Airline operations

Birinci bölümde havayolu taşımacılığında finansal yönetimin temel özellikleri belirtilmektedir. Bu amaçla ilk olarak sırasıyla finansal yönetim ve önemi ile birlikte finans yöneticisi tarafından verilen temel finansal kararlar açıklanmakta, bir işletmedeki finans yöneticisinin temel sorumlulukları sıralanmakta ve organizasyonda finans bölümünün konumu belirtilmektedir. Daha sonra ise endüstrinin finansal performansı ile kısa ve uzun vadeli stratejileri açıklanarak finansal yönetimin havayolu taşımacılığı için önemi vurgulanmaktadır.
İkinci bölümde havayolu işletmelerinin maliyet yapısı açıklanarak maliyetlerin kontrol edilmesi için yapılması gerekenler ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınmaktadır.
Bölümde ilk olarak havayolu işletmelerinin maliyetleri sınıflandırılmakta, maliyetlerin neleri kapsadığı örneklerle ele alınmakta ve sayısal verilerle desteklenmektedir. Buna ek olarak havayolu işletmelerinin maliyetleri azaltmak amacıyla neler yapmaları, hangi stratejileri uygulamaları gerektiği ayrıntılı bir şekilde açıklanmaktadır. Son olarak uygulanan iş modeli esas alınarak havayolu işletmelerinin maliyet yapıları değerlendirilmektedir.
Üçüncü bölümde ilk kısımlarda havacılık ve havaalanı güvenliğinin tarihçesi üzerinde durularak, 11 Eylül terör saldırıları ve etkileri tartışılmaktadır. Takip eden başlıklarda; 11 Eylül terör saldırıları sonucunda havacılık güvenliğinin arttırılması için alınan tedbirler ve bu saldırılara karşı reaktif mücadele yerine proaktif mücadelede etkin olacak Risk Yönetimi kavramı üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu bölümde son olarak güvenliğin sağlanmasında insan faktörünün önemi
açıklanmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde ilk olarak havaalanı ve havayolu ilişkisinde meydana gelen değişimler, havaalanı ve havayolu işletmelerini işbirliğine yönelten nedenler, dikey işbirliği çeşitleri açıklanmaktadır. Daha sonra ise ağ taşıyıcı merkez havaalanı
ilişkisi, düşük maliyetli taşıyıcı-ikincil havaalanı ilişkisi ve havaalanı-havayolu dikey işbirlikleri üzerinde yasal düzenlemelerin etkisi tartışılmaktadır. Beşinci bölümde öncelikle hava taşımacılığının ekonomik katkıları daha sonra hava taşımacılığının sosyal katkıları ele alınmaktadır. Genel olarak hava taşımacılığı ve yerel anlamda ele alındığında havaalanı faaliyetleri sonucu meydana çıkan olumsuz çevresel etkiler kısaca sıralanıp hava taşımacılığında sürdürülebilirlik
kriterleri sunulmaktadır. Altıncı bölümde hava taşımacılığı sektörünün en önemli unsurlarından biri olan havayolu işletmelerinin, dünyanın en küreselleşmiş sektörlerinden biri olan hava taşımacılığı sektöründe rakiplerine karşı sürdürülebilir bir rekabet avantajı elde etmede yararlandıkları yeni, modern, çağdaş yönetim yaklaşımları ele alınmıştır.
Bu amaçla ilk olarak söz konusu bu yeni yönetim yaklaşımlarından birkaçı kavramsal olarak ele alınmakta, ikinci olarak havayolu işletmelerini yeni yaklaşımları uygulamaya götüren temeller ele alınmaktadır. Daha sonra söz konusu yeni yönetim yaklaşımlarının havayolu işletmeleri tarafından nasıl kullanıldıkları ve ne gibi avantajlar sağladığı vb. hususlar açıklanmaktadır.
Yedinci bölümde sürdürülebilirlik kavramının üç saç ayağından biri olan sosyal etkiler üzerinde durularak, yapılan bazı araştırmaların sonuçları ışığında güvenliğin artırılması amacı ile getirilen uygulamaların toplumsal etkilerine, bu etkilerin güvenlik görevlileri ve dolayısıyla güvenlik süreçlerinin etkinliği üzerindeki döngüsel süreçlerine odaklanılmaktadır. Bu amaçla sırasıyla havaalanı güvenlik önlemlerinin gereklilikleri, havaalanı güvenlik hizmetleri ve bileşenleri açıklanarak
yolcu memnuniyetinin havaalanı güvenlik süreçlerine etkisi tartışılmaktadır.
Sekizinci bölümde turizm endüstrisinin gelişiminde hayati öneme sahip olan havayolu taşımacılığı turizm ilişkisi açıklanmaktadır. Bölümde ilk olarak hava taşımacılığı ve turizm endüstrisinin dünyada ve Türkiye’de mevcut durumu ele alınmaktadır. Sonraki kısımlarda ise hava taşımacılığı turizm ilişkisi ele alınarak kısa bir Türkiye değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır.
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ünal BATTAL

This paper provides the conclusions after applying Agent Based Modelling to solve different hub airline delay situations. The airlines are provided with different strategies to act when delay is encountered in the different stages. Cost optimisation strategies show that delay is transferred from connecting passengers to non-connecting passengers to reduce the amount of missing connections. The optimisation of costs reaches 0.7% in nominal delay conditions. Scenarios with higher fuel costs show aircraft flying slower to reduce fuel costs, increasing delay costs.

Managers from the large multinational firms to the smallest domestic firms believe that managing people effectively plays a pivotal role in success in today's highly competitive marketplace. The relationship that we have with our people and the cultural norms of our company is our most sustainable competitive advantage. The role of human resources effectively comprises of the activities that organizations use to control the competencies and the psychology of the people who work for them. These competencies decide the profitability, customer satisfaction and many other mandatory measures of organizational effectiveness like Human Resource management. Ensuring these competencies is the key strategic challenge. These factors play a pivotal role in any organization and is important to everyone who work for it.Involvement of everyone in the organization is required to meet the challenges of managing people. Many companies have cultural diversity in workforces. This is applicable from medium to small sized businesses and as well as to global organizations. The existence of a diversity in cultural workforce derive some important implications for the policies of human resource management. The Multicultural Workforce management takes a systematic approach in connecting organizational features and activities to key discrete aspects of national culture. Workplaces today consists of people who are diverse and unique in their race, religion & culture, language, gender, age & education and the like. To have ease of communication with such diverse people demands good sensitivity to cultural differences. Cultural diversity of a company has a cascading effects on the way its organizational messages are restrained, collected, distributed & perceived and how it is elucidated. Cultural diversity is a universal term used in reference to varying differences in race, religion & culture, language, gender, age & education, abilities, interests& opinions and expectations as well. In this paper an attempt is made to identify the reasons for the development of multicultural workforce, the resultant challenges and the ways to manage effectively the diversified workforce in the global scenario.

‘HEPA/MERV’ (High Efficiency Particulate Air / Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value) filtration technologies are consistently advertised with efficiency ‘claims’ close to 100%.  Although such results may be achieved during specific short-term laboratory testing, they are completely ‘unsubstantiated’ in relation to the ‘effectiveness’ of the device under actual operating scenarios for capturing particulate matter (PM), micro-organisms and toxic chemicals!

Disruption management is one of the most important scheduling problems in the airline industry because of the elevated costs associated, however this is relatively new research area comparing for example with fleet and tail assignment. The major goal to solve this kind of problem is to achieve a feasible solution for the airline company minimizing the several costs involved and within time constraints. An approach to solve operational problems causing disruptions is presented using different specialized methodologies for the problems with aircrafts and crewmembers including flight graph based with meta-heuristic optimization algorithms. These approaches were built to fit on a multi-agent system with specialist agents solving disruptions. A comparative analysis of the algorithms is also presented. Using a complete month real dataset we demonstrate an example how the system handled disruption events. The resulting application is able to solve disruption events optimizing costs and respecting operational constraints.

Abstract—Both areas, airline planning and railway planning, have attracted a significant interest from the operations research and optimization community during the past decades. Although both areas have significant similarities, ie transport of people and goods according to ...

Multi-airport systems are growing in number and size globally, despite being afflicted by known inefficiencies due to the interferences between the flows of neighbouring airports. A macroscopic empirical approach is proposed in this paper to estimate the capacity penalties and demonstrated by a numerical case study for Beijing, which is projected to become one of the busiest metroplexes in Asia. The Pareto envelopes of the theoretical and observed peak hour capacities are statistically analysed to quantify the penalties in a comparable metroplex and are subsequently modulated by a sigmoid correlation function. The analysis predicts the practical capacity of Daxing, the penalty incurred by the pre-existing Capital airport and by the total multi-airport system. Various findings are drawn and discussed, highlighting the needs for further research.

Safety performance measurement of an airline company is the objective evidence providing how well the organization is executing its own safety management system (SMS), which should cooperate deeply with State safety program (SSP). In order to appropriately measure the safety performances of airline companies, studies on building an appropriate structure of safety performance indicators (SPIs) is required as the first step. This study reviews on the definition and required characteristics of SPIs, structures of SPIs guided in some fields other than aviation, and recommendations from the ICAO about safety performance measurement. Then, a structure of SPIs expressing safety performance in flight operation of an airline is proposed. It has a hierarchical structure that is composed with "event level SPIs," "flight phase level SPIs," and an "organizational level SPI." Some recommendations on selecting the lists of both event and flight phase level indicators are provided as well.

Large-scale air transport modernisation initiatives including the Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research (SESAR), Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) and Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative for Aeronautics and Air Transport aim to improve the operational efficiency, safety and environmental sustainability of aviation. Scientific advances in Air Transport Management (ATM) and avionic systems are required to achieve the ambitious goals set by national and international aviation organisations. This paper presents the recent advances in ATM and avionic system concepts, integrated architectures and trajectory generation algorithms, to be adopted in Next Generation Avionics Flight Management Systems (NG-FMS) and ground-based 4-Dimensional Trajectory Planning, Negotiation and Validation (4-PNV) systems. Current research efforts are focussed on the development of NG-FMS and 4-PNV systems for Four Dimensional (4D) Trajectory/Intent Based Operations (TBO/IBO), enabling automated negotiation and validation of aircraft intents and thus alleviating the workload of operators. After describing the NG-FMS/4PNV concept of operations, the overall system architecture and the key mathematical models describing the 4DT optimisation algorithms are introduced. Simulation case studies utilising realistic operational scenarios highlight the generation and optimisation of a family of 4DT intents by the NG-FMS corresponding to a set of performance weightings agreed between Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP) and Airline Operation Centres (AOC). The savings on time, fuel burn and gaseous emissions (CO2 and NOx) associated with the globally optimal 4DT intents are presented. The developed optimisation and negotiation/validation loops meet the timeframe requirements of typical online tactical routing/rerouting tasks.

This paper investigates the still evolving strategic trajectories and the context adopted for the procedures for inducting a Least Risk Bomb Location (LRBL) that began with discretionary participation by various aircraft manufacturers approximately in the year 1972, where the use of a specific procedure has been designed to decrease the effects of an explosion significantly in the aircraft's passenger cabins of large commercial airplanes. Additionally, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has provided the information on the location of the LRBL and guidance to various operators (National/International) on the procedures to use when a suspected threat item is found on-board an airplane. The designation of LRBL for aero planes is intended to be used solely for the transport of cargo, where an aero plane must include a designated location where a bomb or other explosive device could be designated to protect integrity of the structure and flight-critical systems from damage in the case of detonation occurs.

Air transport has been one of the most dynamic branches of the Romanian economy in recent years. After slow progress in the 1990s when there were many years of negative economic growth, the years of relative prosperity in the run-up to EU accession in 2007 have boosted passenger numbers, along with the availability of economy fares linked with the rise of low-cost airlines. The paper provides first an introduction to Romanian aviation and proceeds with a review of developments for both airlines and airports. Romania has been scoring notable successes with the rise of successful private companies (e.g. Blue Air and Carpatair), while the leading regional airports are fully matching the dynamism of Bucharest in terms of passenger numbers and improved facilities. However, the performance of the regional airports is uneven due to the intensity of competition within ‘multi-airport regions’ which seems likely to intensify in future as new airports come on stream. The paper examines the situation in the Romanian West Region and demonstrates that competition must be seen in a cross-border context there; taking note of facilities in both Hungary and Serbia, where the respective capitals are much closer to the West Region than the Romanian capital Bucharest.
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Airport Engineering incorporates the design, planning, and construction of runways, terminals, and navigation assistance to provide an entrenched service for passengers and freight service. Airport engineers design and construct airports. They majorly consider the influences and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. These engineers must use the investigation of largest wind direction to design runway orientation, safety areas and to determine the size of the runway border, different wing tip to wing clearances for all gates and must designate the clear zones in the entire port. In this literature a detailed view of airport layout planning is studied and also a simple designed airport layout for ports near water bodies is presented.