- Independent scholar with a focus on consciousness researchedit
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1. Acta Vet Hung. 1988;36(1-2):117-21. Scanning electron microscopic examination of cartilage in chicken embryos treated with the insecticide Wofatox 50 EC. Várnagy L, Déli E, Baumann M. PMID: 3202045 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. MeSH... more
1. Acta Vet Hung. 1988;36(1-2):117-21. Scanning electron microscopic examination of cartilage in chicken embryos treated with the insecticide Wofatox 50 EC. Várnagy L, Déli E, Baumann M. PMID: 3202045 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. MeSH Terms. ...
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An experimental insecticide Wofatox 50 EC, injected into the embryonated eggs from hens and pheasants at 12th day of incubation, caused a significantly diminished body mass, a high incidence of developmental malformations and embryonic... more
An experimental insecticide Wofatox 50 EC, injected into the embryonated eggs from hens and pheasants at 12th day of incubation, caused a significantly diminished body mass, a high incidence of developmental malformations and embryonic mortalities at higher dose-levels. The lower, in plant protection practice used concentration was no teratogenic or lethal on embryos.
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Wofatox 50 EC is a widely used experimental insecticide, which can expose the pheasants (non-target organisms) during the plant protection practice. The test material was employed in 4 different aqueous emulsions, of which the 2 lowest... more
Wofatox 50 EC is a widely used experimental insecticide, which can expose the pheasants (non-target organisms) during the plant protection practice. The test material was employed in 4 different aqueous emulsions, of which the 2 lowest level (0.2 and 0.4%) corresponded to the concentrations used in plant protection. The total volume of injected emulsions was 0.1 ml per egg on the 12th d of incubation. The macroscopic results showed a dose-dependent maldevelopment (generally cervical lordosis and scoliosis, cyllosis and sporadic thoraco-gastroschisis).
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Human myeloid leukemia KG-1 cells are induced to differentiate to macrophage-like cells by tumor-promoting phorbol esters, such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Cells from the cloned subline, KG-1a, unlike the parental line,... more
Human myeloid leukemia KG-1 cells are induced to differentiate to macrophage-like cells by tumor-promoting phorbol esters, such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Cells from the cloned subline, KG-1a, unlike the parental line, are resistant to the differentiating effect of TPA. In the present studies, we investigated in these cells protein phosphorylation stimulated by various protein kinase C activators, including 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol in the presence of the diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor R59022, TPA, mezerein, and bryostatin. All the agents stimulated, to a greater extent and with a higher potency, phosphorylation of several proteins in KG-1 cells than in KG-1a cells. On the other hand, these agents markedly stimulated phosphorylation of other proteins in KG-1a cells compared to that in KG-1 cells. The findings indicated that the actions of the diacylglycerol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, and the non-metabolizable activators (TPA, mezerein, and bryostatin) were very similar but not fully equivalent; and that KG-1a cells exhibited altered (increased or decreased) phosphorylation patterns, perhaps related to the TPA resistance characteristic of this subline of cells.
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The living state is low entropy, highly complex organization, yet it is part of the energy cycle of the environment. Due to the recurring presence of the resting state, stimulus and its response form a thermodynamic cycle of perception... more
The living state is low entropy, highly complex organization, yet it is part of the energy cycle of the environment. Due to the recurring presence of the resting state, stimulus and its response form a thermodynamic cycle of perception that can be modeled by the Carnot engine. The endothermic reversed Carnot engine relies on energy from the environment to increase entropy (i.e., the synaptic complexity of the resting state). High entropy relies on mental energy, which represents intrinsic motivation and focuses on the future. It increases freedom of action. The Carnot engine can model exothermic, negative emotional states, which direct the focus on the past. The organism dumps entropy and energy to its environment, in the form of aggravation, anxiety, criticism, and physical violence. The loss of mental energy curtails freedom of action, forming apathy, depression, mental diseases, and immune problems. Our improving intuition about the brain’s intelligent computations will allow the development of new treatments for mental disease and novel find applications in robotics and artificial intelligence.
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The tumor-promoting 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulated phosphorylation of several proteins in block I (including protein Ia) and protein 3 in HL60 cells. The antileukemic agent alkyllysophospholipid (ALP) inhibited the... more
The tumor-promoting 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulated phosphorylation of several proteins in block I (including protein Ia) and protein 3 in HL60 cells. The antileukemic agent alkyllysophospholipid (ALP) inhibited the TPA-stimulated phosphorylation of these proteins and the TPA-induced differentiation of the cells. In comparison, TPA only stimulated phosphorylation of protein 3 in K562 cells which, in contrast, were not induced to differentiate by TPA and lacked protein Ia and had a very high basal phosphorylation of protein B. ALP inhibited phosphorylation of protein 3 as well as protein B in K562 cells. The data suggest that the presence of distinct phosphoproteins and regulation of their phosphorylation may be related to the selective susceptibility of the two leukemia cell lines to the maturating effect of TPA and cytotoxicity of ALP.
Research Interests: Biology, Phospholipids, Leukemia, Medicine, Cell line, and 10 moreCell Differentiation, Humans, Phosphorylation, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, Protein Phosphorylation, Antineoplastic Agents, HL, Biochemistry and cell biology, Protein Kinase C, and Medical biochemistry and metabolomics
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A new physical worldview is introduced, which shows that mental operations are analogous to the physical world, and that just like photons, emotions carry energy. Photons are the fundamental interactions of fermions, and in the brain,... more
A new physical worldview is introduced, which shows that mental operations are analogous to the physical world, and that just like photons, emotions carry energy. Photons are the fundamental interactions of fermions, and in the brain, sensory stimulus triggers energy imbalances, called emotions, the forces of mental interaction. Therefore, emotions motivate thoughts and actions that recover the energy-neutral state of the brain. Material interaction generates a temporal evolution that culminates in the emergence of the intelligent mind. The entropy of both elementary constituents (material and mental particles) of the universe continuously changes between the poles. Throughout life the mind maintains a low-entropy state due to constant interaction with the outside world via the sensory organs. The death of the body permits the entropy of the mind to increase. Depending on the mind’s energy state, the mental entropy will either accumulate information or energy, while maintaining a constant alignment with the temporal field in its time-travel, ending at one of the poles. The energy-rich mind converges towards expanding white holes, whereas an information-saturated mind becomes part of the black hole horizon. In the expanding white hole, space is infinite, yet everything feels neighborly and the infinite feels like a moment. In black holes the moment feels like eternity, yet it imposes a two-dimensional tightness, where everything is far and beyond reach. Matter and mind are the prime building blocks of the universe, which also displays elementary particle characteristics. The three interconnected, interdependent building blocks formulate the organizational unity and fractal structure of the universe. Intelligent life is a microcosm of the universe, and the mind is an active participant in cosmic evolution.
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It has been shown that human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL601 and acute myeloblastic leukemia cell line KG-12 can be induced to terminally differentiate to macrophage-like cells by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Because... more
It has been shown that human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL601 and acute myeloblastic leukemia cell line KG-12 can be induced to terminally differentiate to macrophage-like cells by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Because TPA is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC) and the enzyme is the only known high affinity receptor for the tumor promoter3, it is likely that the TPA effects are PKC-dependent. TPA, however, is ineffective in inducing differentiation of a HL60 subline HL60BII4 and a KG-1 subline KG-1a5. The molecular mechanisms underlying the responsiveness or resistance to the differentiating effect of TPA remain unclear. The density and affinity of cell surface receptors for phorbol ester appear to be uninvolved, because there are no significant differences in the binding properties of phorbol ester between KG-1 and KG-1a cells6 or between HL60 and HL60BII cells4. The post-receptor events that occur after binding of TPA to the plasma membrane PKC, which might be distinct for the sublines, perhaps are critical in determining the sensitivity of cells to the differentiating effect of TPA. In this paper we summarize our recent studies on the PKC system in these and other cell lines as well as in developing nervous tissues, aiming to elucidate a role of PKC in cell growth and differentiation.
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Research Interests: Biology, Phospholipids, Cell Adhesion, Medicine, Cell line, and 15 moreAcute Myeloid Leukemia, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Phosphorylation, Proteins, Polymyxins, Protein Phosphorylation, Lactones, Bryostatin, Phorbol ester, HL, Biochemistry and cell biology, Macrolides, Protein Kinase C, and Medical biochemistry and metabolomics
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Darwin's theory of biological evolution became a cornerstone of modern biology. However, predictable fluctuations in entropy, genetic diversity, population number, and resource availability in ecosystems turn evolution into a cyclic... more
Darwin's theory of biological evolution became a cornerstone of modern biology. However, predictable fluctuations in entropy, genetic diversity, population number, and resource availability in ecosystems turn evolution into a cyclic process. Moreover, ecosystems are closed systems that only exchange energy and information with the outside, therefore, can be analyzed via thermodynamic principles. The sun's energy input drives the reversed Carnot cycle's four distinct phases. The first phase is a low entropy, fast-changing environment, spurring phenotypic plasticity. In phase 2, the population growth increases entropy, forming nutrient cycles via symbiotic, parasitic, predator-prey, and other interdependent relationships. In phase 3, the overpopulated, stressed ecosystem tests its boundaries via competitive and chaotic interactions that spread genetic innovations. Finally, in phase 4, extinction purges the non-evolvable genomes, but the surviving species carry the cycle's genetic innovations and make renewal possible. Therefore, compression and expansion of the ecospace by energy fluxes (i.e., ecosystem dynamics) are potent drivers of change. We propose a new law to explain how the sun's energy input leads to the cyclic increase of genetic complexity. The second law of intellect shows that genetic complexity never decreases but increases or remains constant.
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Research Interests: Biochemistry, Chemistry, Membrane Proteins, Medicine, Antibodies, and 15 moreHumans, Mice, Animals, Phosphorylation, Enzyme, Isoenzymes, Phospholipase D, Membrane Protein, Hydrolysis, Ethanolamine, Catalytic Activity, Biochemistry and cell biology, Adenosine Triphosphate, Cell Membrane, and Drug synergism
Wofatox 50 EC is a widely used experimental insecticide, which can expose the pheasants (non-target organisms) during the plant protection practice. The test material was employed in 4 different aqueous emulsions, of which the 2 lowest... more
Wofatox 50 EC is a widely used experimental insecticide, which can expose the pheasants (non-target organisms) during the plant protection practice. The test material was employed in 4 different aqueous emulsions, of which the 2 lowest level (0.2 and 0.4%) corresponded to the concentrations used in plant protection. The total volume of injected emulsions was 0.1 ml per egg on the 12th d of incubation. The macroscopic results showed a dose-dependent maldevelopment (generally cervical lordosis and scoliosis, cyllosis and sporadic thoraco-gastroschisis).
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On day 12 of incubation 0.4% and 4.0% aqueous emulsions of Wofatox 50 EC (50% methylparathion) were injected into the air space of the chicken egg. The eggs were opened on the day 19 of incubation and samples were obtained from both... more
On day 12 of incubation 0.4% and 4.0% aqueous emulsions of Wofatox 50 EC (50% methylparathion) were injected into the air space of the chicken egg. The eggs were opened on the day 19 of incubation and samples were obtained from both cervical and femoral muscles. Atrophy was found only in the cervical muscles by light microscopic evaluation. It is known that the inhibition of acetylcholine esterase causes a permanent inflow and accumulation of Ca2+ especially in the cervical muscle due to the increased mass and energy utilization in the last period before hatching. Changes in the activity of creatine kinase were expressed in a decreased creatine and creatine-phosphate content.
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The brain displays a low-frequency ground energy confirmation, called the resting state, which is characterized by an energy/ information balance via self-regulatory mechanisms. Despite the high-frequency evoked activity, e.g., the... more
The brain displays a low-frequency ground energy confirmation, called the resting state, which is characterized by an energy/ information balance via self-regulatory mechanisms. Despite the high-frequency evoked activity, e.g., the detail-oriented sensory processing of environmental data and the accumulation of information, nevertheless the brain’s automatic regulation is always able to recover the resting state. Indeed, we show that the two energetic processes, activation that decreases temporal dimensionality via transient bifurcations and the ensuing brain’s response, lead to complementary and symmetric procedures that satisfy the Landauer’s principle. Landauer’s principle, which states that information era- sure requires energy predicts heat accumulation in the system, this means that information accumulation is correlated with increases in temperature and lead to actions that recover the resting state. We explain how brain synaptic networks frame a closed system, similar to the Carnot cycle where the information/ energy cycle accumulates energy in synaptic connections. In deep learning, representation of information might occur via the same mechanism
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Although Darwin's theory of biological evolution is the cornerstone of modern biology, it lacks proper physical foundations. We consider ecosystems as closed systems that only exchange energy and information, not matter with the... more
Although Darwin's theory of biological evolution is the cornerstone of modern biology, it lacks proper physical foundations. We consider ecosystems as closed systems that only exchange energy and information, not matter with the outside. Moreover, predictable and periodic fluctuations in entropy, genetic diversity, population number, and resource availability form a cyclic process that can be analyzed via thermodynamic principles. The sun's energy input drives a reversed Carnot cycle in four phases. The first phase is low entropy, a fast-changing environment spurring genotype-phenotype plasticity. In phase 2, the growing population increases entropy, forming nutrient cycles via symbiotic, parasitic, and predator-prey relationships. In phase 3, competitive and chaotic interactions spread genetic innovations in the overpopulated, stressed ecosystem. Finally, in phase 4, extinction purges the non-evolvable genomes, but the surviving species carry the cycle's genetic innovat...
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One of the most puzzling questions in neuroscience is the nature of emotions and their role in consciousness. The sensory system's energy/information exchange revolves around a stable resting state; therefore, perception represents a... more
One of the most puzzling questions in neuroscience is the nature of emotions and their role in consciousness. The sensory system's energy/information exchange revolves around a stable resting state; therefore, perception represents a closed thermodynamic cycle and can be modeled via the reversible Carnot engine. The brain's significant energy investment in maintaining the resting state indicates its essential role as the ground state of consciousness, the source of our sense of self. Perception forms either an endothermic or exothermic cycle. The first represents high entropy resting state with irreversible activations, generating novelty and intellect; it is energetically analog to the fermionic up-spin. However, exothermic physical processes give rise to time's arrow and loss of work capacity; reversible low entropy activations lead to past focus, regret, and remorse. The energy-weak condition is the psychological spin-down state. The reversible thermodynamic cycle, a ...
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In general relativity, Einstein's equations relate the geometry of space-time to the distribution of matter. Nevertheless, the equations are in contradiction with quantum mechanics and even possibly our experience of physical reality.... more
In general relativity, Einstein's equations relate the geometry of space-time to the distribution of matter. Nevertheless, the equations are in contradiction with quantum mechanics and even possibly our experience of physical reality. We propose a thought experiment to investigate a compact wave function (WF) insulated by an information-blocking horizon. The WF can produce entanglement independent of distance, but interaction with the horizon evolves the quantum state (frequency) and the topology (curvature) of the horizon in an orthogonal relationship. Their mutual evolution satisfies the Borsuk-Ulam Theorem and the Page and Wootters mechanism of static time. Therefore, the field curvature measures the particle's evolution as time and fine-tunes the cosmos' parameters. The interaction of the field and the compact WF give rise to poles with dimensionality transformations, and it formulates global self-regulation. Because field strength generates pressure, culminating in ...
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In general relativity, Einstein's equations relate the geometry of space-time to the distribution of matter. Nevertheless, the equations are in contradiction with quantum mechanics and even possibly our experience of physical reality. We... more
In general relativity, Einstein's equations relate the geometry of space-time to the distribution of matter. Nevertheless, the equations are in contradiction with quantum mechanics and even possibly our experience of physical reality. We propose a thought experiment to investigate a compact wave function (WF) insulated by an information-blocking horizon. The WF can produce entanglement independent of distance but interaction with the horizon evolves the quantum state (frequency) of the WF and the topology (curvature) of the horizon in an orthogonal relationship. Their mutual evolution satisfies the Borsuk-Ulam Theorem and the Page and Wootters mechanism of static time. Therefore, the field curvature measures the particle's evolution as time. Because increasing field strength accumulates pressure, whereas negative curvature creates a vacuum, their opposing dynamics give rise to poles with dimensionality transformations; pressure culminates in two-dimensional black hole horizons (infinite time), whereas vacuum gives rise to four-dimensional cosmic voids (time zero). The orthogonality of the field and the compact WF is global self-regulation that evolves and fine-tunes the cosmos' parameters. The four-dimensional cosmic voids can produce accelerating expansion without dark energy on the one hand and pressure gives the impression of dark matter on the other. The verifiable and elegant hypothesis satisfies Mach's principle.
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Deep neural networks (DNNs), founded on the brain's neuronal organization, can extract higher-level features from raw input. However, complex intellect via autonomous decision-making is way beyond current AI design. Here we propose an... more
Deep neural networks (DNNs), founded on the brain's neuronal organization, can extract higher-level features from raw input. However, complex intellect via autonomous decision-making is way beyond current AI design. Here we propose an autonomous AI inspired by the thermodynamic cycle of sensory perception, operating between two information density reservoirs. Stimulus unbalances the high entropy resting-state and triggers a thermodynamic cycle. By recovering the initial conditions, self-regulation generates a response while accumulating an orthogonal, holographic potential. The resulting high-density manifold is a stable memory and experience field, which increases future freedom of action via intelligent decision-making.
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The neural systems’ electric activities are fundamental for the phenomenology of consciousness. Sensory perception triggers an information/energy exchange with the environment, but the brain’s recurrent activations maintain a resting... more
The neural systems’ electric activities are fundamental for the phenomenology of consciousness. Sensory perception triggers an information/energy exchange with the environment, but the brain’s recurrent activations maintain a resting state with constant parameters. Therefore, perception forms a closed thermodynamic cycle. In physics, the Carnot engine is an ideal thermodynamic cycle that converts heat from a hot reservoir into work, or inversely, requires work to transfer heat from a low- to a high-temperature reservoir (the reversed Carnot cycle). We analyze the high entropy brain by the endothermic reversed Carnot cycle. Its irreversible activations provide temporal directionality for future orientation. A flexible transfer between neural states inspires openness and creativity. In contrast, the low entropy resting state parallels reversible activations, which impose past focus via repetitive thinking, remorse, and regret. The exothermic Carnot cycle degrades mental energy. Theref...
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The brain is a system at the edge of chaos equipped with nonlinear dynamics and functional energetic landscapes. However, still doubts exist concerning the type of attractors or the trajectories followed by particles in the nervous phase... more
The brain is a system at the edge of chaos equipped with nonlinear dynamics and functional energetic landscapes. However, still doubts exist concerning the type of attractors or the trajectories followed by particles in the nervous phase space. Starting from a system governed by differential equations in which a dissipative strange attractor coexists with an invariant conservative torus, we developed a 3D model of brain phase space which has the potential to be operationalized and assessed empirically. We achieved a system displaying both a torus and a strange attractor, depending just on the initial conditions. Further, the system generates a funnel-like attractor equipped with a fractal structure. Changes in three brain phase parameters lead to modifications in funnel’s breadth or in torus/attractor superimposition. We have found that the higher frequencies of evoked activities are more deterministic due to the greater funnel breadth with decreasing degrees of freedom. In contrast, the resting state is formed by lower frequencies represents greater degrees of freedom. Thus, our model explains a large repertoire of brain functions and activities, such as sensations/perceptions, memory and self-generated thoughts.
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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
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Deep neural networks (DNNs), founded on the brain's neuronal organization, can extract higher-level features from raw input. However, complex intellect via autonomous decision-making is way beyond current AI design. Here we propose an... more
Deep neural networks (DNNs), founded on the brain's neuronal organization, can extract higher-level features from raw input. However, complex intellect via autonomous decision-making is way beyond current AI design. Here we propose an autonomous AI inspired by the thermodynamic cycle of sensory perception, operating between two information density reservoirs. Stimulus unbalances the high entropy resting state and triggers a thermodynamic cycle. By recovering the initial conditions, self-regulation generates a response while accumulating an orthogonal, holographic potential. The resulting high-density manifold is a stable memory and experience field, which increases future freedom of action via intelligent decision-making.
The brain is a system at the edge of chaos equipped with nonlinear dynamics and functional energetic landscapes. However, still doubts exist concerning the type of attractors or the trajectories followed by particles in the nervous phase... more
The brain is a system at the edge of chaos equipped with nonlinear dynamics and functional energetic landscapes. However, still doubts exist concerning the type of attractors or the trajectories followed by particles in the nervous phase space. Starting from an unusual system governed by differential equations in which a dissipative strange attractor coexists with an invariant conservative torus, we developed a 3D model of brain phase space which has the potential to be operationalized and assessed empirically. We achieved a system displaying both a torus and a strange attractor, depending just on the initial conditions. Further, the system generates a funnel-like attractor equipped with a fractal structure. Changes in three easily detectable brain phase parameters (log frequency, excitatory/inhibitory ratio and fractal slope) lead to modifications in funnel’s breadth or in torus/attractor superimposition: it explains a large repertoire of brain functions and activities, such as sen...
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The brain displays a low-frequency ground energy conformation, called the resting state, which is characterized by energy/information balance via self-regulatory mechanisms. Despite the high-frequency evoked activity accumulates... more
The brain displays a low-frequency ground energy conformation, called the resting state, which is characterized by energy/information balance via self-regulatory mechanisms. Despite the high-frequency evoked activity accumulates information from the detail-oriented sensory processing of environmental data, nevertheless the brain’s automatic regulation is always able to recover the resting state. Indeed, we show that the two energetic processes are complementary and symmetric: while activation decreases temporal dimensionality via transient bifurcations, the ensuing brain’s response leads to procedures that satisfy the Landauer’s principle. Landauer’s principle, which states that information erasure requires energy, predicts heat accumulation in the system: this means that information accumulation is correlated with increases in temperature and with actions that recover the resting state. We explain how brain synaptic networks frame a closed system, similar to the Carnot cycle, where...
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The brain displays a low-frequency ground energy confirmation, called the resting state, which is characterized by an energy/ information balance via self-regulatory mechanisms. Despite the high-frequency evoked activity, e.g., the... more
The brain displays a low-frequency ground energy confirmation, called the resting state, which is characterized by an energy/ information balance via self-regulatory mechanisms. Despite the high-frequency evoked activity, e.g., the detail-oriented sensory processing of environmental data and the accumulation of information, nevertheless the brain’s automatic regulation is always able to recover the resting state. Indeed, we show that the two energetic processes, activation that decreases temporal dimensionality via transient bifurcations and the ensuing brain’s response, lead to complementary and symmetric procedures that satisfy the Landauer’s principle. Landauer’s principle, which states that information era- sure requires energy predicts heat accumulation in the system, this means that information accumulation is correlated with increases in temperature and lead to actions that recover the resting state. We explain how brain synaptic networks frame a closed system, similar to the...
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Recent cosmological data shows the Milky Way galaxy being pushed ahead of a void. Independently, laboratory research has created matter with negative mass. A possible relationship between these seemingly unrelated results indicates the... more
Recent cosmological data shows the Milky Way galaxy being pushed ahead of a void. Independently, laboratory research has created matter with negative mass. A possible relationship between these seemingly unrelated results indicates the need to reexamine our understanding of gravity. According to the Page and Wootter mechanism, time is static globally, but emergent for ‘internal’ observers. That is, interaction increases the energy-information differences among the constituents of the cosmos. Such temporal evolution engenders polar singularities, known as black and white holes, in accordance with general relativity. The second law of thermodynamics leads to Landauer’s principle, which shows that the emitted heat is proportional to the erased information of the system. Thus, information accumulates heat in black hole horizons, which have been found to be two dimensional; whereas information-free areas are energy rich and cold. The principle of static time dictates information and dime...
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We create a model universe by equipping a topological surface (system) with compact dimensions insulated by an information blocking horizon. The insulated compact WF can produce entanglement independent of distance. Interaction between... more
We create a model universe by equipping a topological surface (system) with compact dimensions insulated by an information blocking horizon. The insulated compact WF can produce entanglement independent of distance. Interaction between the system and the WF changes the curvature of the first and the quantum state (frequency) of the second in an interconnected relationship. Thus, the field curvature measures the evolution of the particle WF as time. Positive field curvature creates pressure, whereas negative field curvature generates a vacuum, satisfying the Borsuk-Ulam Theorem and the Page and Wootters mechanism of static time. The accumulation of pressure or vacuum generates poles with contrasting dimensionalities, two-dimensional black hole horizons (time infinite), and four-dimensional cosmic voids (time zero). The orthogonality of the field and the compact WF give rise to global self-regulation that fine-tunes the cosmic parameters and can promote fractal topology. The four-dime...
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Darwin has laid down the basic understanding of evolution, but over one hundred fifty years of its existence, it has been impossible to establish its physical theoretical foundations. The thermodynamic understanding of evolution should... more
Darwin has laid down the basic understanding of evolution, but over one hundred fifty years of its existence, it has been impossible to establish its physical theoretical foundations. The thermodynamic understanding of evolution should explain how the sun's energy input brings forth the increasing complexity of the living world. We create a thought experiment in an ideal evolutionary period, with periodic and characteristic changes in entropy, food supply, and species number. At the start of the period, the residual biomass from the previous period supports the sparsely populated, low entropy ecosystem. Cooperating species quickly fill their living space. The second phase's predator-prey and nutrient cycles decrease entropy. In phase three, increasing competition for resources spreads genetic innovations. In phase four, some outside event, such as a natural disaster, triggers extinction and completes the cycle. The Carnot cycle might explain biological systems' ability to transform the sun's energy into complexity. Definitions used in the text Social or emotional temperature: Emotional temperature is the social equivalent of temperature in physics. As particle collisions form temperature, the frequency of interaction forms social temperature (Deli, 2020; Roos, 2014). The cooperation reflects the order and generosity of low social temperature (Tkadlec et al., 2020). After a tipping point is reached, competition for resources replaces cooperation and creates interaction (Stewart and Plotkin, 2013). Arbitrary and deterministic action (interaction) form a high social temperature. Social interaction In the ecosystem, supply abundance inspires cooperation and generosity, advantageous for all participants. However, lack of resources spurs interaction, such as competition, forming a hierarchical outcome. Interaction often forms stochastic patterns, similar to Brownian motion.
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We create a model universe by supplanting a topological surface with an ancillary clock of compact-dimensions. If an information blocking horizon insulates the compact dimensions (i.e., extra dimensions beyond the 4 observable dimensions... more
We create a model universe by supplanting a topological surface with an ancillary clock of compact-dimensions. If an information blocking horizon insulates the compact dimensions (i.e., extra dimensions beyond the 4 observable dimensions are wrapped up or curled up on themselves as in Calabi-Yau spaces), then it can form entanglement independent of distance. Page and Wootters' mechanism predicts that quantum entanglement leaves a closed system static. Interaction between the system and its clock changes the topology of the first and the quantum state (frequency) of the second. Local differences in topology (volume) satisfy Borsuk-Ulam Theorem and Page and Wootters' mechanism. The global state of the universe degenerates inot poles, two-dimensional black hole horizons, and four-dimensional cosmic voids. The dimensional anisotropy turns gravity into a bipolar force. The proposed postulate can produce the accelerating expansion of the cosmos without dark energy or dark matter. The verifiable and elegant hypothesis supersedes general relativity by satisfying Mach's principle.
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The connection between the mind and brain has remained a puzzle for most of human history. Idealism, represented by Kant, Hegel asserts the primacy of consciousness, whereas materialists, such as Dennett, and Churchland considers the mind... more
The connection between the mind and brain has remained a puzzle for most of human history. Idealism, represented by Kant, Hegel asserts the primacy of consciousness, whereas materialists, such as Dennett, and Churchland considers the mind an illusion produced by brain circuits and mechanisms [1]. Incongruences between the mind and the brain inspired dualism, a separation of physical and mental states, represented by Descartes, Popper, Eccles, Chalmers et al. The psyche was not subject to a scientific investigation until recent scholarly work on the physics of the mind [2-4]. In emotional animals, a brain-based self-regulating system produces motivation. A temporal projection of sensory experience integrates the organism's past, present, and future into an abstract mental manifold [5-7]. The brain's self-regulation sustains a ground energy state, the so-called resting-state networks (RSNs) [8]. The most widely studied RSNs, the default mode network (DMN), exhibits increased activity in the absence of external stimuli [9]. Information integration in its dense connectivity hubs, which are situated at a substantial topologic distance from primary sensory and motor regions [10], formulates an abstract representational hierarchy [11]. Neuronal activation is built on the resting potential and the brain's evoked states are founded on the resting state. The recurring activation cycle in both systems are governed by thermodynamic principles [6,12). The reversed Carnot cycle can model the neuron. However, in the brain, a stimulus can evoke either the reversed Carnot or the Carnot cycle [13]. The first process controls the future and enhances intellect and future freedom of action whereas the second one reconstructs the past [14]. Emotional states are related to the brain's energy level. Because the resting states maintain the constancy of the self while representing the energy potential of the mind, cognitive and physical effort is associated with different cost functions [15]. Publications by respected laboratories show that lower entropy (Carnot cycle) correlates with reduction of mental energy. The detectable changes in entropy might serve as a diagnostic tool before the occurrence of functional and anatomical changes in Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, mental disorders, and immune problems. Establishing the energy nature of emotional states can inspire progress in neurology, psychiatry, psychology, and social sciences. Experimental verification of its predictions also becomes possible. Greater understanding of the thermodynamic processes of brain's intelligent computational power will allow the development of novel techniques and applications in the rapidly changing fields of AI and robotics. References 1. Schwartz JM, Stapp HP, Beauregard M. Quantum physics in neuroscience and psychology: a neurophysical model of mind-brain interaction.
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Dividing the universe into micro and macro-dimensions by an information-blocking horizon creates standing-wave particle vibrations. Antipodal points that form entanglement satisfy the principle of static time and the Borsuk Ulam theorem.... more
Dividing the universe into micro and macro-dimensions by an information-blocking horizon creates standing-wave particle vibrations. Antipodal points that form entanglement satisfy the principle of static time and the Borsuk Ulam theorem. Interaction collapses the wave function allowing energy/information exchange between the wave function and the macro-dimensions. Thus, the wave function and the field curvature evolve together. The principle of least action requires particles forming opposite spins, which correlates with the Pauli exclusion principle. Spin-down forms pressure by reducing macro-dimensional volume, whereas spin-up enhances macro-dimensional volume and expands space. Over large scales interaction engenders Polar Regions. This intuitive modification of general relativity eliminates discrepancies with quantum mechanics and correlates well with the latest cosmological data. This stable and unified alignment of the universe satisfies Mach's principle.