Performance Engineering

This paper describes the development of a methodology to import key products of the DoD Architecture Framework into an executable form to conduct a dynamic analysis of the Command and Control (C2) system or capability represented by the architecture. Dynamic analysis of these models enables a user to assess the impact of change and determine measures of performance and effectiveness. The research team successfully implemented the methodology in a demonstration that made a three-way link among a business process model, a communications network model, and a combat simulation representing the system's operational environment. We linked these models together via the Runtime Infrastructure (RTI) of the High Level Architecture (HLA). Basic HLA interactions that we established allowed key events in the combat simulation to initiate one or more business processes in the process model. As a business process proceeded in time, the process model requested from the communications model a de...

The object of this work is the investigation of new locally swept grid fins (lattice wings) regarding its potential of the performance improvement at high speeds. Detailed examinations include numerical simulations of the supersonic flow around the conventional and locally swept planar and lattice wings of infinite span as well as direct force measurements at corresponding realistic finite span models in the Ludwieg Tube Facility at DLR (RWG). The investigations were performed at free-stream Mach numbers from 2 to 6 for angles of attack varied from 0 to 10 degrees. The performance of the lattice wings was assessed on the basis of the zero-lift drag and lift-to-drag ratio, both the major parameters in wing design. The numerical and experimental results show that the novel design of the lattice wings has distinct advantages in comparison to the conventional not-swept configurations. Compared to conventional lattice wings the maximum benefit e.g. of the zero-lift total drag for the inv...

: This report summarizes the results of a two year project led by the Naval Facilities Engineering and ExpeditionaryWarfare Center to demonstrate the potential for the patented I2 infusion system to reduce the rate of foul within Department of Defense shipboard heat exchangers. Fouling of DoD shipboard heat exchangers is a chronic and costly operating problem that requires significant maintenance. The heat transfer performance and efficiency decreases due to the fouling of the heat exchanger plates and tubes resulting in additional fuel consumption and increased greenhouse gases. Costly and labor consuming, remedial chemical cleaning protocols currently used produce considerable hazardous waste. Through the infusion of air containing elemental iodine vapor into the heat exchanger, this demonstration has shown that the formation of biological foul has been reduced and the period between physical cleanings extended while maintaining acceptable system parameters.

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This paper describes an algorithm for distributed acoustic navigation for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). Whereas typical AUV navigation systems utilize pre-calibrated arrays of static transponders, our work seeks to create a fully mobile network of AUVs that perform acoustic ranging and data exchange with one another to achieve cooperative positioning for extended duration missions over large areas. The algorithm enumerates possible solutions for the AUV trajectory based on dead-reckoning and range-only measurements provided by acoustic modems that are mounted on each vehicle, and chooses the trajectory via minimization of a cost function based on these constraints. The resulting algorithm is computationally efficient, meets the strict bandwidth requirements of available AUV modems, and has potential to scale well to networks of large numbers of vehicles. The method has undergone extensive experimentation, and results from three different scenarios are reported in this paper...

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Constructed system with autonomy can be considered as possessing intelligence, if intelligence is understood as a metaphor. It is useful to be aware of that, when defining desirable features for constructed systems, in areas such as reflecting the world (ontology), definition and pursuit of goals (teleology), or general human-like behavior (anthropomorphism). Modeling and simulating integrated systems exemplify the usage of multi-scale, multi-disciplinary representations, as a basis for increasing the autonomy of some specific constructed systems. Measuring the intelligence of constructed systems requires a Vector of Metrics for Intelligence. Its components will be defined by different means, such as conducting existence tests for essential capabilities, measuring the power to eliminate unnecessary exploration, competitions of hardware-compatible systems, or vote by a jury.

The purpose of this thesis was to develop an algorithm to prevent departure and/or pilot-induced oscillations (PIO) due to actuator rate limiting. Computer simulation, motion-based simulation, and finally, flight test were used to validate the thesis.

The benefits of applying low plasticity burnishing (LPB) to 17-4PH Stainless Steel (H1100) on both the fatigue and corrosion fatigue performance were compared with the shot peened (SP) and low stress ground (LSG) conditions. LPB treatment dramatically improved both the high cycle fatigue HCF) performance and fatigue strength. The baseline LSG and SP treatments showed similar fatigue strengths of about 150 ksi (~1035 MPa), while LPB treatment improved the fatigue strength by about 30%. Introduction of an EDM notch of a o = 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) and c o = 0.030 in. (0.75 mm) simulating a semi-elliptical surface foreign object damage (FOD), decreased the fatigue strength of both SP and LSG by nearly 80%, while LPB helped retain much of the fatigue strength at the levels comparable to baseline material without FOD.

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Earned Value is regarded as a useful tool to monitor commercial and defense system acquisitions. This paper applies the theoretical foundations and systematics of Gap Analysis to improve Earned Value Management. As currently implemented, Earned Value inaccurately provides a higher value for the work performed. This preliminary research indicates that Earned Value calculations can be corrected. Value Analysis, properly defined and enacted, clarifies management strategies to facilitate appropriate investment decisions.

Performance Based Service Acquisition is a Department of Defense (DoD) acquisition reform that has had noted success in reducing cost and streamlining the management of noncore government service capabilities (Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense -Defense Acquisition Reform [OSD-DAR], 2000). The guiding principle in Performance Based Service Acquisition is that when an outside vendor exists who can perform a service more effectively than a government user could organically, that user should specify measurable outcomes to a service vendor, and allow the vendor to best determine the appropriate processes (how) of delivering the service. Performance Based Logistics (PBL) is an extension of Performance Based Service Acquisition aimed at the logistic services for major weapon systems. PBL is intended to reduce lifecycle cost, increase readiness, improve reliability and reduce the logistical footprint of weapon systems.

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

To effectively enhance service availability, this paper proposes a redundancy configuration for a database unit residing in a command and control (C2) system that supports air operations. The results of modeling, supervisory control, and performance analysis of the database unit are presented. The unit is modeled as a closed Markovian queuing network. State variable feedback is used to implement the functions of restoration and routing upon the identification of the failure of one of the database servers in the unit. Several control policies are evaluated in terms of the resulting mean time to unit failure, the steady state availability, the expected response time, and the service overhead of the database unit.

IaAnecdotal evidence suggests that experience plays a critical role in the cost-effectiveness design and development of successful military aircraft. Understanding the true situation may be essential to meet Air Force needs despite declining R&D budgets, few new programs starts, and industry contraction. To examine this issue, the authors explore the history of U.S. bomber production since the end of World War I. They conclude that relevant experience does, indeed, matter-firms develop valuable system-specific knowledge in ongoing work, and experience in important new technologies has a distinct advantage. There is far less correlation between commercial and aircraft than was once thought, so such experience is unlikely to be useful. And since major breakthroughs in technology, design approaches, and concepts have come far more often from government !nbs !han from the commercial se.tor, the cntribNition of "dual-use" technology to future military aircraft design and development may be limited. .536.

We describe a framework for the e cient modeling and performance evaluation of large networks consisting of a mixture of strategic and tactical components. The method emphasizes hierarchical, layered techniques that are fed parametric models at the lower level. In addition to the algorithmic structure, and some initial algorithms we describe an object oriented software architecture that is under development to support these algorithmic methods in a distributed environment.

The problem of large-area coverage with a distributed set of short-range proximity sensors is investigated analytically. Analysis of the design tradeoffs between sensor range, sensor detection performance, and sensor false alarm performance is presented relative to the density of sensors in the field. Additionally, the impact of non-uniformity in sensor distribution on these performance assessments is quantified. The use of both individual sensor detections and coupled groups of sensor detections as a basic track-determination strategy is examined. Finally, guidance is included on strategies for making sound engineering tradeoffs based on the analytical results.

Multimedia applications comprise several media streams, which are semantically synchronized at different time instants. The application kehavior is stored along with the multimedia database using representation mechanisms such as OCPN (object composition Petri nets) or dynamic timed Petri nets (DTPN). It is imperative that one translates the application behavior to the corresponding schedulable entities, such as packets, so that the performance engineering of any system can be done, using the traffic model arising out of the (media related) application behavior as opposed to individual media level behavior. This requires that a function be defined, which takes the stored temporal representation as input and produces packets as output, preserving the semantic relationships among the streams. We propose a methodology based on probabilistic, attributed context free grammar (PACFG) to address this issue. We demonstrate the appropriateness of this methodology by applying it to the OCPNDTPN representation of a typical multimedia application vis-his orchestrated presentation. I. INTRODUCTION RCHESTRATED multimedia presentation applications are composed of different media streams such as data, voice, motion video, bitmapped still images and graphics. Orchestrated applications have associated synchronization characteristics with respect to their presentation. These characteristics specify the time instants at which the presentation of objects in the media streams must synchronize. Users participating in a multimedia presentation may dynamically interact by giving different types of inputs. These inputs modify the synchronization characteristics of the presentation. When a presentation is carried out using a computer network, random communication delays may affect the delivery of multimedia objects, thereby influencing the synchronization characteristics of the presentation. In this case, to achieve synchronization, random communication delays must be overcome in spite of the variations in clock rate, clock drifts and processing delays. Typically, the communicaQon delay and the delay variations or delay jitter, (which also accounts for clock rate, clock drifts and processing delays to some extent) between the Manuscript

= impeller exit survey station fs = free stream A low speed centrifugal compressor facility recently built by r = radial direction the NASA Lewis Research Center is described. The purpose of this t = Impeller tip facility is to obtain detailed flow field measurements for computa-z = axial direction tional fluid dynamic code assessment and flow physics modelling in support of Arr.y and NASA efforts to advance small gas turbine en-INTRODUCTION gine technology. The facility is heavily instrumented with pressure and temperature probes, both in the stationary and rotating frames Centrifugal compressors are widely used in a variety of appli-17. Key Words (Suggested by Author(s)) 18. Distribution Statement Centrifugal compressor Unclassified-Unlimited Low speed Subject Category 02. Experiment Cotn1putation 19. Socurity Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classil.

This position paper brings together the evaluation of ambient intelligence architectures in context-awareness systems with performance modeling. Thus, firstly appropriate description methods for distributed intelligent applications are summarized. Derived from the system characterization, typical software performance engineering techniques are based on the augmented description of the model regarding performance annotations. However, these annotations are only related with the syntactical view

A central problem in multistrategy learning systems is the selection and sequencing of machine learning algorithms for particular situations. This is typically done by the system designer who analyzes the learning task and implements the appropriate algorithm or sequence of ...

, teaching a variety of economics courses, and serving on a number of committees to revise curricula for both the Management and Systems Engineering disciplines. His research agenda has focused on defense acquisition practices and military innovation. Presenter: Francois Melese, PhD, joined the NPS faculty in 1987. He earned his undergraduate degree in Economics at UC Berkeley, his Master's at the University of British Columbia in Canada, and his PhD at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium. After five years as a faculty member in the Business School at Auburn University, Francois joined NPS as part of the Defense Resources Management Institute (DRMI). In his time at NPS, he has taught public budgeting and defense management in over two dozen countries and has published over 50 articles and book chapters on a wide variety of topics. More recently, at the request of the State Department and NATO Headquarters, he has represented the US at NATO Defense meetings in Hungary, the Ukraine, Germany and Armenia. His latest article (co-authored with Jim Blandin and Sean O'Keefe) appeared in the International Public Management Review. The article (available at www.ipmr.net) is entitled "A New Management Model for Government: Integrating Activity-Based Costing, the Balanced Scorecard and Total Quality Management with the spirit of the Planning, Programming and Budgeting System." Presenter: John Dillard joined the NPS faculty in the fall of 2000 with extensive experience in the field of systems acquisition management. His research focuses on defense acquisition policy and its implications. Dillard began his career in program and contract management after attaining a MS in Systems Management from the University of Southern California in 1985. He has been involved with myriad technologies and system concepts that have evolved into fielded products, such as the M-4 Carbine, 120mm Mortar, and M-24 Sniper Weapon. He was the Assistant Project Manager for Development of both the Army Tactical Missile System and, later, the JAVELIN Antitank Weapon System at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. All of these systems incorporate state-of-the-art technologies, are in sustained production and fielding, and are now battle-proven. He was the Product Manager for the Joint Advanced Special Operations Radio System, and in 1998 was appointed to head Defense Department contract administration in the New York metropolitan area. John has consulted for the governments of Mexico and the Czech Republic on achieving excellence in the public sector. As an adjunct professor for the University of California at Santa Cruz, he teaches courses in project management and leadership to Silicon Valley public and private industry professionals.

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

Infrared detector is a very important part of infrared sensor technology. In ballistic missile defense, infrared sensors play an important role in missile seeking, tracking, . guiding, discriminating, and intercepting. Tactical applications for endo-atmospheric situation are mostly under a high background (300K), where a high operating temperature above liquid nitrogen (77K) is desired. IR materials such as HgCdTe, InSb, PtSi and quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIP) are all suitable detector material systems for tactical applications, in which some material systems are more mature than others. For strategic applications, such as exo-atmospheric interceptors and space-based surveillance sensors, the target is usually far away with a cooler temperature, under a cold background. The detection wavelength of the detector under this situation needs to be at verylong-wavelength region (>12 urn) for efficient detection of the cool target. The current state of the art HgCdTe (MCT) based IR detectors have not met all these requirements, and QWIPs provide a useful alternative for VLWIR applications. In this presentation, an overview of VLWIR QWIPs is given and three detailed detector structures and performance are discussed.

This paper describes the conceptual framework, development process, and theoretical structure for an online performance tracking system. The principle factors influencing online performance tracking are described using the weighted sum model as computational method on measures of performance. Input data for the computational model were obtained directly from a real-time system in an actual organization that directly measured staff performance. In this multicriteria decision-making approach, the criteria weights are computed using the entropy information method and ranking of 15 alternatives (employees) is computed using the weighted sum model. Computational results obtained using the online performance appraisal system are evaluated and discussed relative to the weighted sum model.

This paper presents a method to forecast terrain trafficability from visual appearance. During training, the system identifies a set of image chips (or exemplars) that span the range of terrain appearance. Each chip is assigned a vector tag of vehicle-terrain interaction characteristics that are obtained from on-board sensors and simple performance models, as the vehicle traverses the terrain. The system uses the exemplars to segment images into regions, based on visual similarity to the terrain patches observed during training, and assigns the appropriate vehicle-terrain interaction tag to them. This methodology will therefore allow the online forecasting of vehicle performance on upcoming terrain. Currently, we are using fuzzy c-means clustering and exploring a number of different features for characterizing the visual appearance of the terrain.

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This paper presents an updated examination of the United States Army's hover out of ground effect performance criterion for helicopters. This requirement has been the subject of controversy since its initial issue during the 1950s due to cost and weight constraints in a helicopter's design. Over the succeeding years, various studies produced contradictory recommendations as to the most appropriate temperature and altitude combination for use in specifying global helicopter operational capability. Modern climate models can provide data for a greater number of locations around the world than was available in the past. By coupling this data with a helicopter's design point performance, it is possible to visualize a helicopter's operational capability in terms of worldwide distribution of temperature and pressure altitude mean averages and extremes. It is thus possible to graphically understand the design trade space and to tailor the helicopter's operational capability for specific geographic regions.

The gas turbine engine environment is particularly harsh with regards to temperature and vibration, and trends indicate that these conditions will continue to grow much more severe, especially in temperature. Conventional bulk epitaxial silicon-based electronics are used only in limited locations on engines today in support of instrumentation and production sensing and controls, and their use may be even more restricted by future operating conditions. This trend is moving in a direction contrary to ongoing efforts to incorporate more intelligence into the engine, and to localize that intelligence as close as possible to the sensors, actuators and components to minimize the use of large wiring bundles. Current approaches allowing on-engine use of electronics typically involve some sort of thermal management technique, such as the use of liquid cooling loops, including nitrogen for instrumentation and fuel for controls, as well as convective air cooling by strategic placement of electronics. However, these passive cooling techniques are often inadequate to ensure necessary reliability and durability, and the active techniques are typically cumbersome and costly, and don't lend themselves to in-product applications. An alternative to addressing the environment in which the electronics are required to operate is addressing the robustness of the electronics themselves, in particular with regards to high temperature capability. The Government and Industry Distributed Engine Controls Working Group (DECWG) [5] has been established to find the tools (high temperature components, modeling, software) supporting the design and manufacture of high temperature electronics required for implementation of distributed control systems that do not require cooling on gas turbine engines of the future. DECWG is currently working to define requirements for new harsh environment capable digital integrated circuits and power electronics based on Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) material that can reliably operate at temperatures up to approximately 225°C. These high temperature capable electronics must be capable of long operational life, high reliability and especially must be available for a reasonable cost. The goal is to enable implementation of Smart Nodes that would strategically localize 'intelligence' to provide analog-to-digital conversion, basic processing and health assessment of sensor inputs, as well as generating currents from digital commands to drive actuators. In addition to the in-product Controls application, these Smart Nodes could become the basis for High Temp Capable Smart Instrumentation,

This paper provides a brief historical look at opposed-piston, two-stroke (OP2S) engines and their use in military applications. It also highlights the engine's fundamental architectural advantages. In addition, the paper introduces the Achates Power opposed-piston engine, providing detailed, measured results of its power density, thermal efficiency and low heat rejection. Furthermore, the paper includes an overview of the fundamental challenges of OP2S engines, along with a discussion of how Achates Power has addressed these issues. Finally, the paper demonstrates that the operating characteristics of the Achates Power opposed-piston engine allow for optimizing the power density of the entire vehicle propulsion system as defined by Charles Raffa, Ernest Schwarz and John Tasdemir [1].

In this paper we introduce a new semantic desktop system called IRIS, an application framework for enabling users to create a "personal map" across their office-related information objects. Built as part of the CALO Cognitive Assistant project, IRIS represents a step in our quest to construct the kinds of tools that will significantly augment the user's ability to perform knowledge work. This paper explains our design decisions, progress, and shortcomings. The IRIS project has grown from the past work of others and offers opportunities to augment and otherwise collaborate with other current and future semantic desktop projects. This paper marks our entry into the ongoing conversation about semantic desktops, intelligent knowledge management, and systems for augmenting the performance of human teams.

This chapter presents a case study in performance engineering. The case study consists of a Software Retrieval System based on agents. The system is modelled in a pragmatic way using the Uni ed Modeling Language and in a formal way using stochastic Petri Nets.

Abstract : Lessons 21 will present the big picture of systems acquisition as well as the specific contributions made by the Human Factors Engineering (HFE) community to the acquisition process. The human engineer is fundamentally concerned with making sure that the best possible designs are provided within the constraints of time, money, and technical capability. The level of human factors input to systems acquisition is not determined by the cost of the system alone, but by the extent to which the system needs to be human engineered. Lesson 22 will define exactly what systems analysis means and show why knowledge of it is so important to a human factors specialist. It will also introduce some of the more common techniques used when conducting a system analysis. In addition, some of the road blocks that can be expected to be encountered will be presented along with ways to avoid. them. The purposes of systems analysis can be neatly packaged into five general areas: Scheduling, Identifyilng limilting factors, Establishing system performance criteria, Identifying and explaining various design options, Evaluating systems. Lesson 23 will present the history of task analysis, what its aims are, what factors go into a task analysis, and the uses of task analysis. Lessons 24 of the Human Factors Engineering Course will finish the topic of task analysis. One of the purposes of task analysis is to ensure that all the human performance requirements for a new man-machine system have been identified. Lessons 25 will discuss some of the practical issues that arise in cost/benefit trade-offs. This lesson should provide some insights into an important area where system and task analysis skills are typically put to use.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 6a. CONTRACT NUMBER The Use of Decision Models in the Development of a F33615-99-D-6001 DO#23 Collaborative Integrated Solutions System 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 63231F 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 'Heather Nachtmann,

The purpose of this research is to study the characteristics of the low and mid frequency ocean ambient noise field with the long term goal of exploiting the noise field for physics based processing methods that improve sonar system performance. OBJECTIVES Ocean ambient noise has been studied for decades. Much of the interest has been on determining the impact of noise on sonar performance. In this context, noise has generally been considered a nuisance and the research focus has been on methods to measure and predict ocean noise. In this project, the emphasis has been shifted to how ocean noise can be exploited. Results over the past several years have shown that breaking wave noise can be used for remote sensing the environment. There are several advantages to passive remote sensing including simple measurement requirements and the minimal environmental impact. Advancements in the noise-based remote sensing methodologies will be described in this annual report. In particular, one of the techniques being investigated uses noise as a type of passive fathometer or sub-bottom profiler and another uses noise to estimate the seabed reflectivity (i.e., bottom loss). Both techniques lead to better characterization of the seabed. Knowing the seabed properties is important to predict sound propagation in the ocean (and therefore predicting sonar system performance). Eventually, these methods can lead to new surveying techniques that might be used to update the Low Frequency Bottom Loss (LFBL) or High Frequency Bottom Loss (HFBL) databases. LFBL and HFBL are databases that the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVO) maintains and updates and are used for sonar performance prediction as part of the navy's tactical decision aids. APPROACH The majority of the effort on this project has been on improving our understanding of two methods that use ocean ambient noise for remote sensing the seabed. The first method uses the idea of coherent noise processing and is referred to as passive fathometer processing [Siderius et al, 2006]. This year, the practical supergain method [Cox et al] has been applied to the passive fathometer processing. The initial results are described here with additional details given in publication [1]. The second method

Objective: We evaluate and quantify the effects of human, robot, and environmental factors on perceived trust in human-robot interaction (HRI). Background: To date, reviews of trust in HRI have been qualitative or descriptive. Our quantitative review provides a fundamental empirical foundation to advance both theory and practice. Method: Meta-analytic methods were applied to the available literature on trust and HRI. A total of 29 empirical studies were collected, of which 10 met the selection criteria for correlational analysis and 11 for experimental analysis. These studies provided 69 correlational and 47 experimental effect sizes. Results: The overall correlational effect size for trust was r̄ = +0.26, with an experimental effect size of d̄ = +0.71. The effects of human, robot, and environmental characteristics were examined with an especial evaluation of the robot dimensions of performance and attribute-based factors. The robot performance and attributes were the largest contri...

Symbolic model checking is a successful technique for checking properties of large finite-state systems. This method has been used to verify a number of real-world hardware designs; however it is not able to determine timing or performance properties directly. ...