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El artículo propone un análisis de las interrelaciones existentes entre multiculturalismo y patrimonio dentro del proceso de representación de Estados que hoy se autoreconocen y proclaman culturalmente diversos. Para esto, en primer... more
El artículo propone un análisis de las interrelaciones existentes entre multiculturalismo y patrimonio dentro del proceso de representación de Estados que hoy se autoreconocen y proclaman culturalmente diversos. Para esto, en primer lugar, se revisan los cambios geopolíticos, sociales y conceptuales que, desde mediados del siglo XX, significaron la emergencia del multiculturalismo como paradigma y estrategia de reconocimiento de la diferencia. En segundo lugar, se expone el papel que juega el patrimonio y los museos en la construcción de sociedades plurales y dinámicas. Para, finalmente, analizar brevemente el proceso de renovación del guion museográfico de la exhibición permanente del Museo Histórico Nacional de Chile como forma de ajustarla al incremento de la diversidad en la sociedad chilena contemporánea.
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Este artículo analiza el proceso de musealización de las poblaciones indígenas en América Latina. Después de las críticas a su representación colonialista, el reconocimiento de la naturaleza multicultural de muchos países ha dado lugar a... more
Este artículo analiza el proceso de musealización de las poblaciones indígenas en América Latina. Después de las críticas a su representación colonialista, el reconocimiento de la naturaleza multicultural de muchos países ha dado lugar a una reinvención de su representación en el museo. Para analizarla nos centraremos en los museos de comunidad mexicanos y chilenos que nos permitirán entender cómo el museo, antiguo instrumento de creación de las identidades nacionales, se convierte en una herramienta política que contribuye al desarrollo económico e identitario de los pueblos indígenas y a la consecución de mayores niveles de autodeterminaciónThis article analyses the process of “musealisation” of indigenous people in Latin America. Following critiques of their colonialist representation, recognition of the multicultural nature of many countries in the region has led to a “reinvention” of their representation in museums. To analyse this, we focus on examples of Mexican and Chilean c...
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L'ensemble des musées dans le monde ont été touchés par les mesures gouvernementales visant à endiguer la pandémie de la COVID-19. Au travers d'une analyse des rapports internationaux, il apparaît que, si bien les impacts directs... more
L'ensemble des musées dans le monde ont été touchés par les mesures gouvernementales visant à endiguer la pandémie de la COVID-19. Au travers d'une analyse des rapports internationaux, il apparaît que, si bien les impacts directs sont semblables de par le monde, leurs spécificités divergent selon les contextes, tout particulièrement depuis l'été 2020, du fait de l'avancée inégale de la pandémie sur les différents continents. En se centrant sur la réalité française et les débats professionnels qui y sont émergé, il apparaît que des solutions inédites ont vu le jour du fait de la fermeture très longue des musées dans ce pays. Plus que de simples adaptations à cette situation, ces dernières semblent être appelées à se prolonger au-delà de la pandémie de la COVID-19, car elles répondent, d'une manière originale, à certains des enjeux structurels des musées. Ces solutions constitueraient de la sorte une part intégrante de la « nouvelle normalité » muséale post-COVID q...
This article is based on the observation that, in Europe, the presentations of geological heritage in museums located within geoparks differ from those found in museums located outside of these areas, often in geology departments of... more
This article is based on the observation that, in Europe, the presentations of geological heritage in museums located within geoparks differ from those found in museums located outside of these areas, often in geology departments of natural history museums. As they both present a specific part of geoheritage (either conserved in situ or ex situ), this article seeks to understand the reasons for these differences, by postulating that they are due to different conceptions of geoheritage on which these institutions are based. As a result, these evolve and transform in parallel with each other, on the basis of issues specific to each of their institution, without real connection between them. The article then concludes with the possibilities of bringing these two parts of geoheritage closer together, while geoparks are becoming increasingly popular with museum visitors.
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I there any need to introduce Hugues de Varine? As Assistant Director of ICOM from 1962 to 1965 and Director until 1974, he inspired a number of (eco) museum projects around the world. After publishing extensively on his conception of... more
I there any need to introduce Hugues de Varine? As Assistant Director of ICOM from 1962 to 1965 and Director until 1974, he inspired a number of (eco) museum projects around the world. After publishing extensively on his conception of museums since the 1970s (his bibliography contains over 100 works), the author is now developing a retrospective and subjective look at the New Museology, from its origins to its current objectives, notably through a series of self-published volumes of his ‘petites histoires vécues’ (personal stories and anecdotes). In this work, published in 2017 (and currently being translated into Spanish and Portuguese), Hugues de Varine expands on these reflections in a free literary form, aiming to reflect the reality of ecomuseums throughout the world drawing on his observations during his long career.1 The central premise is that these museums have often been misunderstood in literature and seen as a specifically French phenomenon, even though examples can be found in many parts of the world. To support his argument, in the first two chapters of the book, the author recalls the origin of ecomuseums and their links to the New Museology before presenting several examples of ecomuseum approaches throughout the next four chapters. We learn that these practices exist on nearly every continent, even though, as the author laments, ecomuseums are poorly documented in international literature. He then dedicates one chapter for each ecomuseum in Italy and in Brazil, which de Varine knows particularly well, arguing that the development of this museum format has been particularly successful in these two contexts thanks to the recognition of its unique characteristics.
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L’article tracta de l’arquitectura tradicional com a patrimoni etnològic. D’una banda, s’explica l’encaix d’aquest tipus d’arquitectura dins del patrimoni etnològic i com s’aborda el seu estudi des de l’antropologia. De l’altra, es... more
L’article tracta de l’arquitectura tradicional com a patrimoni etnològic. D’una banda, s’explica l’encaix d’aquest tipus d’arquitectura dins del patrimoni etnològic i com s’aborda el seu estudi des de l’antropologia. De l’altra, es presenten les accions desenvolupades des de la Direcció General de Cultura Popular, Associacionisme i Accions Culturals de la Generalitat de Catalunya en aquest àmbit. Finalment, es presenta el cas de l’exposició “Construint el territori: arquitectura tradicional i paisatge a Catalunya”, que permet aprofundir en la mirada etnològica al patrimoni arquitectònic tradicional. El artículo trata de la arquitectura tradicional como patrimonio etnológico. Por una parte, se explica el encaje de este tipo de arquitectura dentro del patrimonio etnológico y cómo se aborda su estudio desde la antropología. Por otro, se presentan las acciones desarrolladas desde la Dirección General de Cultura Popular, Asociacionismo y Acciones Culturales de la Generalitat de Cataluña en este ámbito. Finalmente, se presenta el caso de la exposición "Construyendo el territorio: arquitectura tradicional y paisaje en Cataluña", que permite profundizar en la mirada etnológica al patrimonio arquitectónico tradicional. Costa, R.; Estrada, F.; Van Geert, F. (2016). “L’arquitectura tradicional catalana com a patrimoni etnològic”. In M. Alcindor & J. Fortià (eds.) Arquitectura tradicional. Essència o forma. Un debat obert al voltant de la intervenció a l'arquitectura vernacla. Barcelona: Col·legi d’Arquitectes de Catalunya, pàg. 84-90.
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En politique rien ne semble possible sans references culturelles, sans la mobilisation d’un imaginaire collectif. Avec la declaration de nombreux Etats de leur caractere multiculturel au cours de la seconde moitie du XXe siecle, qui... more
En politique rien ne semble possible sans references culturelles, sans la mobilisation d’un imaginaire collectif. Avec la declaration de nombreux Etats de leur caractere multiculturel au cours de la seconde moitie du XXe siecle, qui reconnurent l’existence de differences culturelles au sein de la Nation, conjointement a une vague de patrimonialisation de nouveaux referents communs multiculturels , les musees integrerent progressivement ce discours au sein de leurs expositions et de leurs collections. Ce sera tout particulierement le cas des musees ethnologiques des Autres , crees en lien avec l’affirmation de la Modernite et donnant lieu a la consolidation de l’Anthropologie, la science de l’Autre . Alors que ce multiculturalisme fait partie d'un nouveau paradigme, inaugure au cours des annees 1970, base sur une perception culturalisante de la structuration des societes, ces musees, crees pour la plupart entre le dernier quart du XIXe siecle et le premier quart du XXe siecle, in...
Cet article aborde d'un point de vue historique la representation de l'immigration au sein des musees en tant que partie integrante des reflexions, a la fois, autour du multiculturalisme, et du role social de cette institution.... more
Cet article aborde d'un point de vue historique la representation de l'immigration au sein des musees en tant que partie integrante des reflexions, a la fois, autour du multiculturalisme, et du role social de cette institution. Ainsi, dans les pays anglo-saxons, l'immigration a integre les differentes spheres museales et en constitue actuellement l'une des bases du discours institutionnel. Au contraire, en Europe, elle se concentre souvent dans les musees locaux et a du mal a etre reconnue au sein des recits nationaux. Outre ces differences, ces representations progressives de l'immigration donnent lieu, dans les deux contextes, a de profondes reflexions quant a la maniere de representer la societe actuelle. Les musees ouvrent des lors leurs portes, physiquement et virtuellement, a de nouvelles collections, tout en developpant de nouvelles methodes d'acquisition. Les sources orales font ainsi leur entree, en tant que ressources museales, permettant d'offrir de nouvelles perspectives sur les territoires. Par ailleurs, elles sont egalement progressivement utilisees en tant qu'artefacts specifiques du musee, donnant lieu a de nouvelles categories conceptuelles qui questionnent le role traditionnel du musee, dont les collections sont desormais situees a mi-chemin entre la materialite des objets et l'oralite des memoires et des temoignages.
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Abstract Based on the theoretical analysis of the uses of heritage as developed by the social and economic sciences since the 1990s, this article aims to explore the role played by geoheritage as a place branding strategy. For this... more
Abstract Based on the theoretical analysis of the uses of heritage as developed by the social and economic sciences since the 1990s, this article aims to explore the role played by geoheritage as a place branding strategy. For this matter, it focuses on the territory of the Pallars Jussa located in Catalonia (Spain), which geological and paleontological is very rich and internationally recognised. The recent use of this type of heritage in the creation of an image of this territory is addressed, first through the exploration of the Catalan policies for the conservation and promotion of geoheritage and second through the analysis of the creation of the Geopark of the Tremp Basin-Montsec, recognised by the Unesco in 2018, which will consolidate a long work initiated by the local and regional authorities. The difficulties and challenges of this specific use of geoheritage are finally addressed in the conclusions of this article, especially through the differences in objectives that may exist between the economic governance of this territory, based on the use value of geoheritage, and its scientific objectives mainly based on the existence value of geosites.
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O auge dos museus de antropologia na Europa e América do Norte foi desde a metade do século XIX até inícios do século XX. Sob o amparo do colonialismo, no aspecto político, e do evolucionismo cultural, no aspecto científico, muitos dos... more
O auge dos museus de antropologia na Europa e América do Norte foi desde a metade do século XIX até inícios do século XX. Sob o amparo do colonialismo, no aspecto político, e do evolucionismo cultural, no aspecto científico, muitos dos grandes museus de antropologia abriram as suas portas. No entanto, após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, as bases desse colonialismo começaram a ser questionadas nas grandes metrópoles e nas colônias e, muitas delas tinham iniciado o caminho da independência. Tudo isso permitiu que os museus de antropologia entrassem em crise e começassem a se reinventar, eliminando ou minimizando toda expressão colonialista, tentando resignificar os objetivos originários dos espólios perpetrados em décadas anteriores e se adequando, além disso, a sociedades cada vez mais multiculturais. Desse modo, o objetivo deste artigo é descrever e analisar as diferentes estratégias desenvolvidas por esses museus de antropologia no processo de reinvenção. Centramo-nos nas novas proposta...