techniques and to formulate the most effective shipwreck preservation strategy possible for shallow water sites.

A Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer (JAWS) has been developed in order to generate quantum-based AC voltage signals. The key component of this JAWS is a modified commercial 30 Gbit/s pattern generator that is able to generate ternary patterns (containing the values +1, 0, -1, resulting in bipolar pulses). The new pulsedrive electronics has been successfully tested by driving Josephson arrays with bipolar current pulses from 1 Gbit/s to 30 Gbit/s in order to study their current-voltage characteristics and the spectra of the JAWS signals. Index terms -Metrology, Josephson junction array, AC Josephson voltage standard, pulse-driven Josephson junction, pulse pattern generator.

The structure and operating principles of a solar compass conceived and realised at the ENEA Laboratories in Frascati are presented. The optical design, the underlying software and the calibration procedure make this instrument a reliable, stand-alone tool with an unprecedented combination of accuracy and cost-effectiveness. In-field operation gives evidence of azimuth determination capability with an accuracy of 0.01°. Exploitation of built-in sensors of smartphones (e.g. GPS, camera, accelerometer) allowed us to move this technology to popular level, providing everybody with a cheap tool of orienteering, far superior to any magnetic compass, despite a reduced accuracy with respect to the original instrument.

Antecedentes: Metrología es la ciencia de la medición. Incluye todos los aspectos teóricos y prácticos relacionados con la medición y su incertidumbre, en cualquier campo de la ciencia y de la tecnología, incluyendo por supuesto al laboratorio clínico. Dentro de la metrología, la trazabilidad ocupa un lugar central. Se trata de la propiedad del resultado de una medición o del valor de un calibrador, de tal manera que pueda ser relacionada con referencias determinadas, generalmente patrones nacionales o internacionales, por medio de una cadena ininterrumpida de comparaciones, teniendo todas las incertidumbres determinadas. Objetivo: La Norma ISO 15189:2003 fue desarrollada con la meta de establecer requisitos para acreditar el Sistema de Gestión de Calidad y la Competencia Técnica de los laboratorios clínicos, abarcando desde la etapa pre hasta la post examen. Desde el punto de vista metrológico, lo más sobresaliente de esta Norma se encuentra precisamente en la etapa analítica, la cual se fundamenta en la necesidad de que los laboratorios generen resultados analíticos absolutamente confiables, por lo que es recomendable que los profesionales del laboratorio comprendamos los conceptos de trazabilidad, incertidumbre, validación y consenso para que, en consecuencia, podamos ubicar cuál es la responsabilidad primaria de los fabricantes de sistemas analíticos, cuál es la de los laboratorios clínicos y cuál es el rol que corresponde a los esquemas de evaluación externa de la calidad, también llamados proveedores de ensayos de aptitud. Material y métodos: Se trata de una breve revisión basada en preguntas concretas de la Norma ISO 17511:2003 Dispositivos médicos para diagnóstico in vitro -Medición de cantidades Abstract Background: Metrology is the science of measurement. It includes all aspects, both theoretical and practical with reference to measurements, whatever their uncertainty, and in whatever fields of science or technology they occur, including Laboratory Medicine. Within metrology, traceability stands on a central point. It is the property of a measurand outcome or from the value of a calibrator in order to be relate with specific references which are usually international or national standards through a non-interrupted chain of comparisons with established uncertainty. Goal: ISO 15189:2003 was developed in order to establish requisites for Clinical Laboratories Accreditation through Quality Management and Technical Competence from pre through post examination stages. From the metrological perspective the most important issue is located on the analytical phase, where the main goal is to provide reliable results, requiring that laboratory professionals understand clearly the importance of traceability, uncertainty, validation, consensus in order to establish the shared responsibility of Manufacturers of Medical Devices and Analytical systems, Clinical Laboratories responsibility on validation and internal quality control plus the role of Proficiency Testing Programs on laboratories consensus accuracy. Material and methods: This is a brief review through specific questions of ISO 17511:2003 In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices-Measurement of Quantities in Biological Samples-Metrological Traceability of Values Assigned to Calibrators and Control Materials where a process evaluation, definitions, and practical cases are presented in order to allow applicability on internal quality control programs and on external proficiency testing schemes. Outcome: Clinical labo-Trazabilidad metrológica, validación analítica y consenso de resultados en la confiabilidad del laboratorio clínico

Publication of the fragments of a hieroglyphic papyrus from the so-called Bibliotheca of the Tebtynis temple, I-II cent. A.D. It looks like an 'open' votive cubit, with its typical texts, and maintaining their divisions in 28 digits.
NB: actually the correct papyrus inv. nr. is I 1.

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of tliis collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid 0MB control number.

The availability of high quality Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) and high-resolution cameras have made it technologically feasible to perform many optical signal-processing functions in a relatively inexpensive manner. Furthermore, recent fast algorithms have been proposed to compute Linear Canonical Transforms (LCTs), which may be used to simulate paraxial optical systems. Optical Encryption offers the possibility of high-speed parallel encryption of image data. Such encryption/decryption may involve the capture of full field information, i.e. phase and intensity. Applications of Digital Holography go beyond applications to optical encryption. They include Holographic Interferometry (metrology) and Holographic displays. In this paper we discuss the design and analysis of systems used in the capture, encryption/decryption and display of 2-D (image) data and present our recent experimental and theoretical results.

No início do século XIX os padrões de medição em uso no Brasil foram herdados dos padrões eleitos e utilizados na Metrópole, Portugal, desde a emissão das Ordenações Manuelinas, no início do século XVI. Nesse documento o rei de Portugal, Dom Manuel, estabelece os processos de fundição, distribuição e utilização de padrões de massa e volume. Os padrões eleitos eram produzidos em fundições na Inglaterra e importados para a corte, de onde eram distribuídos para as principais cidades de Portugal, a exemplo de Lisboa e Porto. O uso de tais mecanismos de controle da troca e aquisição de bens de consumo seguia diferentes tradições em outras vilas, sendo as metrópoles as principais responsáveis pela economia interna do reino-e por esse motivo fora estabelecido o cargo de supervisor, mesmo fiscal de uso de tais padrões em estabelecimentos comerciais formais, sendo eles as antigas quitandas ou mesmo as feiras de rua. A tentativa de unificação dos pesos e medidas em Portugal datava do século XV: "Todas as medidas, varas e côvados do reino obedecem a Lisboa, mantidos pelo Almotacé-mor 1 ". (DIAS, 1998). 1Funcionário de confiança dos concelhos na Idade Média (equivalente a um oficial municipal) responsável pela fiscalização de pesos e medidas e da taxação dos preços dos alimentos; sendo encarregado também da regulação da distribuição dos mesmos em tempos de maior escassez. Ocupava o cargo da Almotaçaria mensalmente e estava dependente dos governadores do concelho (vereadores, juízes e procuradores).No Brasil, no período colonial, os almotacés exerciam duplamente as funções administrativas e judiciárias, não sendo possível, na prática, a distinção de uma e outra função. Cabiam-lhes "o julgamento das infrações de postura, aferição de pesos e medidas, questões concernentes a paredes de casas, quintais, portas, janelas e eirados". In: Sandra de Mello Carneiro Miranda. [www.tjrj.jus.br/documents/10136/1029722/sandra-miranda-dissertacao.pdf Inserção e consolidação da participação de advogados no colegiado dos tribunais].

Novel techniques for laser beam atmospheric extinction  measurements, suitable for manned and unmanned
aerospace vehicle applications, are presented in this paper. Extinction measurements are essential to support the
engineering development and the operational employment of a variety of aerospace electro-optical sensor systems,
allowing calculation of the range performance attainable with such systems in current and likely future applications.
Such applications include ranging, weaponry, Earth remote sensing and possible planetary exploration missions
performed by satellites and unmanned flight vehicles. Unlike traditional LIDAR methods, the proposed techniques
are based on measurements of the laser energy (intensity and spatial distribution) incident on target surfaces of
known geometric and reflective characteristics, by means of infrared detectors and/or infrared cameras calibrated for
radiance. Various laser sources can be employed with wavelengths from the visible to the far infrared portions of
the spectrum, allowing for data correlation and extended sensitivity. Errors affecting measurements performed
using the proposed methods are discussed in the paper and algorithms are proposed that allow a direct determination
of the atmospheric transmittance and spatial characteristics of the laser spot. These algorithms take into account a
variety of linear and non-linear propagation effects. Finally, results are presented relative to some experimental
activities performed to validate the proposed techniques. Particularly, data are presented relative to both ground and
flight trials performed with laser systems operating in the near infrared (NIR) at λ = 1064 nm and λ = 1550 nm.
This includes ground tests performed with 10 Hz and 20 KHz PRF NIR laser systems in a large variety of atmospheric conditions, and flight trials performed with a 10 Hz airborne NIR laser system installed on a TORNADO aircraft, flying up to altitudes of 22,000 ft.

Данная работа является продолжением нескольких более ранних работ автора, посвященных оценке размеров русских путевых мер длины, вёрст. В работе рассматриваются данные «Выписи из Новгородских изгонных книг» о протяженности дорог на территории бывшей Новгородской республики. На основе сопоставления этих данных с оценками протяженностей современных дорог предпринята попытка выявления тех типоразмеров версты, которыми могли пользоваться в Новгороде и его окрестностях в XV…XVII вв.
15.09.2019: статья дополнена разделом о типовых расстояниях между населенными пунктами Новгородчины.

The individual steps in fabrication of templates for UV-NIL processes are described. After spin coating a conductive copolymer (ESPACER 300) on top of the resist, insulating substrates have been structured by use of electron beam lithography at 20 keV beam energy. A three-dimensional (3D) pattern has been created in a low contrast positive tone resist PMMA 35k. By RIE in a CHF 3 -O 2 -process, the pattern has been transferred into the quartz substrate. Finally, the 3D structures have been replicated in a UV-NIL process.

Nanoparticles and products incorporating nanoparticles are a growing branch of nanotechnology industry. They have found a broad market, including the cosmetic, health care and energy sectors. Accurate and representative determination of particle size distributions in such products is critical at all stages of the product lifecycle, extending from quality control at point of manufacture to environmental fate at the point of disposal. Determination of particle size distributions is non-trivial, and is complicated by the fact that different techniques measure different quantities, leading to differences in the measured size distributions.

The detection of concealed weapons at a distance is a critical security issue that has been a great challenge for different imaging approaches. In this paper we discuss the use of ultrasonics in a novel way to probe for metallic and non-metallic materials under clothing. ...

Laser (profile) scanners (LS) have been widely used in industry for 3D shape measurement. However, commercially available scanners are costly. They are also less flexible as the components of the device are permanently fixed in a sealed housing, whereas altering setup geometry can improve the device’s height resolution. This paper describes the design and construction of a LS setup from generic off-the-shelf components; a digital camera, laser line module, optical bandpass filter and a machine vision library software for image to 3D point cloud conversion. The performance of the setup is assessed by measuring a set of step height samples ranging from 50 μm to 1 mm. LS measurement performance is determined by comparing measurements of the step heights with those taken from a Coordinate Measurement Machine (CMM). Average measurement difference between the setup and CMM is 20.29 μm with repeatability of 0.60 μm. The highest percentage error for the smallest tested step height suggests ...

At some point students reach the course that addresses the propagation of errors after answering the question “What errors influence your results?” in umpteen different experiments plus maybe a few percent error calculations. Dealing with error is a mindset that requires developing over time. Why not start the process as soon as measurement occurs? This is in line with the Analyzing and Interpreting Data section of the Next Generation Science Standards. To study errors, the novice learner needs to make experimental errors in relatively simple situations that allow comparison to near errorless situations. Now students can discover the influence of the error and study its behavior by further numerical experimentation.

Over the last decade as mathematical modeling of data has become a larger part
of the scientific experience for students, more investigation of errors has been
incorporated. The approach includes both actual experimentation with analysis
and the use of simulations. The tool of choice for modeling data and constructing interactive animated simulations is the spreadsheet. A variety of discovery-learning tools to examine random and systematic errors have been developed. Students gain hands-on experience with a number of experiments and subsequent data analysis. Then they extend their experience using prebuilt interactive animated simulations to enhance their conceptual understanding and foster deeper learning of multivariable systems.

How do instructors change their pedagogical approach? They learn how the
spreadsheet simulations can be used to explore and discover concepts, enhance
science process, and foster higher-order thinking. Instructors can convert a
classic lecture into a discussion using dynamic spreadsheet simulations and
asking “what if” questions. Students experience a predict-test-analyze cycle
where they must explain what they observe with instructor guidance. The
simple computational mechanics of inducing the various errors and how they
influence linear models are discussed. Students deal with errors in a large
variety of situations including error simulations and analysis for numerous
topics.

All materials and numerous other prebuilt spreadsheets plus instructions for
developing interactive Excel spreadsheets available free to download are
accessible at https://academic.pgcc.edu/~ssinex/excelets/matsci_excelets.htm.

In this paper the pulsed eddy current (PEC) response of a range of heat treatable and non-heat treatable aluminium alloys (AA-1050, 2024, 5083 and 7075) to applied stress well below the elastic limit is studied. The effect of prior heat treatment and prior plastic deformation on the stress dependency of the pulsed eddy current response is quantified using the peak value of the PEC difference signal. In certain cases non-linear stress responses are measured. Because it is well known that the effect of stress on conductivity is anisotropic both isotropic (circular) probes and directional (rectangular) probes are compared. It is found that both prior plastic work and heat treatment condition can have a strong effect on the stress coefficients, even changing the sign of the stress dependence. The implications of these effects for the future characterisation of residual stress state by PEC are discussed. 44 0 191 222 563; fax: + 44 0 191 222 8180. E-mail addresses: Maxim.Morozov@ncl.ac.uk (M. Morozov), Philip.Withers@manchester.ac.uk (P.J. Withers). NDT&E International 43 (2010) 493-500

The two Turkish baths in Elbasan have been object of a remarkable survey as part of a vast international research. The original system of the two public baths dates back to the mid-sixteenth century. In the Albanian typology of the hammam, the various environments of increasing temperatures are located along a longitudinal axis ending in the cistern area where the

In an industry where products, in this case gem materials, are traded and valued by their weight, it is critical to fully understand the multitude of units out there, especially if interpreting antique or foreign descriptions, and how weights should be expressed according to the best trade practices.

Αντικείµενο της εργασίας είναι η µελέτη της χωροταξικής κατανοµής των συνοικιών της Θεσσαλονίκης από τον 15 ο ως τις αρχές του 20 ου αιώνα. Στη µακραίωνη ιστορία της πόλης, ιδιαίτερα σηµαντικός ήταν ο ρόλος του εθνικού και θρησκευτικού παράγοντα, ως αποτέλεσµα της πολυπολιτισµικής σύνθεσης του αστικού χώρου (16 ος – 20 ος αιώνας). Ως εκ τούτου, η χωροθέτηση των συνοικιών της, όπως αυτή οριστικοποιήθηκε κατά τους τελευταίους αιώνες της οθωµανικής κυριαρχίας, αντανακλούσε σε σαφή όρια τα εθνοτικά και θρησκευτικά χαρακτηριστικά των κατοίκων της. Ο βυζαντινός χαρακτήρας των συνοικιών της Θεσσαλονίκης προ της άλωσης, διατηρήθηκε ως τα τέλη του 17 ου αι. οπότε και αρχίζει να καταγράφεται η σαφής χωροθέτηση των εβραϊκών συνοικιών στον ιστό της πόλης. Οι 11 αρχικές συνοικίες της Θεσσαλονίκης κατά τον 15 ο αι., σταδιακά αυξήθηκαν σε 71 συνοικίες κατά τα τέλη του 19 ου αι. Οι µουσουλµάνοι ήταν συγκεντρωµένοι στα βόρεια υψώµατα της πόλης, οι Εβραίοι στην περιοχή νότια της Εγνατίας, και οι Έλληνες καταλάµβαναν την ανατολική περιοχή του κέντρου, πλαισιώνοντας την Καµάρα και το Ιπποδρόµιο. Είχε ήδη διαµορφωθεί η περιοχή της Αγοράς, όπως και η περιοχή του Ιστιρά (Αγορά του λιµανιού) στη θέση των σηµερινών Λαδάδικων. Μέσω των εργαλείων του γεωπληροφοριακού συστήµατος, προκύπτει ότι από τον 16 ο αι. ως τις αρχές του 20 ου αι. η συνολική έκταση των ελληνικών συνοικιών συρρικνώθηκε δραµατικά, καταλαµβάνοντας µόλις το 18% της συνολικής έκτασης της πόλης. Αντίθετα, τόσο οι τουρκικές όσο και οι εβραϊκές συνοικίες αύξησαν εντυπωσιακά την έκτασή τους, καθώς οι µουσουλµάνοι καταλάµβαναν το σύνολο σχεδόν της Άνω πόλης και οι Εβραίοι επεκτάθηκαν στη θέση παλαιότερων κεντρικών χριστιανικών και µουσουλµανικών συνοικιών. Η µεγάλη πυρκαγιά του 1917 κατέστρεψε περίπου το 24% των τουρκικών και των ελληνικών συνοικιών, και το 89% των εβραϊκών συνοικιών. Η περιοχή της Αγοράς καταστράφηκε σε ποσοστό περίπου 81% ενώ η αγορά του Ιστιρά σε ποσοστό περίπου 12%. Μετά την ανοικοδόµηση της Θεσσαλονίκης, σταδιακά τα όρια των παλαιών συνοικιών καταργήθηκαν καθώς ατόνησαν οι χωροθετηµένοι εθνοτικοί διαχωρισµοί. Oι 16 σηµερινές ενορίες του κέντρου της Θεσσαλονίκης αποτελούν διοικητική µετεξέλιξη των συνοικιών των αρχών του 20 ου αι. Οι περισσότερες από αυτές έχουν διατηρήσει τα ονόµατα των παλαιών χριστιανικών συνοικιών, "δανεισµένα" από την κύρια εκκλησία της περιοχής. Το χαρακτηριστικό αυτό αποτελεί και το µόνο κοινό στοιχείο µε την πρότερη κατάσταση, καθώς τα όρια των σηµερινών ενοριών έχουν διαµορφωθεί αποκλειστικά σύµφωνα µε διοικητικές διαδικασίες.

In this paper the possibilities of focused ion beam (FIB) applications in microsystem technology are reviewed. After an introduction to the technology and the operating principles of FIB, two classes of applications are described. First the subject of FIB for microsystem technology inspection, metrology and failure analysis is outlined. A procedure for cross sectioning on samples is presented, as well as some examples of how this technique can be applied to study processing results. The second part of the paper is on the use of FIB as a tool for maskless micromachining. Both subtractive (etching) and additive (deposition) techniques are discussed, as well as the combination of FIB implantation of silicon with subsequent wet etching. We will show the possibility to fabricate three-dimensional structures on a micrometre scale, and give examples of recent realizations thereof.

A Ancora una volta a rontiamo il complesso tema della taratura, processo così essenziale ai ni di una buona analisi di laboratorio, eppure ancora così poco compreso nella sua natura più profonda. Tra i tanti i motivi che concorrono a rendere così complessa la questione vi sono: quello normativo, lessicale e formativo. Ci proponiamo, quindi, di approfondire proprio questi aspetti, cercando di chiarirli il più possibile… sperando di contribuire a dipanare la matassa. Gli aspetti più spinosi Come già rilevato da una precedente inchiesta, la norma UNI EN ISO 10012:2004 «non è ancora stata compresa nella sua natura più profonda da molti laboratori di analisi italiani» specificano Maurizio Bettinelli, chimico libero professionista, presidente della Società italiana valori di riferimento (SIVR) e ispettore tecnico Accredia e l'ingegner Mario Mosca, Direttore del Dipartimento Laboratori di Taratura di Accredia-DT. «La UNI EN ISO 10012:2004 è una guida che, nell'ottica delle precedenti UNI EN ISO 9001 e UNI EN ISO 14001, dice come utilizzare al meglio la strumentazione presente in Azienda e quindi anche in laboratorio» afferma l'ingegner Mosca. «Si tratta di una norma di sistema, il cui scopo è, in ultima analisi, ridurre il rischio Aziendale di fornire al cliente risultati che

This article deals with data inscribed on Ancient Egyptian cubit rods, and more specifically on the ceremonial cubit rods. Following a description of their technical and symbolic aspects, the paper reveals a property of the fine subdivisions engraved on the graduated part of these objects, and demonstrates that they could have allowed the cubits to be used as very accurate measuring rulers for architectural drawings and craft works.
See also animations available at http://www.egyptian-architecture.com/JAEA1/JAEA1_Monnier_Petit_Tardy

The paper deals with education in metrology in diferent countries, importance of metrology education, knowledge transfer, cooperation in education and educational programs. The recently finished master degree program in metrology in B&H is discussed here. The program curriculum was multidisciplinary and it was organized on behalf of support of EU TEMPUS SCM project in cooperation between three universities and under patronage of Ministry of education of the canton.

The transport and monochromatization of synchrotron light from a high brilliant laser-like source to the experimental station without significant loss of brilliance and coherence is a challenging task in X-ray optics and requires optical elements of utmost accuracy. These are wave-front preserving plane mirrors with lengths of up to 1 m characterized by residual slope errors in the range of 0.05 mrad (rms) and values of 0.1 nm (rms) for micro-roughness. In the case of focusing optical elements like elliptical cylinders the required residual slope error is in the range of 0.25 mrad rms and better. In addition the alignment of optical elements is a critical and beamline performance limiting topic. Thus the characterization of ultraprecise reflective optical elements for FEL-beamline application in the free and mounted states is of significant importance. We will discuss recent results in the field of metrology achieved at the BESSY-II Optics Laboratory (BOL) of the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (HZB) by use of the Nanometer Optical Component Measuring Machine (NOM). Different types of mirror have been inspected by line-scan and slope mapping in the free and mounted states. Based on these results the mirror clamping of a combined mirror/grating set-up for the BL-beamlines at FLASH was improved.

Objectives • Understand and appreciate the importance of basic principles of traditional material removal processes. • Understand the application of those principles in practice. • To understand the principles of metrology and measurements, methods of measurement and its application in manufacturing industries. Module I (12 hours) Conventional Machining Processes Turning machines:-Types-method of holding work and tool, accessories, attachments-operations and types of tools for each operation-tool room lathe-duplicating lathe-Capstan and Turret lathe – knurling-Drilling:-types of drilling machines-types of drills-nomenclature of drill point-drill wear-types of chip breakers-cutting forces in drilling-Boring:-types of boring machines, tool geometry-counterboring, spot facing, countersinking, trepanning – Reaming:-types of reamers-tool nomenclature-cutting forces-tool materials and surface roughness obtainable in each operations. Shaping, planing and slotting machines:-Types and specifications-quick return motion-hydraulic feed and its advantages-automatic feed-speed, feed and depth of cut-work holding devices-types of operation and examples of work done-shaping of V-blocks, planing of guide gibs, slotting of keyways – Broaching:-basic process-different cutting elements – force required for broaching and strength of broach – tool materials and surface roughness obtainable in each operations.

(2016) Developments in automated flexible gauging and the uncertainty associated with comparative coordinate measurement. In: euspen's 16th International Conference & Exhibition, 30 May-3 June, Nottingham, UK. european society for precision engineering and nanotechnology, pp. 111-112.

Fritz's method ͓Opt. Eng. 23, 379 ͑1984͔͒ of using Zernike polynomials to assess the absolute planarity of test plates is revisited. A refinement is described that takes into account the data decorrelation that appears in experiments. An uncertainty balance is defined by propagation of error contributions through the steps of the method. The resultant measuring procedure is demonstrated on a data set from experiments, and a nanometer level of uncertainty is achieved.

Ethanol is one of the most important Brazilian export goods and its international market is growing strong, mainly because of a number of measures taken by several countries in order to reduce environmental pollution, for example, adding amounts of ethanol into regular gasoline or even using pure ethanol-moved motors. Quality assurance of ethanol is becoming more and more important in order to make Brazil able to achieve larger shares of international market, every day more demanding and competitive. Chemical composition of ethanol-water blends can be determined from their density. In this paper is presented an analysis comparing the density of blends of ethanol with water at 20°C, obtained using Brazilian standard NBR 5992-80, and by using the model described in the International Recommendation OIML R22. The analysis has identified systematic differences between the results, suggesting that the Brazilian standard should be revised.

Эта книга посвящена традиционной русской метрологии, конкретно - мерам длины.
Вершки, локти, аршины и сажени... Каковы были их типоразмеры и имена собственные? Где и когда они применялись? Как попали на Русь?
"Система русских саженей": был ли такой феномен в действительности?
Отдельный разговор о верстах: сколько типоразмеров русской версты применялось на практике? Где и когда? Почему?
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