Flight Safety

ÖZET:
Küreselleşme ve teknolojide yaşanan gelişmeler, ticari hava yolu işletmeleri ve uçak teknolojilerini
etkilemiş ve hava yolu taşımacılığı genel ulaşım sektöründeki payını artırarak hızlı bir büyüme içine
girmiştir. Havacılık sektöründeki yaşanan bu gelişmelere paralel olarak, hava yolu işletmeleri rekabet
üstünlüğü sağlamak ve daha iyi hizmet verebilmek için farklı kültürel özelliklere sahip çalışanları istihdam
etmektedir. Kültür, bir toplum ya da gruba ait paylaşılan değerleri ifade ederken, kültürel farklılık
kavramı, etkileşim içindeki insanların birbirine benzemeyen yönlerini tanımlamaktadır. Bundan dolayı,
uçuş emniyetinin son derece önemli olduğu sivil havacılık sektöründe, çalışanlara ait kültürel faktörlerin
uçuş emniyetine etkisi önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Çünkü, son zamanlarda dünyanın farklı
yerlerinde ulusal, örgüt ve profesyonel kültür farklılıklardan kaynaklanan bir çok uçak kazası bu durumu
doğrulamaktadır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle, literatür kısmında kültür ve kültürel farklılık kavramı ele
alınmıştır. Sonra, ulusal, örgüt ve profesyonel kültür kavramları açıklanmış ve bu kültür çeşitlerinin uçuş
emniyetine etkisi üzerinde durulmuştur. Daha sonra araştırma kısmında, Güney Kore’nin Asiana hava
yolu işletmesine ait ticari bir yolcu uçağının 2013 yılında yapmış olduğu bir kaza incelenmiştir.
Araştırmada özellikle bu kazaya sebep olan kültürel farklılıkların üzerinde durulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kültür, Kültürel Farklılık, Uçuş Emniyeti

ABSTRACT:
Globalization and developments in technology have affected commercial airline companies and aircraft
technology, and air transport has entered a rapid growth by increasing its share in the overall
transportation sector. In line with these developments in the aviation sector, airline operators employ
employees with different cultural characteristics to provide competitive advantage and better service.
While culture expresses shared values belonging to a society or group, the concept of cultural diversity
describes the differences of people in interaction. Therefore, in the civil aviation sector where flight
safety is very important, the influence of the cultural factors of employees on flight safety has become
an important issue. Because in recent times, many plane accidents arising from differences in national,
organizational and professional culture in different parts of the world confirm this stuation. In this study,
firstly the concept of culture and cultural diversity were discussed in the literature section. Then, the
concepts of national, organizational and professional culture were explained, and the effect of these
culture types on flight safety was emphasized. Later in the investigation, an accident involving South
Korea's Asiana airline commercial passenger plane in 2013 was investigated. The investigation especially
focused on the cultural differences that caused this accident.
Key Words: Culture, Cultural Diversity, Flight Safety

The aircraft air data system is used for estimating vital flight parameters for correct and safe aircraft operations. One of the main components in this system is the Pitot tube sensor which is responsible for measuring the total pressure and in conjunction with the static pressure port estimates parameters like altitude, air speed, vertical speed and Mach number. The Pitot tube is prone to failure because of external adverse atmospheric conditions. The current research aims to develop a solution to the aircraft loss of control caused by unreliable and/or faulty airspeed measurements by developing an air data system tolerant to the Pitot sensor failure based on extra sensor measurements and an estimation algorithm that uses a digital twin aircraft dynamic model as a virtual sensor.

ÖZET
Atmosferik koşullara bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan buzlanma, uçuş emniyeti için havacılık işletmeleri ve çalışanları tarafından sürekli dikkat edilmesi gereken önemli bir risktir. Buzlanma, hava sıcaklığının belirli bir dereceye düşmesiyle birlikte soğumuş su damlalarının uçak yüzeyine çarpması sonucu ortaya çıkar. Buzlanma, hava aracı hem seyir halinde hem de yerde park halindeyken ortaya çıkabilir. Buzlanma meydana geldiği şartlara bağlı olarak çeşitli şekillerde ve kritiklikte olabilir. Özellikle havada oluşan buzlanma uçağın kanatlarında, kontrol yüzeylerinde, motorlarında, pervanesinde ve uçuş emniyeti için önemli diğer bölgelerinde ortaya çıkmasına bağlı olarak tehlikeli durumların oluşmasına hatta ölümle sonuçlanabilecek kazalara neden olabilir. Hava araçlarında buzlanmayı engellemek amacıyla uçuş öncesi ve uçuş esnasında de/anti-icing usulleri uygulanmaktadır. Her ne kadar bu usuller uygulansa da buzlanmayı tamamen engellemek mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle buzlanma riskini uçuş emniyeti için tehlike oluşturmayacak şekilde kontrol altında tutmak ve bunun için gerekli önlemleri almak gerekir. Havacılık sektöründe buzlanma riski üzerine yapmış olduğumuz bu araştırma, konuyla ilgili literatür çalışması ve kaza araştırması olmak üzere iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Gerek literatür gerek kaza araştırmasından elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar, buzlanmanın havacılık sektöründe uçuş emniyeti için son derece önemli bir risk olduğunu ortaya koyması açısından önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Buzlanma, Havacılıkta Buzlanma, Buzlanmaya Karşı Usuller
ABSTRACT
Depending on atmospheric conditions, icing is an important risk to which must be paid attention constantly by aviation companies and staff for flight safety. Icing could occur when the temperature of the air drops to a certain degree and the water droplets strike the aircraft surface. The icing might be encountered when the aircraft is parked on the ground as well as during the flight. It can be in various forms and critical conditions, depending on the circumstances. The icing on wings, control surfaces, engines, propeller and in some other important parts of the aircraft during the flight may cause dangerous situations or even fatal accidents. Therefore in order to mitigate the risk, several de/anti-icing procedures are applied both on ground and in flight. In spite of these procedures in practice, it is not entirely feasible to prevent icing. For this reason, it is necessary to keep the risk of icing under control and take appropriate course of actions accordingly. This research, which we have done over the risk of icing in the aviation sector, consists of two parts, namely literature review and accident investigation. The results both in the literature and in the accident investigation are important to show that ice is a very significant risk for flight safety in the aviation sector.

Key Words: Icing, Icing in Aviation, De/Anti-Icing Procedures

The aircraft air data system is used for estimating vital flight parameters for correct and safe aircraft operations. One of the main components in this system is the Pitot tube sensor which is responsible for measuring the total pressure and in conjunction with the static pressure port estimates parameters like altitude, air speed, vertical speed and Mach number. The Pitot tube is prone to failure because of external adverse atmospheric conditions. The current research aims to develop a solution to the aircraft loss of control caused by unreliable and/or faulty airspeed measurements by developing an air data system tolerant to the Pitot sensor failure based on extra sensor measurements and an estimation algorithm that uses a digital twin aircraft dynamic model as a virtual sensor.

İlk örnekleri 1900'lü yılların başında görülen, ancak potansiyel faydaları oldukça geç anlaşılan İnsansız Hava Aracı (İHA) Sistemleri 2000'li yılların başından itibaren hızla yayılmaya başlamıştır. Son 10 yıllık dönemde İHA sistemlerinin sayısı ve çeşitleri artarken teknik kabiliyetleri de oldukça gelişmiş ve bu da askeri güvenlik ortamına yeni bir anlayış getirmiştir. Afganistan benzeri harekât ortamlarında etkin istihbarat çözümleri sunan İHA sistemleri, entegre mühimmatlar sayesinde, özellikle yüksek değerli, zamana hassas hedeflere karşı çok etkili bir silah sistemi haline gelmiştir. Birçok alt sistemi içeren ve sistemler sistemi olarak adlandırılan İHA sistemleri, insanlı hava araçları için geçerli olan uçuş emniyet risklerine ilave olarak kendine has risklere de sahiptir. Her bir alt sistemin sahip olduğu uçuş emniyet risklerine ek olarak, sistem elemanlarının birbiriyle etkileşimi ve ayrıca bunların dış unsurlarla olan etkileşimi de birçok yeni riski ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında ilk olarak, mevcut İHA sistemlerindeki kaza kırım istatistikleri incelenerek insanlı hava araçları ile karşılaştırması yapılacaktır. Müteakiben, geleceğin hava harekât ortamının yeni kullanım konseptleri ve bu kapsamda geleceğin İHA sistemleriyle gerçekleştirilecek hava harekât görevleri tartışılacaktır. Son olarak, geleceğin İHA sistemlerinin uçuş emniyeti açısından potansiyel risk alanları incelecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İnsansız Hava Aracı, İHA Sistemi, Uçuş Emniyeti, Gelecek.

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs), whose first examples were seen in the beginning of 1900s, but whose potential benefits were noticed quite late, have become rapidly widespread since the early 2000s. While the number and types of UASs have increased in the last decade, their technical capabilities have also improved substantially, which has resulted in a new understanding of the military security environment. UASs, which provided effective intelligent solutions in the operational theatres like Afghanistan, have become a very effective weapon system against high value, time sensitive targets by means of integrated weapons.
In addition to the flight safety risks that apply to manned aircraft, UASs, which include many subsystems and are referred to as system of systems, have also own unique risks. In addition to the flight safety risks that each subsystem has, the interactions of the system components and their interaction with the external elements also present many new risks.
In this article, firstly, the current UAS mishap statistics will be examined and compared with the manned aviation. Next, new operational concepts of the future air operation environment and air operation missions to be carried out by the future UASs will be discussed. Finally, the potential risk areas for flight safety aspects of future UASs will be analyzed.
Keywords: Unmanned Aircraft, Unmanned Aircraft System, Flight Safety, Future.

Özet Bu araştırmanın amacı, uçak bakım sektöründe iş yükü ve zaman baskısı nedeniyle meydana gelmiş bir uçak olayını insan faktörü açısından incelemektir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden örnek olay yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu uçak olayının uçağın ana iniş takımlarının değişimi sırasında bakım teknisyeninin sağ iniş takımı titreşim damperi borusunu ana hidrolik sistemine takmaması ve süpervizörün bu bakım işlemini kontrol etmemesi nedeniyle meydana geldiği görülmüştür. Bu nedenle, uçağın bu bakımı takiben yaptığı ilk uçuşundan sonra piste teker koyduğu sırada sağ iniş takımında sert bir sarsıntı hissedilmiş, uçak sağa doğru sapmış ve sonrasında sağ ana iniş takımında ciddi hasar meydana gelmiştir. Olaya neden olan asıl kök sebeplere bakıldığında, aşırı iş yükü ve zaman baskısının bakım teknisyeni ve süpervizörün performansını etkilediği ve insan faktörü kaynaklı hata yapmalarına yol açtığı görülmüştür. Araştırmanın gerçek bir olayı ele alması, bu olaydaki insan faktöründen kaynaklı hataların uçuş emniyetini nasıl riske ettiğini ortaya koyması ve uçak bakım sektörü ile ilgili literatüre yapacağı katkıdan dolayı önem arzettiği söylenebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Uçak bakım, iş yükü, zaman baskısı, insan faktörü, uçuş emniyeti Abstract The aim of this study is to examine an aircraft incident that occurred due to the workload and time pressure in the aircraft maintenance from the view of the human factor. The case study method, one of the qualitative research designs, was used in the study. It was seen that this aircraft incident occurred because the maintenance technician didn't install the right landing gear shimmy damper line to the main hydraulic system during the replacement of the main landing gear of the aircraft and the supervisor didn't control this maintenance operation. For this reason, after the first flight of the aircraft following this maintenance, when the aircraft put a wheel on the runway, a hard vibration was felt on the right landing

The old flight instruments made by right brothers have only limited flight instruments that to only mechanical devices such as airspeed indicators, oil pressure gauge, fuel tank and single engine. The trend towards modern aircrafts have advanced features such as mentioned in this article all electronic instruments displays radar such as altimeter, attitude indicator, multiple engines displays of all parameters of aircraft. Indexing terms: fight instruments; pfd airspeed indicator; attitude indicator etc; INTRODUCTION Primary Flight Display (PFD) A PFD presents information about primary flight instruments, navigation instruments, and the status of the flight in one integrated display. Some systems include power plant information and other systems information in the same display. A typical primary flight display is shown in Figure 2-1. Primary Flight Instruments Flight instrument presentations on a PFD differ from conventional instrumentation not only in format, but sometimes in location as well. For example, the attitude indicator on the PFD in Figure 2-1 is larger than conventional round-dial presentations of an artificial horizon. Airspeed and altitude indications are presented on vertical tape displays that appear on the left and right sides of the primary flight display. The vertical speed indicator is depicted using conventional analog presentation. Turn coordination is shown using a segmented triangle near the top of the attitude indicator. The rate-of-turn indicator appears as a curved line display at the top of the heading/navigation instrument in the lower half of the PFD. Cross-Checking the Primary Flight Instruments The PFD is not intended to change the fundamental way in which you scan your instruments during attitude instrument flying. The PFD supports the same familiar control and performance, or primary and supporting methods you use with conventional flight instruments. For example, when using the primary and supporting method to maintain level flight, the altimeter is still the primary instrument for pitch, while the attitude indicator is a direct indicator and the vertical speed indicator provides supporting information. However, you need to train your eyes to find and interpret these instruments in their new formats and locations. Common Errors: Altitude Excursions and Fixation Pilots experienced in the use of conventional flight instruments tend to deviate from assigned altitudes during their initial experience with the PFD, while they adjust to the tape display presentation of altitude information. Another common error is the tendency to fixate and correct deviations as small as one to two feet at the expense of significant deviations on other parameters.

Özet
Küreselleşme ve teknolojik gelişmelere bağlı olarak hızla değişen günümüz dünyasında havacılık sektörü giderek büyümekte ve modern havalimanlarını yönetmek birçok sorunu kapsayan önemli bir sorumluluğu beraberinde getirmektedir. Havalimanlarının içinde bulunduğu çevrenin, özellikle yabani hayattan kaynaklanan ve uçuş emniyetini tehlikeye sokan riskleri taşıması nedeniyle kontrol altında tutulması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle literatür taraması yapılarak havacılık sektöründe yabani hayatı yönetim kavramı, yabani hayatın ortaya çıkardığı riskler ve bu risklerle mücadele etmek için kullanılan yöntemlerden bahsedilmiştir. Literatür taramasından sonra yapılan saha araştırmasında, Afganistan'ın başkenti Kabil şehrinde bulunan Hamid Karzai Uluslararası Havalimanındaki yabani hayatı yönetim uygulamaları ve riskleri yerinde incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yabani hayatı yönetim, Kuş uçak çarpışması, Kuş çarpması, Uçuş emniyeti, Havacılık emniyeti
Abstract In today's rapidly changing world due to globalization and technological developments, the aviation sector is growing and managing modern airports brings with it an important responsibility covering many problems. The environment in which the airports are located should be kept under control due to the risks especially associated with wildlife that endangers the flight safety. In this study, firstly literature was reviewed and the concept of wildlife management in aviation, the risks of wildlife and the methods used to combat these risks were mentioned. In the field research conducted after the literature review, wildlife management practices and risks at Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, were investigated on site.

Unstable approaches account for a high number of accidents during approach and landing. A large number could have been avoided with a decision to go-around. Studies have shown that operators of machines and even pilots are susceptible to what is called the Cognitive
lockup. As per the definition, humans tend to deal with disturbances sequentially. Which means that they deal with one task at a time even if the subsequent task involves more significant risk. The pressure of task completion is proven to trigger cognitive lockup.
On an approach to land, the pilot is under the pressure of task completion, time pressure and framing effect. In this situation, if an approach is destabilized, the pilot should ideally carry out a go-around and reattempt a landing. This involves switching to a second task, which
holds higher importance. The pilot is unable to do so due to cognitive lockup since the current task is nearing completion.
Training and framing of the task are two ways of eliminating cognitive lockup.
Keywords: Cognitive lockup, task switching, framing effect, unstable approach, long landing, go-around.

The essay is my individual assignment in the Air Traffic Management modules in my Higher diploma programme. This short research describes the situation of Hong Kong's Flight Delays and the possible causes from the tremendous expansion of Aviation Market in Asia, Aerodrome limitations to the Labour shortage in Hong Kong International Airport. The possible solutions will also briefly provided to tackle the Air traffic issues in Hong Kong

Błąd ludzki jest w dalszym ciągu główną przyczyną wypadków lotniczych. W artykule przed-stawiono nowe podejście w zakresie badania wypadków lotniczych, których przyczyną była utrata przez pilota orientacji przestrzennej. Zaproponowany sposób dochodzenia przyczyny wypadku polega na ilościowej analizie zjawiska dezorientacji przestrzennej. Opracowano model, który w oparciu o dane z pokładowego rejestratora danych lotu będzie umożliwiał automatyczne wykrycie i rozpoznanie dezorientacji przestrzennej. Model ten został wykorzystany w analizie zdarzenia lotniczego z udziałem samolotu F-16. Przedstawiona w artykule metoda ilościowej analizy wypadku lotniczego może być przydatnym uzupełnieniem analizy jakościowej zjawiska dezorientacji przestrzennej. Opracowany model automatycznego wykrywania i rozpoznania dezorientacji przestrzennej może ponadto zapewnić badaczom wsparcie w dochodzeniu przyczyny oraz klasyfikacji wypadku lotniczego. Słowa kluczowe: bezpieczeństwo lotu, wypadek lotniczy, dezorientacja przestrzenna

İlk örnekleri 1900'lü yılların başında görülen, ancak potansiyel faydaları oldukça geç anlaşılan İnsansız Hava Aracı (İHA) Sistemleri 2000’li yılların başından itibaren hızla yayılmaya başlamıştır. Son 10 yıllık dönemde İHA sistemlerinin sayısı ve çeşitleri artarken teknik kabiliyetleri de oldukça gelişmiş ve bu da askeri güvenlik ortamına yeni bir anlayış getirmiştir. Afganistan benzeri harekât ortamlarında etkin istihbarat çözümleri sunan İHA sistemleri, entegre mühimmatlar sayesinde, özellikle yüksek değerli, zamana hassas hedeflere karşı çok etkili bir silah sistemi haline gelmiştir.

Birçok alt sistemi içeren ve sistemler sistemi olarak adlandırılan İHA sistemleri, insanlı hava araçları için geçerli olan uçuş emniyet risklerine ilave olarak kendine has risklere de sahiptir. Her bir alt sistemin sahip olduğu uçuş emniyet risklerine ek olarak, sistem elemanlarının birbiriyle etkileşimi ve ayrıca bunların dış unsurlarla olan etkileşimi de birçok yeni riski ortaya çıkarmaktadır.

Çalışma kapsamında ilk olarak, mevcut İHA sistemlerindeki kaza kırım istatistikleri incelenerek insanlı hava araçları ile karşılaştırması yapılacaktır. Müteakiben, geleceğin hava harekât ortamının yeni kullanım konseptleri ve bu kapsamda geleceğin İHA sistemleriyle gerçekleştirilecek hava harekât görevleri tartışılacaktır. Son olarak, geleceğin İHA sistemlerinin uçuş emniyeti açısından potansiyel risk alanları incelecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: İnsansız Hava Aracı, İHA Sistemi, Uçuş Emniyeti, Gelecek.

We discussed some approaches to increase the effectiveness of flight safety measures in airports through monitoring and analyze the occurrence of birds near highways (which we believed have similar attraction factors for the birds). We revealed definite similar patterns as for bird occurrence in the airfields and near the highways. We also monitor the dynamics of birds' annual mortality and species composition of dead birds, which also had similar trends. This information could contribute to data analysis of the ornithological situation near the roads to the flight safety system.

This study was carried out for the purpose to research the relationship between pilot's leadership styles and crew resource management practices. The data obtained were collected from 104 pilots working at the airports in Istanbul by survey data collection method; 3 of them were deemed invalid and 101 questionnaires were tested in the SPSS'21 package program. Factor analysis was executed to test the validity and reliability of the scales and as a result of the normality analysis applied, spearmen correlation analysis was applied based on the assumption that the distribution was not normal; linear regression analysis was applied to test the effect hypothesis. As consequence of the regression analysis, ıt has been revealed that has a meaningful and positive effect on attitudes towards the cockpit management of the pilot's autocratic leadership style; on attitudes towards individual performance in stress, fatigue and emergency situations of democratic leadership style; on attitudes towards communication, coordination and teamwork of libertarian leadership style. It is thought that the study will contribute to the understanding of the "leadership approaches of pilots" in crew resource management practices and thus contribute to flight safety.

Boeing 737 MAX aircraft, which experienced catastrophic crashes in 2017 and 2018, were grounded in March 2019 pending their recertification as being safe. Defective software correction is widely believed to offer the solution. However, the principle problem is not software, but vertical aerodynamic instability due to enlarged and forward-relocated engines of the Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion (LEAP) series. Already, nine months have passed without apparent Boeing work toward airframe modification, and at least several more such months are anticipated by FAA. This paper lists concerns indicating that recertification should be deferred pending physical redesign, to continue the tradition of passenger aircraft stability independent of software.

ÖZET:
Küreselleşme ve teknolojide yaşanan hızlı gelişmeler nedeniyle dünyada sivil havacılık sektörü giderek
büyümektedir. Bu nedenle artan hava trafiğine bağlı olarak kuş ve yabani hayvanların uçaklarla çarpma
sayısı artmaktadır. Yüksek hızla giden bir uçak ile bir kuş ya da kuş sürüsü arasındaki çarpışmayı ifade
eden kuş çarpması kavramı, İngilizce literatürde ‘’bird strike, bird hit ve bird ingestion’’ kavramlarıyla
tanımlanmaktadır. Kuş çarpması, ani bir şekilde meydana gelerek uçağın yapısında ciddi hasarlara neden
olur ve uçuş güvenliği için doğrudan bir tehdit oluşturur. Ayrıca, kuş çarpması olaylarından dolayı hava
yolu şirketleri milyonlarca dolar maddi zarara uğramakta ve uçuşlar ertelenmekte ya da iptal
edilmektedir. Kuş çarpması olaylarını en aza indirmek için kapsamlı önlemler almak hava yolu işletmeleri
için kaçınılmazdır. Bu araştırmada konu ile ilgili literatür çalışması yapıldıktan sonra, 1990 ve 2015 yılları
arasında Amerika kökenli sivil uçakların karışmış oldukları kuş ve yabani hayvan çarpmaları
incelenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kuş Çarpması, Kuş Yutması, Kuş-Uçak Çarpışması

ABSTRACT:
Due to globalization and rapid developments in technology, civil aviation sector is growing in the world.
For this reason, the number of strikes of birds and wild animals with airplanes is also increasing due to
increased air traffic. The concept of bird strike, which expresses the collision between an airplane flying
at high speed and a bird or bird flock is described in the English literature as "bird strike, bird hit and bird
ingestion". Bird strike occurs suddenly and causing serious damage to the aircraft structure and posing a
direct threat to flight safety. In addition, airline companies have suffered millions of dollars in financial
loss due to bird strikes and flights have been postponed or canceled. Comprehensive measures to
minimize bird strike incidents are inevitable for airline companies. In this study, birds and wildlife strikes
of US civilian aircrafts between 1990 and 2015 were investigated after the literature study on the
subject was made.
Key Words: Bird Strike, Bird Ingestion, Bird-Aircraft Collision

A concept of active system control for safety purposes of aircraft is introduced and explained. Shown that safety and other properties of aircraft application should be considered as processes and supported and maintained during fight as wells checking  after mission.  Shown that implementation of this approach reduces cost of maintenance in order of magnitude, leading to so-called "zero-maintenance" exploitation.

Takeoff performance is derived from the basic aircraft weight and balance data, modified for operational, commercial and environmental factors. There can be an error of commission or omission at any stage. Errors can have no significant impact on one hand to a catastrophic impact on the other extreme end of the spectrum. Airlines and the manufacturers have addressed the issues and have formulated new policies, SOP’s and enhanced technical modifications to trap the error. Despite the enhancements, the errors continue to reoccur or occur due to a new reason, which was not addressed before. This paper examines humans from the behavioural aspect in error causation and as the last line of defence in the chain of errors. A new aspect for error causation and failure of humans to adhere to checklists, procedures are analyzed. The solution lies in simplistic methods that can help trap errors to prevent erroneous takeoff performance.
Keywords: Performance, Learned carelessness, mindfulness, pointing and calling behaviour, barriers, checklist, concentration.

Uçuş emniyetinin vazgeçilmez unsuru insandır. İnsan yeteneklerinin kısıtlı olması, insanın teknik ve teknik olmayan yetkinliklerinin birçok değişken tarafından etkilenmesi, insan faktörünün uçuş emniyetini sağlamadaki rolünü önemli hale getirmiştir. Uçuş faaliyetlerinin tarihsel sürecine bakıldığında insan faktörünün uçak kazalarındaki yerinin %70-80 oranında olduğu görülmektedir. İnsan faktörüyle ilgili dinamikleri tam olarak bilmeden ve insan faktörlerinin uçuş operasyonlarına olan etkisi anlaşılmadan uçuş emniyetini sağlamanın zor olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle, bu çalışmada pilot performansının uçuş emniyetindeki yeri nitel araştırma yöntemi ile araştırılmıştır. Öncelikle, ayrıntılı bir şekilde insan faktörüne ilişkin bir literatür taraması yapılmış ve sonrasında tecrübeli kaptan pilotlarla yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlar yapılarak konuyla ilgili veriler toplanmış, takiben elde edilen bulgular yorumlanarak araştırma tamamlanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonunda hava yolu işletmelerine sunulmak üzere insan performansını arttırmaya yönelik olarak "pilot performansını iyileştirecek bir öneri seti" oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen önerilerde özellikle kurumal iklimin iyileştirilmesi, yönetimde adaletin sağlanması, uçuşa bilgili ve hazırlıklı gelme ve ihlallerden uzak durmanın ön planda olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmada Ekip Kaynak Yönetimi (EKY) ve Tehdit ve Hata Yönetimi (TEHY) dinamikleri de dikkate alınmıştır. Çalışmanın ana amacı hava yolu işletmelerinde pilot performansını arttırmaya yönelik öneriler sunmaktır.

Boeing documents include employee statements that denigrate those who supervised and conducted the design of the faulty 737 MAX aircraft and its Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS), leading to two airplane crashes. However, this paper suggests that the problem was primarily not with the line employees, but the top management and its role in establishing corporate culture.

The aircraft air data system is used for estimating vital flight parameters for correct and safe aircraft operations. One of the main components in this system is the Pitot tube sensor which is responsible for measuring the total pressure and in conjunction with the static pressure port estimates parameters like altitude, air speed, vertical speed and Mach number. The Pitot tube is prone to failure because of external adverse atmospheric conditions. The current research aims to develop a solution to the aircraft loss of control caused by unreliable and/or faulty airspeed measurements by developing an air data system tolerant to the Pitot sensor failure based on extra sensor measurements and an estimation algorithm that uses a digital twin aircraft dynamic model as a virtual sensor.

Space weather's effects on flight physiology, flight safety, atmospheric weather and weather forecasting accuracy. The words the FAA, AOPA, and the world's biggest flight schools do not ever want to hear or read. A real head spinner. The paper will be refined into a space weather book for pilots real soon.

The work on the lunar base was carried out for a long time and at the moment there is an international interest in the development of this satellite of the Earth. However, the last decade has been the focus of most of the attention on Mars. In the matter of radiation safety for a flight to Mars and the design of a base on the Moon, there is a similar range of tasks. Of course, each project has its own characteristics. So for the lunar base, it is necessary to establish sources of radiation. They are GKI, own radiation, local relief. Therefore, good protection against this primary radiation in the form of dynamic and static barriers is needed. Inside the station, another problem arises - this is secondary radiation, which will have to be mainly dealt with by means of technical and biochemical methods aimed mainly at increasing the adaptive capabilities of the organism. So, when the human body absorbs 300 Gy, nausea and vomiting occurs. Individual and complex dosimetry instruments are important assistants in the assessment of radiation. They can also be used to estimate the dose on board the ship or base, as well as on equipment that may fail, as well as the dose received by the astronaut himself. Special protection is created for the systems and the astronaut.
In this regard, scientific directions in general and individual dosimetry, information transformation in cells, fundamental chemistry and physics are actively developing. An important result can be noted the creation and implementation of phantoms imitating human organs on board the spacecraft, individual dosimeters with a wide range of energies and the ability to integrally read discrete energy values ​​of incoming energy, both in activity peaks and ordinary ones.
In general, conceptual issues for ensuring radiation safety at the proposed lunar base are considered. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that new issues of protection and control are considered, as well as the latest data on the interaction of cosmic ionizing radiation with inanimate and living matter. A description is given of what physiological effect radiation has on a person in space (on various organs and systems). Protection from radiation using natural soil is proposed and analyzed from a physical and mathematical point of view. The most promising directions for studying radiation in space are indicated. In general, the work is a generalized material on this topic. In particular, some information may be useful for specialists involved in preparing a flight to the red planet.
In our opinion, knowledge is not enough to build a lunar database. First of all, it is necessary to adapt the body to such radiation loads, the next range of tasks will be reduced to technical means of protecting the base or spacecraft from primary radiation. The science of biophysics will provide tremendous help in solving the problem of the effect of radiation on living matter, theoretical physics is necessary for understanding the interaction of energy falling on matter with it. We need fundamentally new and non-standard solutions. The future depends on our teamwork.

The subject of this thesis is «What are the underlying causes for helicopter accidents in aerial work in Norway». «- can they be explained through culture, structure and supervising authorities – and a combination of these factors?».  Aerial work in Norway have taken its toll in number of fatal accidents, in spite of an increased safety focus.  My theoretical framework is based on organizational theory, both structure and culture. In addition, theories of high reliability and risk exposed organizations, and how these are handled in the aviation network, make out the base of the study. Data collection was done using a triangulation method between a small N design, quantitative inspired survey and a qualitative study. The survey was done among helicopter company managers and CAA-inspectors. The findings gave a deep insight of the inner life of safety management, both in the companies and regulatory offices. Shortcomings were revealed to be of such standard, that efficient risk and safety management are difficult to uphold. 

The results from this study show strong support for my hypothesis, and I concluded that all the factors mentioned in the initial questions, both singularly, and in combination, are providers for inherent causes to the accident rate.

Categorisation theory explains our ability to recognise events in terms of a similarity overlap between either a prototypical, ideal case or a stored exemplar derived from experience. Evidence from aviation accident reports indicate that pilots are not always able to recognise flight safety events in real-time and this can lead to undesirable pilot behaviour. Flight safety events may not always arise in recognisable formats, especially as rare and unusual combinations are possible. Correspondence with prototypes or exemplars may be weak, creating borderline cases and harming recognition. In this article we extend categorisation theory to develop a new framework which characterises flight safety events. We model three case studies using the new framework to demonstrate how categorisation theory can be used to understand flight safety events of different types. Finally we propose a roadmap for future research and discuss how categorisation theory could be applied to training or the organisation of flight crew reference material to improve response to inflight events.

Recommendation of Eugenia Mbuña’s  MCAS IN THE BOEING 737 MAX

Robert M. Cutler

October 9, 2019

This paper is an excellent, concise introduction to the Boeing 737 Max crash history problem. It includes the Airbus competion cause, change to old 737s, added/hidden Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MACS), and lack of crew training/ignorance of MCAS turnoff causing fatal dives. Possible enhancements could mentions of the (1) lack of MCAS “critical” designation with three “voting” Angle of Attack (AoA) sensors/displays, (2) FIRST vertically unstable (nose-up and nose-down; both short-term and phugoid?) passenger airliner, (3) impaired maneuverability for high or gusty crosswinds/turbulence or impact avoidance, (4) larger engine, low-ground clearance runway/intake hazards, (5) need for airframe redesign e.g. longer landing gear, under-wing engines, and larger tail and (6) if no redesign, unfortunate precedents for future unstable aircraft and rewarding profit-over-safety.

The article shows analysis of flight safety indices and aviation security of the Russian Federation in comparison with global indices. Based on the analysis results, conclusions have been made about the necessity in systematization of data acquisition and processing in the task of increasing the level of flight safety and aviation security by means of joining of regulatory bodies and servicing providers within the considered activity areas into a single information space. The possibilities to use principle of continuous monitoring mechanism are considered within the framework of universal check programs of ICAO in the areas of control assurance for flight assurance and aviation security in relation to tasks on construction of information systems of state control and monitoring within the concerned activity areas. Due to complexity and evident interaction of state systems of control for flight safety and aviation security assurance an approach is proposed for creation of two-level system for monitoring of control efficiency for flight safety and aviation security.

Any illegal action carried out in the ever-growing aviation industry worldwide leads to death of innocent people, serious material losses and the image of both airline companies and countries where aircraft are registered. In order to ensure aviation security, there are many preventive practices and controls at airports, including pre-flight and post-flight processes. One of the measures taken against the events that endanger the security of the flight crew, passengers and aircraft is to have a security officer during the flight. Practice of in flight security officer is a new practice on the agenda of Turkish civil aviation, although it has been in force for aviation security in some countries. For this reason, it is aimed to carry out this study in order to contribute to the formation of the Turkish literature on the concept of in flight security officer. The purpose of this research is to examine duties, history, practice ways worldwide, legislation of in flight security officers and the recent situation of this practice in Turkey conceptually. Document analysis method was used to collect data in the research. In this context, the literature on in flight security officer practices has been extensively studied. According to research results, it has been observed that in flight security officers in the aviation industry have been used in many countries, especially in United States of America, since the early 1960s. In Turkey, the practice of in flight security officer are expected to enter into force in 2020. However, it has been seen that there are discussions about the duties of in flight security officer, authority of using weapons during the flight and the cost of the practice to the airline companies. The research is thought to contribute to the literature on aviation security.

I submitted a question regarding Boeing 737 Max re-certification some time ago; regretfully, the answer that was automatically promised has not arrived. This time, I will only ask if your re-certification team will carefully consider the points made by independent experts that show why simple changes involving only instrumentation, software, maintenance, and training are not suitable to replace some airframe redesign and re-designation (outside of the 737 series) for passive aerodynamic vertical stability-as with other airline passenger craft, avoiding possible problems from reduced maneuverability under a range of challenging conditions (nose up, level, or down), low ground clearance hazards, and new precedents for both unstable aircraft and rewards for putting short-term profit ahead of safety. One expert suggests longer landing gear, engine relocation back under the wings, and a larger tail. Such design change will take time and money, possibly requiring government support, but is best in the long term. Please ask the re-certification team to consider all of these factors and the supporting details, such as found at these three internet links: https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/2/18518176/boeing-737-max-crash-problems-human-error-mcas-faa (a comprehensive accident explanation at all levels) AND https://spectrum.ieee.org/aerospace/aviation/how-the-boeing-737-max-disaster-looks-to-a-software-developer.amp.html (the author is also a pilot) AND http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/03/is-the-boeing-737-max-worth-saving.html (which suggests the redesign above). Also please reply to confirm full consideration of the facts and priority of safety. Thank you!

Aviation development for the last 15 years showed the great significance of aircraft technical operating capabilities (TOC - flight safety, reliability, testability, and maintainability) ensuring at all stages of life-cycle, besides high aircraft performance, to achieve economical efficiency of operations, high level of safety, and despatch reliability. Paper outline activities of the Gromov Flight Research Institute in the domain of the aircraft technical operating capabilities ensuring and evaluation

This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of live, virtual (simulation) and constructive (live and simulation) environments.  The need to transfer training from live to simulation provides benefits for the owning organization both in reduced costs and improved efficiency.  The paper uses a straw-man case to introduce the topic then goes on the explain the advantages and disadvantages of each environment.