Flight Simulators Design

Virtual Reality has opened countless paths for people to experience activities that would be deemed dangerous. With the advent of affordable, consumer-level virtual reality appliances appearing in the market in the last 5 years, more and more dangerous sports have become virtually accessible to the general public at a fraction of their real-life prices. Air sports is one of those dangerous sports, with thousands of novice fliers involving themselves in accidents every year around the world. Paragliding/paramotoring training usually takes place on the field, where injuries are prone to occur. This research project aims to rectify this problem by developing a safe and helpful way for beginners to learn and experience the thrill of paramotoring from the comfort of their homes. The project utilises a 2-DOF parallel mechanism that can simulate both roll and pitch movement, which at first may sound limited, but is very convincing once the mind is tricked by visual and auditory cues. 2-DOF parallel manipulators also answer the question of cost, as the number of moving parts is less than conventional 6-DOF motion platforms such as the Stewart Platform. This project aims to deliver on the experience of piloting a paramotor trike in landed and aerial modes, in recreational or training scenarios as well as provide path planning and live monitoring by the trainer. The motion seat is designed to be powered by two linear actuators, which attach to the back of the seat to deliver the pitch and roll motions. The software is designed in Unity, a free game development engine with support for virtual reality content.

This document is the first annex of an attempted book that maybe never see the day. It contains a summary on the subject of the international standard atmosphere that I couldn't find in the literature and, therefore, I had to develop. The eight-layer algorithm at the end of the document, written in pseudo - code, is what I use in my simulation programs. Also, I used to ask my students to develop such a code for the first term exam in a course of flight mechanics. I will appreciate any comment you can make about this document ( please, send a message).

The old flight instruments made by right brothers have only limited flight instruments that to only mechanical devices such as airspeed indicators, oil pressure gauge, fuel tank and single engine. The trend towards modern aircrafts have advanced features such as mentioned in this article all electronic instruments displays radar such as altimeter, attitude indicator, multiple engines displays of all parameters of aircraft. Indexing terms: fight instruments; pfd airspeed indicator; attitude indicator etc; INTRODUCTION Primary Flight Display (PFD) A PFD presents information about primary flight instruments, navigation instruments, and the status of the flight in one integrated display. Some systems include power plant information and other systems information in the same display. A typical primary flight display is shown in Figure 2-1. Primary Flight Instruments Flight instrument presentations on a PFD differ from conventional instrumentation not only in format, but sometimes in location as well. For example, the attitude indicator on the PFD in Figure 2-1 is larger than conventional round-dial presentations of an artificial horizon. Airspeed and altitude indications are presented on vertical tape displays that appear on the left and right sides of the primary flight display. The vertical speed indicator is depicted using conventional analog presentation. Turn coordination is shown using a segmented triangle near the top of the attitude indicator. The rate-of-turn indicator appears as a curved line display at the top of the heading/navigation instrument in the lower half of the PFD. Cross-Checking the Primary Flight Instruments The PFD is not intended to change the fundamental way in which you scan your instruments during attitude instrument flying. The PFD supports the same familiar control and performance, or primary and supporting methods you use with conventional flight instruments. For example, when using the primary and supporting method to maintain level flight, the altimeter is still the primary instrument for pitch, while the attitude indicator is a direct indicator and the vertical speed indicator provides supporting information. However, you need to train your eyes to find and interpret these instruments in their new formats and locations. Common Errors: Altitude Excursions and Fixation Pilots experienced in the use of conventional flight instruments tend to deviate from assigned altitudes during their initial experience with the PFD, while they adjust to the tape display presentation of altitude information. Another common error is the tendency to fixate and correct deviations as small as one to two feet at the expense of significant deviations on other parameters.

Designing a robot physically and validating it at every step is an arduous task. Contemporary robotics simulators can help to achieve laborious physics simulations, 3D visualizations, virtual robot modeling and novel research work that save time and money. Simulators are written in numerous programming languages like C, C++, Java, C# and other OOP languages that decide their platform compatibility. Some robot simulators use physics engines like ODE, Karma Engine for better simulation that include responses like collision detection, scene representation and rigid body simulations. Some use sophisticated 3D graphic aids like OpenGL and Graphic cards (NVidia, ATI) rather than traditional Direct3D, considering various facets like cost, portability and extensions. Codes can be transferred to the real robots from some simulators after proper verification for their operation. Unlimited features like multiplayer, controllers transference over networks, `special effects' and so forth, keep on pouring. This paper proffers some of the widespread commercial/ open-source simulators for robots and UAVs used in market. Further, I conclude that any kind of robot including legged, wheeled or UAVs can be simulated using simulators available in market with continuous endeavors to upgrade these simulators.

In general aviation, 85% of the crashes seem to be caused by pilots' errors (Li, Baker, Grabowski, & Rebok, 2001) and 46% of the crashes occur at airports (Li & Baker, 1999). It is important to determine if the same factors influence the flying performance and the landing decision making and to uncover which factors, among the pilot's cognitive status, personality traits, and experience, are the most predictive. We examined in 24 general aviation pilots the relationship between those factors and the flying performance and weather-related decision-making relevance. The cognitive assessment encompassed the three basic executive functions (Miyake et al., 2000), reasoning, and psychomotor velocity. The personal characteristics were age, flight experience, and level of impulsivity. Reasoning, updating in working memory, and flight experience were predictive of the flight performance. In addition, updating in working memory, flight experience, and level of impulsivity were linked with weather-related decision-making relevance.

Companies all around the world are engaged in development of a flight simulator device that imitates aircraft
operation and environment for flight crew piloting training. The research of the flight simulator device’s technical components
shows that a training complex can be divided into several parts, one of which is the Instructor Station hardware-software
complex. Therefore, usually in each simulator developer faces the problem of creating an instructor station software. This
software allows the instructor, who teaches aircraft piloting, to set flight parameters, monitor and control training device sub-
systems. It is very often that this software is unique for every training device developer. Nevertheless the general and basic
functions are discernible among all flight simulator device manufacturers. The article considers typical functions of the instruc-
tor station software, as well as the logic of software interaction with the simulator subsystems.
Keywords: flight simulation device, mathematical modeling, simulation device software, crew piloting training.

Research in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has been plagued by difficulties in performing realistic simulations. For instance, most of the existing coverage optimization techniques presuppose that the region covered by a sensor node is a disc characterized by the radio transmission range. This assumption is rigorously false because of the propagation phenomena including fading and shadowing. This paper investigates the impact of these radio propagation phenomena on the coverage optimization strategy in a WSN. We rely on the log-normal shadowing model to represent the effect of the environmental features on the WSN performance. We propose a coverage model taking into account irregular radio propagation. We carry out a mathematical analysis to compute the average number of targets a sensor would detect under both perfect and irregular propagation conditions. We also conduct simulations to assess our random deployment model with respect to the existing strategies.

ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4917648

This paper describes the experimental setup of an immersive flight simulation system. The base system was created by a group of students during one semester as a bachelor project. A study revealed that a high degree of presence is achievable by the combination of body-posture based control and 3D visualization via a head-mounted display while freely hanging in a climbing gear. Furthermore the results of a study that compares two different steering methods are presented and finally discussed. The Superman method provides directional control by changing the posture of a single straightened arm. Movements of the whole upper-body with outstretched arms determine the control in Bird control. Both control methods seem to be quite interesting and intuitively controllable but show individual preferences among the participants of the study.

: A training need exits for a common, cost-effective virtual reality simulation platform for aircraft maintenance training. The need is driven by a lack of concurrency between equipment and simulators, inaccessibility of equipment and simulators for training, high life-cycle and sustainment costs for training simulators, and the absence of full-scale assets or mock-up devices at training squadrons. In the absence of training assets and devices, resident training has been restricted to traditional methods such as referencing technical orders and academic courseware. An additional need for on-demand training at operational units has contributed to increased costs by allowing maintainers to use operational flight simulators that often require declassification for maintenance training purposes. This paper describes the assessment of the Virtual Environment Safe-for-maintenance Trainer and development of the Generalized Operations Simulation Environment, the next generation virtual reali...

Simulation gaming (SG) has been used for learning since their introduction in the 1960’s. Most of the research on learning from SG is focused on academic rather than corporate environments, thereby suggesting a gap in the research on organisational learning (OL) through simulations. The aim of this research was to examine if SG can lead to OL in practice, and which factors play a role therein. Eight semi-structured interviews with global HR and Learning and Development professionals were conducted, whereby the interview results were measured against existing SG literature to formulate grounded theory. The results indicated that SG leads to OL in practice, provided certain factors are taken into account. Lastly, recommendations and limitations were identified for further research and practice. Keywords: Individual learning; Organisational Learning; Grounded theory; Simulation
Gaming; Debriefing.

The positive effects of Flight Simulation Training Devices (FSDT) for the training of professional pilots is well-known. Small flight schools and flying clubs in the private and amateur sector could also profit from the advantages of FSDT's, but the costs and administrative efforts of typical FSDT's are often too high for such small actors. VRbased FSDTs could fill this gap, because hardware and software are based on consumer products. Requirements on VR-based FSDTs are related to the perception of the simulated situation, both in terms of the body (German "Körper") and the lived body (German "Leib"), as well as the interaction with the simulated systems. Challenges exist regarding performance, visual quality and interaction in the VR world. Here different assessments are necessary for different training scenarios. This is evaluated in ongoing research.

W przedstawionej pracy podjęto problematykę badawczą dotyczącą modelowania układu przedsionkowego pilota na potrzeby oceny algorytmu sterowania układem ruchu symulatora lotu. Zastosowane podejście badawcze polega na wykorzystaniu modelu narządu przedsionkowego i ośrodkowego układu nerwowego pilota do estymacji percepcji położenia oraz prędkości liniowej i kątowej w warunkach jednocześnie działających na pilota przyspieszeń liniowych i kątowych. Badanie przeprowadzono metodą obliczeń numerycznych, do których wykorzystano prędkości kątowe zarejestrowane w trakcie szkoleń pilotów w symulatorze lotu Gyro-IPT. Ocena algorytmu sterowania, a tym samym jakościowego odwzorowania przy-spieszeń dotyczyła oceny skuteczności zdefiniowanych do celów treningowych profili wywołujących utratę orientacji przestrzennej. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają właściwy dobór generowanych programowo prędkości kątowych kabiny w profilu ze złudzeniem przechylenia, co dowodzi, że algorytm sterowania układem ruchu symulatora poprawnie odwzorowuje przyspieszenia kątowe wywołujące danego typu dezorientację przestrzenną w locie.

The measurement of partial discharge (PD) is used in the performance assessment of an insulation system in high voltage components. Through modeling the discharge process a better understanding of the phenomena may be attained. This paper is an extension from previous works by the same authors which have considered the modeling of PD activity from a spherical cavity by using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method. However, this paper describes the development of an improved model for a spherical cavity within a homogeneous dielectric material. The model developed has been used to study the influence of applied frequency on PD activity. The model has also been used to simulate the PD measurement results. Therefore, parameters in the model that are affecting PD frequency dependent behavior can be identified through comparison between experimental measurement and simulation results. © 2009 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5166323

Creating qualified human resources is the vision and mission of every Aviation Education Institute. One of the efforts made to realize the vision and mission is by improving the quality of the performance of the instructor or instructor. This is because to improve the quality of human beings is certainly not apart from the quality of teaching the instructors in producing the results of quality education. Regarding the performance of the instructor, this instructor's performance appraisal is needed within the internal quality assurance framework in the form of feedback for instructors and institutional leaders. Based on this, it is necessary a decision support system in assessing lecturers in the field of teaching within the Institute of Aviation Education. One of the methods used in Decision Support System is the Preference Rank Method of Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (Promethee). Where the application of promethee method will give results in the form of ranking in the process of appraisal performance of instructors, especially in the field of teaching within the Institute of Aviation. From the comparison result shown in table 7, the result of manual accuracy and with the lowest software 85% and the highest accuracy is 90%. From the test results either with manual or software can be generated a decent ranking to get the best Instructor performance assessment in the field of aviation.

Simulator sickness is a common problem when using centrifuge-based flight simulator. During centrifuge-based training, achieving a G-baseline level and returning to a complete stop after each G-profile still cause unpleasant sensations and motion sickness. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal G-baseline level and the optimal approach motion cueing when the centrifuge-based flight simulator achieved and returned from this G-baseline level. A model of motion sickness incidence (MSI) was used to elucidate the optimal solution of motion cueing. The motion stimuli were computed based on an inverse kinematics model of the centrifuge-based motion system. For each analysed G-baseline profile, there were stimuli that provoked the occurrence of MSI. These stimuli were directly proportional to the applied G-onset rate. There was found the optimal G-baseline level at 1.41 G and optimal motion cueing (0.05 G/s) that gave the minimal MSI. Up to 41% and 32% a reduction in the MSI could be obtained during the achievement and return from this G-baseline level, respectively. In order to confirm obtained results further studies should be performed with participants in an actual centrifuge-based flight simulator.

This current experiment was an attempt to measure workload during flight simulation, using two primary variables: the pilots' own evaluation sampled once per minute with a computer and the latency or delay of that response. This was supplemented by a post-flight questionnaire ...

The paper presents an inverse kinematic model for a centrifuge motion simulator used to verify newly defined absolute acceleration profiles. The modelling is concerned with a human training centrifuge with three degrees of freedom. The values of kinematic parameters have been obtained for this three-jointed manipulator. Validation of the developed model has been performed by comparing the results obtained from the centrifuge motion simulator with the results of numerical simulations. The simulation revealed that the inverse kinematic model enabled calculation of the angular displacement, velocity and acceleration of the links that are needed for the given linear acceleration of the simulator cabin.

Najnowocześniejsze wirówki przeciążeniowe pełnią również funkcję dynamicznego symulatora lotu. W artykule podjęto problematykę dotyczącą oceny jakości odwzorowania przy-spieszeń w tego typu symulatorze. Kryterium tej oceny była wierność odczuć percepcyjnych pilota. Do obliczenia wierności wykorzystano klasyczną metodę, w której subiektywną ocenę pilota zastąpiono modelem jego percepcji orientacji przestrzennej. Obiektem badań był dynamiczny symulator lotu – wirówka przeciążeniowa HTC-07. W obliczeniach wykorzystano dane z lotu rzeczywistego samolotu F-16 oraz dane zarejestrowane w symulatorze podczas odtwarzania profilu tego lotu. Ocenę jakości odwzorowania przyspieszeń przeprowadzono metodą obliczeń numerycznych. Wyniki tych obliczeń symulacyjnych wskazały, że symulator HTC-07 ma średnią jakość odwzorowania przyspieszenia liniowego, natomiast niską jakość odwzorowania położenia kątowego i przyspieszenia grawitacyjnego. Pomimo, że jakość odwzorowania przyspieszania liniowego nie osiągnęła najwyższego stopnia, to biorąc pod uwagę fakt, że układ ruchu symulatora HTC-07 ma jedynie trzy stopnie swobody, można stwierdzić, że poziom odwzorowania jest wystarczający do realizacji szkoleń i treningów pilotów.