Digital Twin

The paper basically deals with the challenges that are faced by the Traditional manufacturing techniques that could not meet the requirements that are required in development of the product life cycle in these modern days which are fulfilled by the Smart manufacturing. The challenges faced by the manufacturers such as shortened Product life cycle, Increased customer-oriented value, Sustainable development of the product and Global competition. Such factors affect the traditional manufacturing techniques that had been followed for years. In order to cope up with the emerging trends in the product development the Smart Manufacturing has envisioned as a good approach to tackle these problems. The evolvement of the Industrial Revolution from Industry 1.0 to Industry 4.0 has led to the emerging principle of the Smart manufacturing. The smart manufacturing is referred to as synergistic integration of Computer oriented manufacturing which involves multiple users, systems and technologies of data processing. It has the ability to make its decisions, Highly adaptability and fast design changes along with flexibility of technical work force training. The concept of Digital thread and Digital twin plays a major role in the Smart manufacturing. The smart manufacturing holds key technologies such as Big data, Edge computing, Middleware, Augmented reality, Smart Sensor technology and Advanced robotics. This helps in optimization of the product life cycle development and supply chain operations by setting up a smart factory which has interoperable systems.

Preventive strategies for the conservation of heritage sites have gradually been preferred to curative approaches because of their ability to maintain their significance. Furthermore, most experts now agree that conservation management of heritage places based on a common understanding of their cultural values is essential to address all the particularities of their contexts. Recently, significant research has demonstrated the potential of Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) for the collaborative data management in conjunction with conservation projects. The recent development of HBIM web platforms illustrates the value of strengthening the link between the digital model and the physical realm of heritage assets. This paper advocates the application of Digital Twin’s (DT) principles, using HBIM models as a digital replica, to support the preventive conservation of heritage places. Based on an extensive literature review, a comprehensive framework that integrates the DT in...

This paper presents an innovative investigation on prototyping a digital twin (DT) as the platform for human-robot interactive welding and welder behavior analysis. This human-robot interaction (HRI) working style helps to enhance human users’ operational productivity and comfort; while data-driven welder behavior analysis benefits to further novice welder training. This HRI system includes three modules: 1) a human user who demonstrates the welding operations offsite with her/his operations recorded by the motion-tracked handles; 2) a robot that executes the demonstrated welding operations to complete the physical welding tasks onsite; 3) a DT system that is developed based on virtual reality (VR) as a digital replica of the physical human-robot interactive welding environment. The DT system bridges a human user and robot through a bi-directional information flow: a) transmitting demonstrated welding operations in VR to the robot in the physical environment; b) displaying the physical welding scenes to human users in VR. Compared to existing DT systems reported in the literatures, the developed one provides better capability in engaging human users in interacting with welding scenes, through an augmented VR. To verify the effectiveness, six welders, skilled with certain manual welding training and unskilled without any training, tested the system by completing the same welding job; three skilled welders produce satisfied welded workpieces, while the other three unskilled do not. A data-driven approach as a combination of fast Fourier transform (FFT), principal component analysis (PCA), and support vector machine (SVM) is developed to analyze their behaviors. Given an operation sequence, i.e., motion speed sequence of the welding torch, frequency features are firstly extracted by FFT and then reduced in dimension through PCA, which are finally routed into SVM for classification. The trained model demonstrates a 94.44% classification accuracy in the testing dataset. The successful pattern recognition in skilled welder operations should benefit to accelerate novice welder training.

At the beginning of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the advent of digitalization, innovative technologies and materials, and new construction techniques have begun transforming the way that infrastructure, real estate, and other built assets can be designed, constructed, and operated in order to create a more attractive, energy-efficient, comfortable, affordable, safe, and sustainable built environment. Developments in materials and cutting-edge technologies (such as artificial intelligence, robotics, nanotechnology, 3D printing, and biotechnology) have finally started to move the construction towards a new era. Massive changes are occurring as a result of the possibilities created by big data and the Internet of Things, along with the technological advances that are driving down the cost of sensors, data storage, and computer services. Construction 4.0: Advanced Technology, Tools and Materials for the Digital Transformation of the Construction Industry presents a thorough review of developments in materials, emerging trends, cutting-edge technologies, and strategies in the fields of smart building design, construction, and operation, providing the reader with a comprehensive guideline on how to exploit the new possibilities offered by the digital revolution. It will be an essential reference resource for academic researchers, material scientists, and civil engineers, undergraduate and graduate students, and other professionals working in the fields of smart eco-efficient construction and cutting-edge technologies applied to construction.

The concept of Digitals Twins (DTs) is an evolving idea, which is becoming the center of attention for the industry and the scientific community. It can be described as the pairing of the digital and the physical, interconnected for data sharing. DT is a key enabler for Industry 4.0, especially on the digitalization and visualization processes. Even though the idea of DT has been defined thoroughly throughout the recent years, there are still many different interpretations which are the result of different viewpoints of the involved professionals. The digitalization process requires huge amounts of data, which is generated, collected, handled and processed by various sources as well as digital twins themselves, thus offering new challenges that need to be addressed. In this paper, we attempt to i) assess the current state of digital twins, ii) describe the terms digital model and digital shadow as they are often misused as synonyms and iii) review the concepts of Internet of Things ...

Technological innovations are a synthesis of the past with the economical and functional possibilities of the future. Production is continually improving because of technological advancements and innovations, and this process has gone through three key revolutions. The technologies that underpin these revolutions have assumed the role of catalyst in the industrial process. Whenever, technical advancement has increased, it has resulted in technological pressures in the production area, resulting in industrial revolutions. Cyber-physical systems, cloud computing, internet of things (IoT), autonomous systems, big data, augmented reality / virtual reality, and 3D printing technologies are all contributing in industrial revolution 4.0. Each of these technologies has evolved independently and has diverse application areas, but when utilized together, they were able to change manufacturing from a traditional structure to a smarter structure. Physical factories that were first digitized and...

In a fascinating recent paper, Matthias Braun considers how digital twins might represent a patient. He claims, among other things, that we can view a digital twin as an extension of a patient's body. I discuss this idea, and suggest that it should be compared with Clark and Chalmers' well-known extended mind thesis.

There is a need for remote learning and virtual learning applications such as virtual reality (VR) and tablet-based solutions which the current pandemic has demonstrated. Creating complex learning scenarios by developers is highly time-consuming and can take over a year. There is a need to provide a simple method to enable lecturers to create their own content for their laboratory tutorials. Research is currently being undertaken into developing generic models to enable the semi-automatic creation of a virtual learning application. A case study describing the creation of a virtual learning application for an electrical laboratory tutorial is presented.

The aircraft air data system is used for estimating vital flight parameters for correct and safe aircraft operations. One of the main components in this system is the Pitot tube sensor which is responsible for measuring the total pressure and in conjunction with the static pressure port estimates parameters like altitude, air speed, vertical speed and Mach number. The Pitot tube is prone to failure because of external adverse atmospheric conditions. The current research aims to develop a solution to the aircraft loss of control caused by unreliable and/or faulty airspeed measurements by developing an air data system tolerant to the Pitot sensor failure based on extra sensor measurements and an estimation algorithm that uses a digital twin aircraft dynamic model as a virtual sensor.

The damage and the impact of natural disasters are becoming more destructive with the increase of urbanization. Today's metropolitan cities are not sufficiently prepared for the pre and post-disaster situations. Digital Twin technology can provide a solution. A virtual copy of the physical city could be created by collecting data from sensors of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and stored on the cloud infrastructure. This virtual copy is kept current and up to date with the continuous flow of the data coming from the sensors. We propose a disaster management system utilizing machine learning called DT-DMS is used to support decision-making mechanisms. This study aims to show how to educate and prepare emergency center staff by simulating potential disaster situations on the virtual copy. The event of a disaster will be simulated allowing emergency center staff to make decisions and depicting the potential outcomes of these decisions. A rescue operation after an earthquake is...

This paper reviews the recent development of Digital Twin technologies in manufacturing systems and processes, to analyze the connotation, application scenarios, and research issues of Digital Twin-driven smart manufacturing in the context of Industry 4.0. To understand Digital Twin and its future potential in manufacturing, we summarized the definition and state-of-the-art development outcomes of Digital Twin. Existing technologies for developing a Digital Twin for smart manufacturing are reviewed under a Digital Twin reference model to systematize the development methodology for Digital Twin. Representative applications are reviewed with a focus on the alignment with the proposed reference model. Outstanding research issues of developing Digital Twins for smart manufacturing are identified at the end of the paper.

Industry 4.0 (also known as smart manufacturing or Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)) refers to a major change in the way products are manufactured and delivered, with a focus on industrial automation and the flexible factory-backed with several technologies that include the Internet of things (IoT), cyber-physical systems, and artificial intelligence. Industry 4.0 gave birth to a new age of smart manufacturing, automated supply chain, and personalized goods and services. Meanwhile, the rise in the application of blockchain technology (BCT) in different sectors propels the industry 4.0 model to extend its scope. This chapter discusses how BCT can act as the enablement of Industry 4.0. The modified e-Delphi methodology aimed at gathering the opinions of recognized experts was used. The findings present the potential that BCT brings, uses cases along with emerging issues. Emerging issues such as BCT security, interoperability, smart contract issues, digital twin issues, energy issue in crypto-coins mining, ethical and legal issues are discussed and solutions are proposed.

Advanced computer technologies such as big data, Artificial Intelligence (AI), cloud computing, digital twins, and edge computing have been applied in various fields as digitalization has progressed. To study the status of the application of digital twins in the combination with AI, this paper classifies the applications and prospects of AI in digital twins by studying the research results of the current published literature. We discuss the application status of digital twins in the four areas of aerospace, intelligent manufacturing in production workshops, unmanned vehicles, and smart city transportation, and we review the current challenges and  topics that need to be looked forward to in the future. It was found that the integration of digital twins and AI has significant effects in aerospace flight detection simulation, failure warning, aircraft assembly, and even unmanned flight. In the virtual simulation test of automobile autonomous driving, it can save 80% of the time and co...

Identification and development of innovative techniques are the focal points of research to reduce energy consumption in the operation of residential structures. Buildings account for over one-third of total energy consumption globally, while innovative technologies can save 22% of this consumption. The services of the operational phase of a building are complicated and tedious, requiring a lot of time and effort for evaluation and subsequent repair. These services include an HVAC system, water supply, drainage, power distribution, network, and elevator, which facility managers and service professionals maintain and repairs. The tasks involved are challenging as several barriers hinder the performance, varying from the communication gap and management of people residing in the building to technical issues that consume time and effort. An increase in operational performance is the need of the hour to survive in a challenging environment by predicting,
diagnosing, and solving problems before even they occur. For instance, equipment degradation cannot handle a mass inflow of people in a building. Digital twin (DT) technology can address such problems. It is a simulation-based concept that creates a virtual counterpart of a physical system. DT simulates data by synchronising information in real-time and creates a high-fidelity virtual model of the equipment in question. This research is consistent with DT definition as a virtual representation of a
system that uses real-time data for analysis. In Facility Management (FM), the DT can collect data and create a replica of any design and other monitoring, prediction, analysing, resolving, control services, and help in decision making. Chiller is one of the essential assets that consume a tremendous amount of energy. The study shall address the impact of the DT technology on the Chiller performance and its behaviour. That impacts the entire asset lifecycle. However, good data mining is vital for the early identification of possible equipment breakdowns and continuous improvement schedule development. There are various existing obstacles to achieving fast and reliable abnormality detection in an automated system. The difficulties can be transferring vast volumes of data acquired from the machine and utilising historical and real-time data for outlier detection. This research performed a survey of experts and discussed a case study that offers a DT detection framework for abnormal behaviour of the chiller.

The aircraft air data system is used for estimating vital flight parameters for correct and safe aircraft operations. One of the main components in this system is the Pitot tube sensor which is responsible for measuring the total pressure and in conjunction with the static pressure port estimates parameters like altitude, air speed, vertical speed and Mach number. The Pitot tube is prone to failure because of external adverse atmospheric conditions. The current research aims to develop a solution to the aircraft loss of control caused by unreliable and/or faulty airspeed measurements by developing an air data system tolerant to the Pitot sensor failure based on extra sensor measurements and an estimation algorithm that uses a digital twin aircraft dynamic model as a virtual sensor.

During preliminary phases of conservation projects, a considerable amount of heterogeneous datasets are produced, gathered, analysed and interpreted. Abundant researches have gradually proven that Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is a relevant alternative for the collaborative management of information related to existing structures. Apart from the obvious benefits of HBIM for information exchange among stakeholders during conservation project, the potential of such processes to support preservation strategies should not be neglected. Moreover, the recent developments of HBIM web-interfaces illustrate the need for additional investigation in strengthening the relationships between the digital model and the real-world to better support preventive conservation of heritage places. Besides, values-based approaches for the elaboration of conservation strategies have been gradually adopted in the last decades, both in academic and professional sector. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive methodology to structure and integrate the cultural significance of tangible and intangible elements into HBIM models to be further taken into account in the analysis and simulation of data. This article suggests the application of Digital Twin (DT) principles to support site managers in the preventive conservation of their assets. Based on the analysis and simulations of data captured by onsite sensors, threats to the site integrity and corresponding preventive solution can be predicted in the DT environment. The integration and structuration of Heritage Values in HBIM models allow further evaluation process to estimate the impact of each suggested interventions on the conservation of features of significance.

The Digital Airport and Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology linked to planning, project and management processes, construction, maintenance and operations in parametric three-dimensional design with all the underground, land and above-land information serves as a parametric database for supporting planning and improving project management.An airport digital twin is not limited to building infrastructure; it includes the associated working processes. It serves as a large-scale information repository to improve performance and obtain data more efficiently. All business sectors will benefit, including the commercial, assets management, operations, engineering and maintenance departments.The model will also promote an environment that
will lead to digital transformation. For the implementation of such digital models effectively in the company’s business, strategic planning is necessary so that digital twins can beused well by organisations to bring good results to the company.

The accelerating pace of digitalization of the built asset industry is pushing towards a tighter coupling of digital and physical assets and resources. Such coupling shows promise in allowing industry stakeholders to unlock the value generated through integrated information management and processing across an asset's lifecycle. Within the context of cyber-physical systems in the Built Environment, a growing number of studies are focusing on the application of Digital Twins (DT)s, in which a digital model reflects the state of a physical asset at any given moment. As a nascent field of study, the concepts and terminology used to describe, study, and develop the domain are still evolving. In many cases, several of these concepts must be coined and defined to act as a foundation to support the development and instantiation of theories, models, and frameworks applicable within this domain. This paper proposes a taxonomy of Built Asset Lifecycle Information Couples which provides the core elements, definitions and characteristics framing the physical-digital coupling of assets and resources in the built asset industry. The proposed taxonomy developed in this paper contributes to the effort aimed at structuring the knowledge domain of lifecycle information management through the coupling of physical and digital worlds in the built environment.

Construction industry is at crossroads in terms of digital development and empowerment. Lighthouse projects show the practical application of information management based on Building Information Modelling (BIM) in planning and construction. Yet, an overarching international best practice or standard for data governance and maintenance of BIM-based real estate portfolios is lacking. Building owners are often forced to convert or modify received data from construction companies at the time of handover or to enter it manually into their facility or asset management systems. If an overarching data governance approach is not taken, a non-manageable diversification and numerous interfaces in the digital transformation of the construction industry is most likely to occur. This transformation approach has been proven applicable and successful by the manufacturing industry with their Industry 4.0 transformation just a decade ago. The aim of this paper is to examine existing approaches such as the ISACA framework COBIT for IT and data governance for their applicability in the construction industry when ordering BIM based projects from the view of an appointing party.

Digitization and digitalization have already changed our world significantly. Further disruptions are imminent with the ongoing digital transformation, a major component of which is digital twins. As the big data techniques, Internet of Things, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence algorithms advance, the digital twin technology has entered a phase of rapid development. It has been stated to be one of the top ten most promising technologies. Although it is still in its early stages, digital twins are already being widely used in a variety of fields, especially in industry, smart cities, and smart health, which are points that attract most researchers to study. In the literature, there can be seen numerous articles and reviews on digital twins, published every year in these three fields. It is therefore timely, even necessary, to provide an analysis of the published work. This is the motivation behind this article, the focus of which is the major research and application areas of digital twins. The survey first analyzes the recent developments of digital twins, then summarizes the theoretical underpinnings of the technology, and finally concludes with specific developments in various application areas of digital twins. It also discusses the challenges that may be encountered in the future.

Digital Twin:  Digital Twin refers to digital replica of physical assets, processes and systems that can be used for various purposes.  Integrate artificial intelligence, machine learning and software analytics with data to create living digital simulation models that update and change as their physical counterparts change.  A digital twin continuously learns and updates itself from multiple sources to represent its near real time status, working condition or position using sensor data.  Sensor data: That conveys various aspects of its operating condition; from human experts, such as engineers with deep and relevant industry domain knowledge; from other similar machines; from other similar fleets of machines; and from the larger systems and environment in which it may be a part of. A digital twin also integrates historical data from past machine usage to factor into its digital model.  A digital twin can be used for monitoring, diagnostics and prognostics to optimize asset performance and utilization. Sensory data can be combined with historical data, human expertise and fleet and simulation learning to improve the outcome of prognostics.  Pairing of virtual and physical worlds allows analysis of data and monitoring of systems to head off problems before they even occur, prevent downtime, develop new opportunities and even plan for the future by using simulations. Working of Digital Twin:  Smart components use sensors to gather data about real time status, working condition or position are integrated with a physical item.  The components are connected to a cloud-based system that receives and processes all the data the sensors monitor.  This input is analyzed against business and other contextual data.  Lessons are learned and opportunities are uncovered within the virtual environment that can be applied to the physical world.

The aim of this study is to define the concept of Digital Twin and its benefits to construction sector. The sectors using the Digital Twin concept are examined with a focus on the construction industry. Then, its relationship with BIM, known as one of the most important developments in architecture, engineering and construction is argued. In addition; The issue of how to create a Digital Twin for the building sector is also examined.

İnşaat sektörü dijital bir dönüşüm geçirmektedir. Her geçen gün yeni teknolojiler sektöre entegre edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Son yıllarda öne çıkan gelişmelerden biri olan Dijital İkiz kavramı bu makale kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle Dijital İkiz (Digital Twin) kavramı tanıtılmış, inşaat sektörüne odaklanılarak kullanıldığı sektörler, sağladığı faydalar incelenmiş, sektörde yükselen bir dijital çalışma biçimi olan BIM ile ilişkisi tartışılmıştır. Makale aynı zamanda, yapı sektörü için bir Dijital İkiz’in nasıl oluşturulacağı konusunu ele almıştır.

Attraverso alcuni elementi del quadro teorico elaborato da Bernard Stiegler, questo lavoro ha lo scopo di descrivere senza pretesa di esaustività in che modo lo sviluppo e la diffusione delle tecnologie digitali istiuisce nell'ordinario delle nostre esistenze uno stato di fatto che prevale empiricamente sullo stato di diritto in grado di mettere in crisi habitus e credenze culturalmente sedimentate.

Renewable energy (RE) is green and low-carbon energy, which can not only protect the environment, promote the technological diversification of the energy supply system, accelerate the adjustment of energy structure, but also has important significance for the sustainable development of economy. With the increasing complexity of the problems of renewable energy system asset management and ensuring the operational reliability of electric power equipment, it's necessary to establish remote, online, reliable monitoring and inspection techniques for the state evaluation of electrical equipment during the full life cycle. In order to meet these demands, the digital twin is a very suitable technology. In recent years, there are numerous scientific papers demonstrating DT's capabilities in virtual simulation, condition monitoring (CM), power optimization and fault diagnosis for RE generation systems, transmission and transformation equipment and storage systems. The majority of the research focusing on product design, maintenance of operation, condition monitoring and fault decision-making has provided many valuable contributions to academia and industrial fields. Nevertheless, all this valuable information is scattered over many literatures and it is lack of systematic generalization. In this article, different applications of DT technology in RE system are analyzed, advanced methods and theories are summarized comprehensively, and the development trend of DT technology in renewable energy system in the future is introduced.

Technological innovations are a synthesis of the past with the economical and functional possibilities of the future. Production is continually improving because of technological advancements and innovations, and this process has gone through three key revolutions. The technologies that underpin these revolutions have assumed the role of catalyst in the industrial process. Whenever, technical advancement has increased, it has resulted in technological pressures in the production area, resulting in industrial revolutions. Cyber-physical systems, cloud computing, internet of things (IoT), autonomous systems, big data, augmented reality / virtual reality, and 3D printing technologies are all contributing in industrial revolution 4.0. Each of these technologies has evolved independently and has diverse application areas, but when utilized together, they were able to change manufacturing from a traditional structure to a smarter structure. Physical factories that were first digitized and subsequently virtualized became “smart factories” as a result of this synergy. The Digital Twin has evolved into a key technology for achieving synergy through the use of the technologies mentioned in the implementation of smart factories, starting at the concept stage of a physical product and based on the concept of obtaining a virtual copy with real-time data throughout the product’s life cycle.

The damage and the impact of natural disasters are becoming more destructive with the increase of urbanization. Today's metropolitan cities are not sufficiently prepared for the pre and post-disaster situations. Digital Twin technology can provide a solution. A virtual copy of the physical city could be created by collecting data from sensors of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and stored on the cloud infrastructure. This virtual copy is kept current and up to date with the continuous flow of the data coming from the sensors. We propose a disaster management system utilising machine learning called DT-DMS is used to support decision-making mechanisms. This study aims to show how to educate and prepare emergency centre staff by simulating potential disaster situations on the virtual copy. The event of a disaster will be simulated allowing emergency centre staff to make decisions and depicting the potential outcomes of these decisions. A rescue operation after an earthquake is simulated. Test results are promising and simulation scope is planned to be extended.

Preventive strategies for the conservation of heritage sites have gradually been preferred to curative approaches because of their ability to maintain their significance. Furthermore, most experts now agree that conservation management of heritage places based on a common understanding of their cultural values is essential to address all the particularities of their contexts. Recently, significant research has demonstrated the potential of Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) for the collaborative data management in conjunction with conservation projects. The recent development of HBIM web platforms illustrates the value of strengthening the link between the digital model and the physical realm of heritage assets. This paper advocates the application of Digital Twin's (DT) principles, using HBIM models as a digital replica, to support the preventive conservation of heritage places. Based on an extensive literature review, a comprehensive framework that integrates the DT into the management plan process for the preventive conservation of built heritage is proposed. Several recommendations for its implementation are finally discussed, such as the identification of tangible features of significance, the threats associated with their integrity and the corresponding mitigation strategies, with particular emphasis on the value assessment process. The result is a data model for structuring information on preventive conservation strategies. This framework provides the basis for future implementation and demonstrates the need for a DT approach in this context.

The Industry 4.0 concept of a Digital Twin will bring many advantages for wind energy conversion systems, e.g., in condition monitoring, predictive maintenance and the optimisation of control or design parameters. A virtual replica is at the heart of a digital twin. To construct a virtual replica, appropriate modelling techniques must be selected for the turbine components. These models must be chosen with the intended use case of the digital twin in mind, finding a proper balance between the model fidelity and computational load. This review article presents an overview of the recent literature on modelling techniques for turbine aerodynamics, structure and drivetrain mechanics, the permanent magnet synchronous generator, the power electronic converter and the pitch and yaw systems. For each component, a balanced overview is given of models with varying model fidelity and computational load, ranging from simplified lumped parameter models to advanced numerical Finite Element Method (FEM)-based models. The results of the literature review are presented graphically to aid the reader in the model selection process. Based on this review, a high-level structure of a digital twin is proposed together with a virtual replica with a minimum computational load. The concept of a multi-level hierarchical virtual replica is presented.

A digitalized Smart Factory can be considered as a data island. Moreover, engineers have focused on the development of new technologies and techniques not only for transforming information to data but also to achieve efficient data utilization to further optimize manufacturing processes. However, the Zero-Defect Manufacturing concept has emerged, where the main goal is production optimization. The cornerstone in achieving the factories of the future is to further optimize the design of new assets so as they comply with the unique requirements of the customers. Therefore, this paper proposes the conceptualization, design, and initial development of a platform for the utilization of data derived from industrial environments for the optimization of the equipment design. The main aspects of the proposed framework are the data acquisition, data processing and the simulation. The applicability of the proposed framework has been tested in a laboratory-based machine shop utilizing data from a real-life industrial scenario.

Sustainable Smart Cities is like orchestrating a complex portfolio of decentralized activities guided by central developed vision.
Knowledge Transfer is crucial pillar in Transformation
Digital Twin is improving knowledge transfer along the lifecycle

The damage and the impact of natural disasters are becoming more destructive with the increase of urbanization. Today's metropolitan cities are not sufficiently prepared for the pre and post-disaster situations. Digital Twin technology can provide a solution. A virtual copy of the physical city could be created by collecting data from sensors of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and stored on the cloud infrastructure. This virtual copy is kept current and up to date with the continuous flow of the data coming from the sensors. We propose a disaster management system utilising machine learning called DT-DMS is used to support decision-making mechanisms. This study aims to show how to educate and prepare emergency centre staff by simulating potential disaster situations on the virtual copy. The event of a disaster will be simulated allowing emergency centre staff to make decisions and depicting the potential outcomes of these decisions. A rescue operation after an earthquake is...

Digital twin (DT) has gained success in various industries, and it is now getting attention in the healthcare industry in the form of well-being digital twin (WDT). In this paper, we present an overview of WDT to understand its potential scope, architecture and impact. We then discuss the definition  and the benefits of WDT. After that, we present the evolution of DT frameworks. Subsequently we discuss the challenges, the different types, the drawbacks, and potential application areas of WDT. Finally we present the requirements for a WDT framework extracted from the literature.

This article explores the legal and ethical implications of big data's pursuit of human 'digital thought clones'. It identifies various types of digital clones that have been developed and demonstrates how the pursuit of more accurate personalised consumer data for micro-targeting leads to the evolution of digital thought clones. The article explains the business case for digital thought clones and how this is the commercial Holy Grail for profit-seeking big data and advertisers, who have commoditised predictions of digital behaviour data. Given big data's industrial-scale data mining and relentless commercialisation of all types of human data, this article identifies some types of protections but argues that more jurisdictions urgently need to enact legislation similar to the General Data Protection Regulation in Europe to protect people against unscrupulous and harmful uses of their data and the unauthorised development and use of digital thought clones.

Digital Twin (DT) represents the next wave in modelling, simulation and optimization technology. A key enabling technology of the DT is the real-time coupling of the digital models with the controllers of the physical plant. To implement the DT through real-time coupling, common approaches and vocabularies are desirable for the automation software to facilitate the exchange of information between the PLCs and the digital models. However, the scarce adoption of guidelines and standards within the industrial practice of PLC programming complicates this context. To face this challenge, this paper proposes a methodology for PLC code to standardize the vocabulary and the management of the operational modes of industrial automation systems. The methodology consists of a GEMMA-GRAFCET representation and a Hierarchical Design Pattern. By implementing the approach to a case study, it is demonstrated that the methodology generates a standard interface for the communication between PLCs and digital models within a DT architecture.

Geometrical variation is a problem in all complex, assembled products. Recently, the Digital Twin concept was launched as a tool for improving geometrical quality and reduce costs by using real time control and optimization of products and production systems. The Digital Twin for geometry assurance is created together with the product and the production systems in early design phases. When full production starts, the purpose of the Digital Twin turns towards optimization of the geometrical quality by small changes in the assembly process.
To reach its full potential, the Digital Twin concept is depending on high quality input data. In line with Internet of Things and Big Data, the problem is rather to extract appropriate data than to find data. In this paper, an inspection strategy serving the Digital Twin is given. Necessary input data describing form and shape of individual parts, and how this data should be collected, stored and utilized is described.

Childhood is the most important part of everyone life as it shapes fundamentals of their identity and characteristic. The better lifestyle during their childhood, the better generation will be presented for future. Nowadays, for every physical asset in the world, we could have a virtual cloud base copy running that gets richer with every second of operational data. Practically, opportunities are uncovered within the virtual environment that can be applied to the physical world by applying " Digital Twin " concept. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relation of virtual reality's potential in kid's development progress via introducing " Digital Twin " for kids. It could be the optimum approach that we begin to recognize children through his/her individual digital twin based on dynamic profiling. We propose that the idea of the Digital Twin, which links the physical and mental issues of the kids with its virtual equivalent can assist parents to mitigate problematic concerns. We describe the Digital Twin concept and its development and show how it applies to kids' development progress in defining and understanding their behavior. This paper discuss how the Digital Twin relates to kids character and how it addresses parents impact on " kids character " .

The damage and the impact of natural disasters are becoming more destructive with the increase of urbanization. Today's metropolitan cities are not sufficiently prepared for the pre and post-disaster situations. Digital Twin technology can provide a solution. A virtual copy of the physical city could be created by collecting data from sensors of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and stored on the cloud infrastructure. This virtual copy is kept current and up to date with the continuous flow of the data coming from the sensors. We propose a disaster management system utilising machine learning called DT-DMS is used to support decision-making mechanisms. This study aims to show how to educate and prepare emergency centre staff by simulating potential disaster situations on the virtual copy. The event of a disaster will be simulated allowing emergency centre staff to make decisions and depicting the potential outcomes of these decisions. A rescue operation after an earthquake is...