The primary goal of architectural conservation is to transmit cultural heritage, a shared human v... more The primary goal of architectural conservation is to transmit cultural heritage, a shared human value, to future generations in its most authentic form. Different methods apply depending on the preservation state of each structure. Restoration is one such method, involving substantial intervention and inherent risks, which necessitate caution.
Preliminary studies focused on "efficiency"—preserving original values with minimal intervention—can be undertaken with an aim to minimize risks. This process seeks scientifically sound answers to "what" and "how" to preserve, embracing visionary and innovative approaches. Collaboration across disciplines and institutions can significantly enhance efficiency in restoration projects. By incorporating interdisciplinary work and innovative strategies, restoration efforts can achieve more efficient and effective outcomes.
International Academic Studies in Architecture, Planning and Design , 2024
Ancient City Stratonikeia is located within the boundaries of Eskihisar Village, near Yatağan in ... more Ancient City Stratonikeia is located within the boundaries of Eskihisar Village, near Yatağan in Muğla. The city serves as an extraordinary document for understanding architectural stratification and the continuity of change in terms of architecture and urban planning, as it still bears the traces of many civilizations. Structures from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Principalities, Ottoman, and Republican periods as the main stages of the region's political and cultural development, coexist and exhibit a rich historical past. Historical cities are conglomerations of areas formed by different cultures across different time periods, layered side by side and on top of each other. In these areas, layering can occur sometimes by erasing, demolishing, and destroying, and sometimes by adding, relocating, or multiplying. Distinguishing these layers in historical cities is not always easy. Therefore, it is important to read, evaluate, and interpret the layers together. The theoretical framework of this study, which is built upon the examination of concepts related to the city, historical city, urban identity, and stratification, adopts a mixed research model with an exploratory approach to situational analysis dependent on time and place. This model involves theoretical information obtained from written and digital sources, alongside in situ observations and assessments. The historical origins of Stratonikeia Ancient City - Eskihisar Village, its development up to the present day, and its physical, historical, and social conditions were investigated. Accordingly, the information was combined with on-site observations, documented through plans, and collectively evaluated and interpreted.
Side’de son birkaç yılda yakın tarihinde görülmediği oranda büyük bir kazı ve inşaat faaliyeti sü... more Side’de son birkaç yılda yakın tarihinde görülmediği oranda büyük bir kazı ve inşaat faaliyeti sürdürülmektedir. Bir yandan tarihi şehir merkezindeki mevcut yerleşiminin altındaki antik kalıntılar ortaya çıkarılmakta ve sergilenmekte, diğer yandan onlarca sayıda yeni yapı kentsel dokunun son katmanına kısa sürede eklemlenmektedir. Çalışmada, günümüzde turizm referanslı bir merkez olma yolunda hızla ilerleyen ve değişen antik Side’nin turizm, arkeoloji ve “koruma amaçlı imar planı” uygulamaları değerlendirilmektedir. Yeni uygulamalar ve yeni yapı oluşumları yerinde gözlemlere dayalı olarak irdelenmektedir. Yerin tarihsel bağlamı ve koruma-uygulama kararlarının gelişimi literatür kaynakları ile desteklenmektedir. Kuruluşu MÖ. 7. yüzyıla kadar uzanan Side’de yaşam 14. yüzyıla kadar kesintisiz olarak devam ettirilmiştir. 19. yüzyılda, uzunca bir aradan sonra, Girit’ten getirilen göçmenler için tekrar yerleşime açılmıştır. 1960’ların sonuna gelindiğinde adanın 1/3’ini, ahşap cumbaları ve çıkmaları ile özgün mimari karakter sergileyen yığma taş evler kaplamıştır. 1980 sonrası konaklamaya yönelik yoğun bir yapılaşma ve aralarına yapılan kaçak eklerle neredeyse bitişik nizama dönüşmüşlerdir. Bu durum, arkeolojik kalıntılar üzerinde de olumsuz etkilere yol açmıştır. Antik Side merkezinin 3. derece Sit Alanı olarak kabul edilmesinden sonra yerel Belediye, Valilik, Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulu birlikte, parsel bazında bir çözüm önerisi ile sosyal varlığın korunmasını hedefleyen “Antik Side Kentsel Tasarım Projesi” başlatmışlardır. Buna göre, mülk sahiplerinin yapıları yıkarak eski hacmine geri döndürmeleri, arkeolojik değerlerin korunması adına, inşaat öncesinde, arkeologlar denetiminde kazı yaptırmaları, buluntuların belgelenmesi ve sergilenmesini sağlamaları durumunda yapı izni almaları ve tapu sahibi olmaları mümkün olmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım, hâlihazırda antik yapı strüktürüne ulaşmanın zorluğunu yaşayan arkeologlar tarafından da olumlu karşılanmaktadır. Bunun yanında kentsel dokunun en son katmanına eklenen betonarme, iki katlı, geniş vitrinli zemin katı taş kaplamalı, “depolama” işlevi gören üst katı cumbalı yeni yapılar çağımızın tarihi çevreye bir katkısı olarak sunulmaktadır. Mimari açıdan kendi başlarına herhangi bir özgül değeri olmayan bu yeni satış birimlerine “yeni bir değer” atfedilmek amacıyla “Türk Evi” imgesi kültürel bağlamından koparılmakta, her yerde var olabilir ve her işlev için kullanılabilir bir meta haline getirilmekte ve mimari bir rol model olarak ortaya konmaktadır. Çalışmada, kullanılan tarihselci mimari dil ve ziyaretçilere dayatılan “yanlış” toplumsal gerçeklik tartışılmaktadır.
12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions SAHC 2020 P. Roca, L. Pelà and C. Molins (Eds.), 2021
The high-podium Roman Period temple, with a semi-circular plan scheme, was discovered by Lanckoro... more The high-podium Roman Period temple, with a semi-circular plan scheme, was discovered by Lanckoroński and his team in Side, Turkey and named after ‘P’ in 1890 [1]. The temple was unearthed by Mansel [2] and his team in 1947 through archaeological excavations. In 2013, further studies started on the temple. The aim of the still ongoing work is to seek answers to such issues that haven’t been clarified yet, as the plan scheme, to whom it was dedicated, and the date of construction. In this context, the construction structure of the Temple P was investigated during the present study based on in-situ and precise documentation: At least five different types of stones were classified by purpose, including conglomerate, travertine, sandstone, marble and rubble stone mixed with mortar as infilling material. It was seen that fit-to purpose use of the material was considered more important than the ideal and repeated dimensions of the building blocks. Moreover, local material was used except for the outsourced marble. In addition to the large-sized clamps and dowels in the load-bearing core blocks of the walls, the spaces between the coatings and the load-bearing core were filled with mortar. In this construction technique, opus revinctum and opus caementitium were used together. The partition walls separating the three rooms of the lower floor and the vault cover made with mortar and formwork system belong to the construction period of the temple. However, there are indications that the outer walls, about 2,5 m thick, originated from the foundations of a precursor structure. Four construction stages of the pillar profiles of the orthostat coating blocks of the podium, each having different lengths, can be traced from the upper surface workmanship, without scalping. The podium, which is approximately 2,30 cm high, is reached by one main and two side stairs. Numerous, high quality marble blocks in front of the cella on the podium indicate the presence of a monumental entrance structure made in opus revinctum technique. Unlike the profiled orthostat blocks of the podium, which were processed in situ after assembly, the cassette and cornice blocks of the entrance structure were produced 'on the ground' previously. The restitution of the marble cassette ceiling of the monumental entrance structure has been developed by combining the 1:10 scale precision surveys of the blocks via a computer aided method. The efforts for a modular planning and production are witnessed in the construction of cassette ceilings.
Having been remembered by the public of Antalya for its cone-less minaret for more than a century... more Having been remembered by the public of Antalya for its cone-less minaret for more than a century, the Kesik Minare was built as a Byzantine church in an agora dating back to the Roman Period during the second half of the Vth century/early VIth century, and almost all of its construction materials were gathered from buildings from the Hellenistic and Roman Period. Hence, it serves as an archive of the establishment and development process of the city. The building functioned as a mosque until a major fire in 1896. Although it remained exposed to all external effects and unprotected for more than a century following the fire, due to the fact that there was no comprehensive intervention except for some reinforcements in certain sections in 1974, it continued to contribute to the cultural diversity of Antalya with its historical as well as aesthetic and picturesque values. Having attracted the reaction of large circles on a scale partly as extensive as a reconstruction in 2019-2020. The aim of this article is to contribute to the discussions on the current interventions on Kesik Minare on a scientific scale by evaluating the attempt of re-functioning it as a mosque based on international conservation theories and criteria.
Ancient drawings on a marble block in Side came to public attention in 2018. Barely seen under ce... more Ancient drawings on a marble block in Side came to public attention in 2018. Barely seen under certain light conditions, those drawings were first discovered by Ülkü İzmirligil in 2002 amongst the block stones being removed from in front of the skene building of the theatre. The approximately 5-millimetre-deep lines were engraved on smooth marble surface in a fine and sharp fashion. Composed of an Ionic volute, profiles of column base, and a flower of life pattern, the working drawings cover a 1,60 m2 space. When the missing part in the drawings is completed there appears a horizontal axis passing through the centre of the eye of the volute. There are two other in-parallel axes in perpendicular to the foregoing axis, one passes through the eye of the volute, again, and the other passes through the widest section of the volute. The last two axes also constrain the drawings of column base profiles. Having probably been prepared in advance, those axes might have served to the purpose of facilitating the original drawings. It is likely that the drawings were scribed by the masons, who worked in the construction of the skene building of the theatre. Therefore, the theories of Roman architecture can be associated with an ancient drawing for the first time in Side; and may shed light on the relations between design, production, and construction in Side during the Ancient Period. The fact that the marble block housing the working drawings bears multiple usage traces may provide information as regards the construction process of the skene building of the theatre.
Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 2019
Only 36 of 256 factories that operated from the Ottoman period to the mid-20th century in Istanb... more Only 36 of 256 factories that operated from the Ottoman period to the mid-20th century in Istanbul could reach today. Some of them were abandoned, some buildings were reused and some were reused together with their environment. In terms of conservation it is crucial to give the building a new function in order to help it survive, at the same time however, one has to be careful not to significantly change original characteristics of the building and not to break its connection with history. Due to the scale of the factories, the industrial heritage has to be protected together with its area. The ongoing urban transformation in Istanbul affects the visibility of these preserved examples of industrial heritage. In addition, researches draw attention to the probable risk of an earthquake in the near future in Istanbul, where several disasters have happened in previous history. This paper, discusses the conservation and sustainability of industrial heritages which are located in the area between Yedikule, on the border of the historical peninsula and Küçükçekmece Lake by the Marmara Sea, Turkey. The industrial heritage in the region concerned was evaluated in terms of its location, scale, existing structures, its current use and its structural and constructional features, taking the disaster risk into account. Four samples were evaluated, using data derived from on-site observations of the materials’ characteristics, the technology and structural systems the current condition of the building elements and their decoration features. The study emphasizes the necessity of protecting industrial heritage in Istanbul. https://www.springerprofessional.de/sustainability-disaster-risk-and-conservation-problems-of-indust/16054802
Vienna’s ‘allotment gardens’ with a long history in culture and law, have been solutions develope... more Vienna’s ‘allotment gardens’ with a long history in culture and law, have been solutions developed in first half of 20th century, by concepts of food and accommodation which required overcoming of social, economic and hygienic conditions of the period. Aim of the period was not only to provide temporary housing in green areas of the city, but also to present an option of ‘planting gardens’ as a solution to limited economic conditions. The land, usually used for planting fruit and vegetables such as potato, cabbage, carrot, radish and apples, had also included a ‘shelter’ which provided protection from climate conditions along with its function for storage. Sizes of the gardens and shelters were limited by the ‘minimum’ size required by one family. Shelters, in addition to personal differences, reflected economic conditions of the environment with their simple and minimal dimen-sions along with their low-key architecture characteristics. The ‘allotment gardens’ of the past which have been popular due to nutrition policies and health reasons, are now being replaced by ‘small garden houses’. Munici-pality of Vienna created the necessary conditions for purchase of ‘allotment garden’ parcels since 1995. By the help of several ‘dwelling incentive credits’, ‘affordable’ conditions for living in a ‘garden house’ with 50 m2 or 80 m2 base area, a green space within boundaries of a city, are being provided.
With a half-round plan and high podium the Temple " P " in Side, Pamphylia had been discovered mo... more With a half-round plan and high podium the Temple " P " in Side, Pamphylia had been discovered more than a century ago and partially investigated after its excavation half a century later. A new study was launched in 2013 in order to reexamine the historical structure, dedication and architecture, which had not yet been definitively determined. This research determined that the bust on the front façade of the entirely existent one of the two tympanums at the monumental entrance of the temple, which was evidential of the dedication of the temple to the God Men, was not in fact a " man head " as it was claimed, but portrayed a woman along with Demeter's attributes; perhaps Kore, the daughter of the goddess of abundance. Through archaeological and historical building research on site new information regarding the functionality of the temple, as well as the caving and bulging architecture of the monumental entrance structure was obtained.
In the 1850s, factories increasingly spread across the world just as they did in the Ottoman Stat... more In the 1850s, factories increasingly spread across the world just as they did in the Ottoman State, especially in Istanbul. However, by the end of the 20th century most of these factories were empty and dilapidated. Due to the city’s growth, the factories that had once been built on large premises at the peripheries have now become dysfunctional industrial heritage sites in the city center. It is important to reintegrate these sites to society. While the city’s rapid growth and lack of resources render the re-functioning of existing buildings meaningful and necessary, it is also crucial to preserve the left traces that document the factory’s production and development processes. This paper studies the historic development and re-functioning process of the Bomonti Beer Factory based on visual and written sources and on-site observations, while discussing the re-functioning of industrial heritage sites as educational, social and cultural spaces with contributions to the city’s sustainability and preservation.
Yakın Mimarlık Dergisi – Journal of Near Archıtecture, 2018
The buildings and the physical texture created by them is the key witness of the past. Buildings ... more The buildings and the physical texture created by them is the key witness of the past. Buildings with historical values provide priceless insights about economic, political, cultural and artistic tendencies of the past in the perception and cognition of the viewer. Therefore, one can develop ideas about history and the degree of advancement of the community as a whole. In this paper, various approaches to architectural environments are investigated in order to put forward a sound argument. The main purpose of this study is the assessment of Bankalar Avenue (formerly Voyvoda Street) since the 19th century under three main categories of meaning: structure, function and style. In this paper 35 buildings located on Bankalar Caddesi are studied and appropriate conservation techniques are proposed. The study concludes that Bankalar Caddesi is one of the most important streets in Istanbul reflecting western architectural designs and should be conserved as it is.
Often the (hi)story of a business and its premises depend on the life of a person, filling the sp... more Often the (hi)story of a business and its premises depend on the life of a person, filling the space with their mind and thoughts. Hence, the loss of this person would almost mean the loss of the place or at least a great change for the remaining. This shows how crucial the relationship between humans and buildings are and how strong their mutual existence is. The former grocery store and traditional restaurant ‘Piccini’ in Vienna with its authentic Italian food reflects this phenomenon since 1856. It is also one of the last remaining modern Viennese shop buildings; which was designed by the well-known Viennese architect Otto Prutscher in 1934. Following the death of the owners and the insolvency of their successors last year, ‘Piccini’ had been vacant for some time. Assumedly, it was taken over by a steakhouse chain from Hamburg. This paper presents the process for the new transformation of ‘Piccini’, several suggested versions and the final selection.
The vegetable garden of Michelle Obama in The White House, as well as the ‘community gardens’, ‘c... more The vegetable garden of Michelle Obama in The White House, as well as the ‘community gardens’, ‘city farms’ or ‘hobby gardens’ owned by city-dwellers all around the world, herald a new urban lifestyle in the pursuit of healthy food cultivated in personal gardens. Repercussions of this current, seen primarily in New York, London and Berlin among others, also began in Vienna and Istanbul and grabbed public attention. This tendency should be considered not as a temporary trend, but a desire of inhabitants to establish a connection with their environment, even if it is only for economic purposes, to have a say in urban design or to raise ecologic awareness. The objective of this study was to analyze common, similar or different aspects of community gardens in Vienna, the Austrian capital and Istanbul, the most important city in Turkey, with respect to formation and implementation; these gardens are called ‘common gardens’ or ‘hobby gardens’ as an aspect of urban agriculture needed by people with common grounds despite certain differences in realization with regard to social dynamics of relevant place. Istanbul is known for dense housing, while Vienna is famous for its wide green spaces; nevertheless, productive landscaping, gardens and balcony gardening are gradually becoming more popular among inhabitants in both cities, especially in central areas. Fertile, historical landscaping keeps diminishing in Istanbul where green-less housing dominates; therefore, these applications bring the historical identity and cultural richness into our day; besides, they inspire new productive spaces and remind the importance of present ones.
Viyana’nın tarihi merkezinden sonra en eski yerleşim alanı olan 2. Bölge’sinde, “Karmelitermarkt”... more Viyana’nın tarihi merkezinden sonra en eski yerleşim alanı olan 2. Bölge’sinde, “Karmelitermarkt” mevkiinde bulunan bir binanın son katı (4. kat) ile çatı arası mekanlarında, planlaması yaklaşık iki yıl süren ve 2013 yılında inşaa edilen iki katlı lüks bir konut projesi tanıtılacaktır. Aynı zamanda tüm binanın sahibi olan müşteri, iki ayrı mimarlık bürosundan tasarım önerisi almış, seçimini ilk öneriye göre sonradan değişiklik geçirmiş olsa da, burada tanıtılan proje doğrultusunda yapmıştır. İşlevsel açıdan genel yaşam alanı ve özel uyku alanı olmak üzere iki kat halinde tasarlanmış olan konutun ana girişi üst kattadır, alt katta tali bir giriş bulunmaktadır. Gündüz yaşam alanı olarak tasarlanmış olan çatı katında antre, gardırop, salon, mutfak, tuvaletler, lavabolar, kütüphane, pesah (hamursuz bayramı) mutfağı, teraslar ve teknik donanım odaları bulunmaktadır. 4 çocuklu olan ailenin yatak odaları, banyolar ve tuvaletler, fitness odası, soyunma odası, sauna, serinleme havuzu, duş, gardırop, çamaşırhane, giysi ve gıda depoları alt katta yer almaktadır. Çatı katının avlu tipindeki, güneşe karşı tentelerle korunarak sakin yaşama olanağı sağlayan, iç terasına ek olarak çatı yüzeylerinin avluya bakan kısmında çiçek, baharat gibi bitkiler yetiştirilmesi için donanımlar ve çocuk oyun alanının bulunduğu çatı terası yer almaktadır. Yaklaşık 500 m2 büyüklükteki konutta konfora hizmet edecek yüksek standartlı sıhhi tesisatlar kullanılmış olup, kullanıcının istek ve gereksinimleri doğrultusunda ev otomasyonu uygulamalarına olanak sağlayan “BUS” sisteminden yararlanılmıştır. Bildiride ayrıca, “akıllı ev” projesinde uzmanlarla birlikte çözümler geliştiren tasarımcının, planlama ve uygulama sürecindeki kullanıcı ve uzmanlar arasındaki “organizatör” rolü tanıtılacaktır.
For decades Modernism has been invoked to justify the preservation of historical buildings, and ... more For decades Modernism has been invoked to justify the preservation of historical buildings, and many buildings have been successfully conserved. Now the architectural icons of Modernism are themselves perceived as historically significant, so that their preservation has to be ensured for the next generations. The historical city centre of Vienna is already to be found on UNESCO’s world heritage list. The Federal Heritage Office in Vienna also supports culturally and ecologically sustainable management of modern architecture, and sounds out the limits of technological possibilities to secure the artistic and cultural heritage of Modernism. Latest research methods and the use of recent findings from the field of Restoration Science help both in the preservation and restoration of the masterpieces of modern art and also in the revitalization of the modern architecture in Vienna, which characterizes the cityscape. The three recently restored examples, the Hotel Daniel (2011) (former Hoffmann-La Roche building, 1962), the Korean Cultural House (2012) (former lakeside restaurant in the Danube Park, 1964) and the ‘21er-Haus’ (2011) (former ‘20er-Haus’, 1962) prove in fact that high-quality, contemporary architecture and historical buildings, in this case from the Sixties, can form a successful symbiosis.
Keywords: Preservation of Modernism in Vienna; High-Tech and Restoration; Hotel Daniel (former Hoffmann-La Roche building); 21er-Haus (former 20er-Haus); Korean Cultural House (former lakeside Restaurant).
In the summer of 2013 and 2014 new research began at Side’s Temple P, which rises on a semicircul... more In the summer of 2013 and 2014 new research began at Side’s Temple P, which rises on a semicircular podium and ends with a rectangular shape. This renewed architectural research on the building extends the findings of earlier studies on the temple, which was published for the first time by Lanckoroński in 1890. In 1947 it was excavated by Mansel, and a new restitution was proposed by Gliwitzky in 2010. Current researches concentrated particularly on the stone compatible and precise architectural drawings of in situ and dislodged blocks, using historical building research methods. Through these methods new information was obtained about the building phases of the lower floor, the architecture of the elements of the monumen- tal entrance, and the dedicatee(s) of the temple.
The first research on Temple P was conducted by Lanckoroński and his team, who marked the temple as P in his map of Side in 1890. In his very brief description Petersen mentions a tympanum belonging to Temple P in Side and recalls a “similar architectural element” that he had seen in Kremna before coming to Side and describes a “figure on it”. This description was interpreted by Mansel, who carried out excavations in Side 57 years after its discovery, as if it belonged to the tympanum and the Side figure with the hypothesis that “the one in Side was worn but the other well preserved”. Thus it was taken as evidence to identify the temple’s dedication to Men. Actually Lanckoroński’s publication states that the dedication of the temple to Men was a possibility; nevertheless, he named the temple as P.
Mansel mentioned the dedication to Men cautiously in his early publications but supported this hypothesis more determinedly in his final publication. Without checking the relief on the tympanum, he claimed that a figure on a Gallienus coin of Side depicted Men, thus Temple P should be dedicated to Men, although many researchers objected to this identification. However, nothing contrary has not been proven yet. Descriptions of this temple usually start with “an unusual plan type…”, and then it is either placed under a separate category or ignored totally in typological studies. Thus, more than 120 years after its discovery, there still is no systematic study, documentation or publication of Temple P. Researchers underline the inefficacy of Mansel’s data and the deficiency of its presentation.
In this context it can be stated that the frame of the researches has been constrained by the lack of satisfactory information on Roman temple architecture. Indeed, is it not more interesting to study non-typical examples, to see how much the rules were transcended or to investigate the reasons for producing unusual solutions for the sake of research, rather than studying examples not stretching the rules? Thus, our architectural study on Temple P started with the concerns in mind and relied on the chance and possibility to “turn to the building itself” at first independent of the building’s function and the time period to which it belongs.
In the first stage of this new research the focus was on the building itself as the main reference. Dislodged architectural blocks scattered around the monumental entrance before the semicircular cella rising on a podium were examined. Recording through drawing was realized using a computer-supported relevé method. Relevés of technical joints like clamps, dowels etc. as well as areas with finely dressed stone surfaces were prepared on 1:10 scale based on geo- desic measurements. A standard description technique was developed that was suitable for the deformation of the stone. On the other hand, on the lower floor where no technical joints ex- isted in masonry, relevés of 1:20 were prepared by hand. Dislodged architectural blocks were drawn to a 1:10 scale containing all the data necessary for research on historical buildings, and their photographs were taken for documentation.
Documents hand-drawn on site were scanned and digitised using the capabilities of the CAD program in order to prepare the basis for restitution. Ceiling coffers were researched by putting together drawings on a 1:10 scale using a computer.
On-site research on the tympanum has shown that the bust in its middle is not a “male with conical headgear”, as thought by former researchers, but rather “a female” in high relief. This female is flanked with a stylized ear of wheat on the right and a stylized opium capsule on the left. Heavily worn traces on the stone can still be discerned in certain sunlight revealing the earlobes, a triangular pit under the chin, her throat, and her hair in curls. So this is a goddess figure flanked with her attributes; thus, she should be identified as Demeter.
From the point of architecture, the presence of two such façade elements of equal size indicates a symmetrical façade. This situation brings a question with itself: So to whom was the second tympanum dedicated? In this context the future questions to be investigated are: Did the temple house another cult of mystery together with that of Demeter? So was the second tympanum dedicated to another deity, or did it refer to another quality of Demeter such as Thesmophoros or Karpophoros? Was there a depiction of Kore (Persephone) in a mother- daughter context or of Hades?
The basement concealed in the podium of Temple P may have served the cult of Demeter and/or another cult of mystery referring to Hades and Persephone, death and life. In the rites of Demeter the basement may have served for the enactment of the abduction of Persephone by Hades, the god of underworld, or her return. The shape of the hidden and introverted rooms downstairs, unconnected with the outside except for the “holes” in the ceiling opening into the cella, should be related to the worship manner of the mystic cult. The three rooms may be symbolically referring to the division of the year into trimesters, during two of which Persephone lived with her mother.
The “unusual” plan of the temple or its individuality with respect to form may have been caused by the fact that an already existing round structure (a tower of city walls?) formed the foundations, as suggested by some clues. Even if it had been built anew or used an existing substructure, the architecture of Temple P is important for its creativity that surpasses the patterns of Roman architecture on the one hand and reveals that a variety of solutions was welcomed on the other.
“For the time being” the architectural result we obtained indicates that this building’s extant in situ remains and scattered blocks, its podium faced with grey sandstone, and its semicircular cella rising on this podium had a two-story monumental entrance of white marble. It had two protruding wings crowned with one tympana each that was very elaborate with recesses and protrusions and lavishly decorated. It had a façade arrangement similar to that of Roman Imperial-period stage buildings and nymphaea, and its entrance was equipped with stairways on three sides and covered with a coffered vault in the centre. This fact justifies the comparison of this temple’s decoration with those of stage buildings and nymphaea, which even question its identification as a temple.
Very few designers make use of research. Even fewer make use of needs research. Needs research on... more Very few designers make use of research. Even fewer make use of needs research. Needs research on the other hand, as it stands now, serves limited purposes and, is in itself insufficient. It is commonly seen as a linear process where information flows from the user to the designer through the interpretations of the researcher. Here, needs of the users are defined in terms of what they say they need.
Research should be seen as a co-operative act of user, researcher and designer and adopted as a long-term, innovative, supportive, feed-back process incorporating the interpretations of environmental designers. Otherwise, integration of man environment relations with decision making process will be difficult.
Also, needs of particular user groups should be defined in terms of the underlying social meaning of attitudes and preferences in those groups, not in terms of what they say they need. Provided with facts and figures, the designer has to use his previous knowledge and experience, and ponder upon the meaning for the specific user group of this factual information. Designer should never take research results as they are but act as social as well as physical interpreter.
A line of empirical researches into the housing needs of the newly urbanized lower middle income group of Turkish population, taken up as academic interest by the authors of this paper sheds light' into the professed and the actual needs of the users and thus pronounces the research as a feed-back process and the role of the architect as a social interpreter.
Bu çalışma eski bir tartışmadan kaynaklanmaktadır. Standartlaşma ve boyutsal eşgüdüm, gibi kavram... more Bu çalışma eski bir tartışmadan kaynaklanmaktadır. Standartlaşma ve boyutsal eşgüdüm, gibi kavramlar, ekonomi ve teknoloji gibi mimari tasarım boyutlarını birlikte anlatmak gibi bir özelliğe iyedirler. Standartlaşma ürün ve alt ürünlerin birbirleri arasında ve kendi içlerinde uyumlu olmasını sağlayan boyut yinelenmeleri ve kararlılığı anlamına gelir. Boyutsal eşgüdüm ise standartlaşmayı öngören bir süreç, bir edimdir. Çağdaş konut üretiminin temel taşlarını oluşturan bu kavramlardan başka toplukonut bağlamında diğer önemli bir sorun da ekonomi-ekoloji çelişkisidir. Ekonomik kaygılar minimum boyutları ve standartların tabanlarını uygulamayı gerektirirken insanın insanca yaşam sürdürmesiyle çelişmektedir. Kullanıcının yaşam biçiminden kaynaklanmayan konut tasarımları, batı kökenli teknolojilerle uygulanarak gerçek kullanıcının değer ve gereksinmeleriyle çelişmekte, kullanılmayan, terk edilen, amaçlı bir biçimde bozulan fiziksel çevrelerin ve akıl almaz bir tekdüzeliğin oluşmasına neden olmaktadır. Konut ekologları bu konuda önemli uyarılarda bulunmaktadırlar.
Efes’e yaklaşık 14 km uzaklıkta, İzmir İli, Selçuk İlçesi Belevi mevkiinde yer alan Hellenistik D... more Efes’e yaklaşık 14 km uzaklıkta, İzmir İli, Selçuk İlçesi Belevi mevkiinde yer alan Hellenistik Dönem’e ait Mausoleum, döneminin günümüze kadar en iyi korunabilmiş anıt mezarlarından biridir. 2001-2007 yılları arasında Avusturya Bilimler Akademisi ile Avusturya Bilimsel Çalışmaları Teşvik Fonu’nun ortak bir projesi olarak Avusturya Arkeoloji Enstitüsü Efes Kazıları çerçevesinde, Türkiye Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Müzeler ve Anıtlar Genelmüdürlüğü’nün katkılarıyla, daha önce yapılan araştırmalardaki eksiklikleri tamamlamak amacıyla yeni bir araştırma projesi hayata geçirilmiştir. Araştırmada, anıtın mimarisinin daha önce gerçekleştirilen restitüsyon denemelerinden farklı olduğuna ilişkin bulgularla Hellenistik Dönem yapım sürecine ait bir dizi yeni bilgi edinilmesinin yanısıra, daha bu dönemde duvar örgüsünde harç kullanımının tespit edilmesi gibi malzeme tarihi açısından da ilginç sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.
As old but simultaneously as current the concept of "contextualism" is and as it also portrays a ... more As old but simultaneously as current the concept of "contextualism" is and as it also portrays a condition of continuity in the architecture, shall be investigated in a travel through time. It will be shown vis-à-vis certain exemplifying historical buildings, starting in the Ancient world proceeding to the Middle Ages and the Renaissance until recent time including reactions to past or existing styles.
"Selection of location", “Genius Loci” and "continuity" as a sub-concept of “Contextualism in Architecture” play an important role for these exemplifying historical buildings. The fact, that important monuments in the ancient world had “paragons” did not cause loss of significance or bring them down to “worthlessness”. In contrary, such examples could be affilated to the list of the Wonders of the World. (Temple of Artemis in Ephesus). The choosen examples mostly derive from Anatolia, there is no reason to go far away, but this phenomenon is spread all over the world, Palladio´s Basilica in Vicenza will be paradigme for that. Contextualism and its sub-concepts may emerge at any time and at any place, in various shapes. It may focus in a single place and last over centuries (like in the Temple of Apollo in Didyma and the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus), it may be shown by the absorption of local or regional peculiarities (as in the Temple of Athena or in Eldem’s “Taşlık Coffeehouse”) or by incorporating parts of the tradition of a whole cultural area (e.g. Sinan’s mosques). The influence of the building type of the Church of the Holy Aposteles in Constantinople reached even to far away countries. The context may consist in the absorption of the type, whereas details are modificated, as well as in the absorption of details by utilise re-used material (spolia) and imitating ornaments, whereas the system is changed (Cumanin Camii at Antalya).
The primary goal of architectural conservation is to transmit cultural heritage, a shared human v... more The primary goal of architectural conservation is to transmit cultural heritage, a shared human value, to future generations in its most authentic form. Different methods apply depending on the preservation state of each structure. Restoration is one such method, involving substantial intervention and inherent risks, which necessitate caution.
Preliminary studies focused on "efficiency"—preserving original values with minimal intervention—can be undertaken with an aim to minimize risks. This process seeks scientifically sound answers to "what" and "how" to preserve, embracing visionary and innovative approaches. Collaboration across disciplines and institutions can significantly enhance efficiency in restoration projects. By incorporating interdisciplinary work and innovative strategies, restoration efforts can achieve more efficient and effective outcomes.
International Academic Studies in Architecture, Planning and Design , 2024
Ancient City Stratonikeia is located within the boundaries of Eskihisar Village, near Yatağan in ... more Ancient City Stratonikeia is located within the boundaries of Eskihisar Village, near Yatağan in Muğla. The city serves as an extraordinary document for understanding architectural stratification and the continuity of change in terms of architecture and urban planning, as it still bears the traces of many civilizations. Structures from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Principalities, Ottoman, and Republican periods as the main stages of the region's political and cultural development, coexist and exhibit a rich historical past. Historical cities are conglomerations of areas formed by different cultures across different time periods, layered side by side and on top of each other. In these areas, layering can occur sometimes by erasing, demolishing, and destroying, and sometimes by adding, relocating, or multiplying. Distinguishing these layers in historical cities is not always easy. Therefore, it is important to read, evaluate, and interpret the layers together. The theoretical framework of this study, which is built upon the examination of concepts related to the city, historical city, urban identity, and stratification, adopts a mixed research model with an exploratory approach to situational analysis dependent on time and place. This model involves theoretical information obtained from written and digital sources, alongside in situ observations and assessments. The historical origins of Stratonikeia Ancient City - Eskihisar Village, its development up to the present day, and its physical, historical, and social conditions were investigated. Accordingly, the information was combined with on-site observations, documented through plans, and collectively evaluated and interpreted.
Side’de son birkaç yılda yakın tarihinde görülmediği oranda büyük bir kazı ve inşaat faaliyeti sü... more Side’de son birkaç yılda yakın tarihinde görülmediği oranda büyük bir kazı ve inşaat faaliyeti sürdürülmektedir. Bir yandan tarihi şehir merkezindeki mevcut yerleşiminin altındaki antik kalıntılar ortaya çıkarılmakta ve sergilenmekte, diğer yandan onlarca sayıda yeni yapı kentsel dokunun son katmanına kısa sürede eklemlenmektedir. Çalışmada, günümüzde turizm referanslı bir merkez olma yolunda hızla ilerleyen ve değişen antik Side’nin turizm, arkeoloji ve “koruma amaçlı imar planı” uygulamaları değerlendirilmektedir. Yeni uygulamalar ve yeni yapı oluşumları yerinde gözlemlere dayalı olarak irdelenmektedir. Yerin tarihsel bağlamı ve koruma-uygulama kararlarının gelişimi literatür kaynakları ile desteklenmektedir. Kuruluşu MÖ. 7. yüzyıla kadar uzanan Side’de yaşam 14. yüzyıla kadar kesintisiz olarak devam ettirilmiştir. 19. yüzyılda, uzunca bir aradan sonra, Girit’ten getirilen göçmenler için tekrar yerleşime açılmıştır. 1960’ların sonuna gelindiğinde adanın 1/3’ini, ahşap cumbaları ve çıkmaları ile özgün mimari karakter sergileyen yığma taş evler kaplamıştır. 1980 sonrası konaklamaya yönelik yoğun bir yapılaşma ve aralarına yapılan kaçak eklerle neredeyse bitişik nizama dönüşmüşlerdir. Bu durum, arkeolojik kalıntılar üzerinde de olumsuz etkilere yol açmıştır. Antik Side merkezinin 3. derece Sit Alanı olarak kabul edilmesinden sonra yerel Belediye, Valilik, Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulu birlikte, parsel bazında bir çözüm önerisi ile sosyal varlığın korunmasını hedefleyen “Antik Side Kentsel Tasarım Projesi” başlatmışlardır. Buna göre, mülk sahiplerinin yapıları yıkarak eski hacmine geri döndürmeleri, arkeolojik değerlerin korunması adına, inşaat öncesinde, arkeologlar denetiminde kazı yaptırmaları, buluntuların belgelenmesi ve sergilenmesini sağlamaları durumunda yapı izni almaları ve tapu sahibi olmaları mümkün olmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım, hâlihazırda antik yapı strüktürüne ulaşmanın zorluğunu yaşayan arkeologlar tarafından da olumlu karşılanmaktadır. Bunun yanında kentsel dokunun en son katmanına eklenen betonarme, iki katlı, geniş vitrinli zemin katı taş kaplamalı, “depolama” işlevi gören üst katı cumbalı yeni yapılar çağımızın tarihi çevreye bir katkısı olarak sunulmaktadır. Mimari açıdan kendi başlarına herhangi bir özgül değeri olmayan bu yeni satış birimlerine “yeni bir değer” atfedilmek amacıyla “Türk Evi” imgesi kültürel bağlamından koparılmakta, her yerde var olabilir ve her işlev için kullanılabilir bir meta haline getirilmekte ve mimari bir rol model olarak ortaya konmaktadır. Çalışmada, kullanılan tarihselci mimari dil ve ziyaretçilere dayatılan “yanlış” toplumsal gerçeklik tartışılmaktadır.
12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions SAHC 2020 P. Roca, L. Pelà and C. Molins (Eds.), 2021
The high-podium Roman Period temple, with a semi-circular plan scheme, was discovered by Lanckoro... more The high-podium Roman Period temple, with a semi-circular plan scheme, was discovered by Lanckoroński and his team in Side, Turkey and named after ‘P’ in 1890 [1]. The temple was unearthed by Mansel [2] and his team in 1947 through archaeological excavations. In 2013, further studies started on the temple. The aim of the still ongoing work is to seek answers to such issues that haven’t been clarified yet, as the plan scheme, to whom it was dedicated, and the date of construction. In this context, the construction structure of the Temple P was investigated during the present study based on in-situ and precise documentation: At least five different types of stones were classified by purpose, including conglomerate, travertine, sandstone, marble and rubble stone mixed with mortar as infilling material. It was seen that fit-to purpose use of the material was considered more important than the ideal and repeated dimensions of the building blocks. Moreover, local material was used except for the outsourced marble. In addition to the large-sized clamps and dowels in the load-bearing core blocks of the walls, the spaces between the coatings and the load-bearing core were filled with mortar. In this construction technique, opus revinctum and opus caementitium were used together. The partition walls separating the three rooms of the lower floor and the vault cover made with mortar and formwork system belong to the construction period of the temple. However, there are indications that the outer walls, about 2,5 m thick, originated from the foundations of a precursor structure. Four construction stages of the pillar profiles of the orthostat coating blocks of the podium, each having different lengths, can be traced from the upper surface workmanship, without scalping. The podium, which is approximately 2,30 cm high, is reached by one main and two side stairs. Numerous, high quality marble blocks in front of the cella on the podium indicate the presence of a monumental entrance structure made in opus revinctum technique. Unlike the profiled orthostat blocks of the podium, which were processed in situ after assembly, the cassette and cornice blocks of the entrance structure were produced 'on the ground' previously. The restitution of the marble cassette ceiling of the monumental entrance structure has been developed by combining the 1:10 scale precision surveys of the blocks via a computer aided method. The efforts for a modular planning and production are witnessed in the construction of cassette ceilings.
Having been remembered by the public of Antalya for its cone-less minaret for more than a century... more Having been remembered by the public of Antalya for its cone-less minaret for more than a century, the Kesik Minare was built as a Byzantine church in an agora dating back to the Roman Period during the second half of the Vth century/early VIth century, and almost all of its construction materials were gathered from buildings from the Hellenistic and Roman Period. Hence, it serves as an archive of the establishment and development process of the city. The building functioned as a mosque until a major fire in 1896. Although it remained exposed to all external effects and unprotected for more than a century following the fire, due to the fact that there was no comprehensive intervention except for some reinforcements in certain sections in 1974, it continued to contribute to the cultural diversity of Antalya with its historical as well as aesthetic and picturesque values. Having attracted the reaction of large circles on a scale partly as extensive as a reconstruction in 2019-2020. The aim of this article is to contribute to the discussions on the current interventions on Kesik Minare on a scientific scale by evaluating the attempt of re-functioning it as a mosque based on international conservation theories and criteria.
Ancient drawings on a marble block in Side came to public attention in 2018. Barely seen under ce... more Ancient drawings on a marble block in Side came to public attention in 2018. Barely seen under certain light conditions, those drawings were first discovered by Ülkü İzmirligil in 2002 amongst the block stones being removed from in front of the skene building of the theatre. The approximately 5-millimetre-deep lines were engraved on smooth marble surface in a fine and sharp fashion. Composed of an Ionic volute, profiles of column base, and a flower of life pattern, the working drawings cover a 1,60 m2 space. When the missing part in the drawings is completed there appears a horizontal axis passing through the centre of the eye of the volute. There are two other in-parallel axes in perpendicular to the foregoing axis, one passes through the eye of the volute, again, and the other passes through the widest section of the volute. The last two axes also constrain the drawings of column base profiles. Having probably been prepared in advance, those axes might have served to the purpose of facilitating the original drawings. It is likely that the drawings were scribed by the masons, who worked in the construction of the skene building of the theatre. Therefore, the theories of Roman architecture can be associated with an ancient drawing for the first time in Side; and may shed light on the relations between design, production, and construction in Side during the Ancient Period. The fact that the marble block housing the working drawings bears multiple usage traces may provide information as regards the construction process of the skene building of the theatre.
Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 2019
Only 36 of 256 factories that operated from the Ottoman period to the mid-20th century in Istanb... more Only 36 of 256 factories that operated from the Ottoman period to the mid-20th century in Istanbul could reach today. Some of them were abandoned, some buildings were reused and some were reused together with their environment. In terms of conservation it is crucial to give the building a new function in order to help it survive, at the same time however, one has to be careful not to significantly change original characteristics of the building and not to break its connection with history. Due to the scale of the factories, the industrial heritage has to be protected together with its area. The ongoing urban transformation in Istanbul affects the visibility of these preserved examples of industrial heritage. In addition, researches draw attention to the probable risk of an earthquake in the near future in Istanbul, where several disasters have happened in previous history. This paper, discusses the conservation and sustainability of industrial heritages which are located in the area between Yedikule, on the border of the historical peninsula and Küçükçekmece Lake by the Marmara Sea, Turkey. The industrial heritage in the region concerned was evaluated in terms of its location, scale, existing structures, its current use and its structural and constructional features, taking the disaster risk into account. Four samples were evaluated, using data derived from on-site observations of the materials’ characteristics, the technology and structural systems the current condition of the building elements and their decoration features. The study emphasizes the necessity of protecting industrial heritage in Istanbul. https://www.springerprofessional.de/sustainability-disaster-risk-and-conservation-problems-of-indust/16054802
Vienna’s ‘allotment gardens’ with a long history in culture and law, have been solutions develope... more Vienna’s ‘allotment gardens’ with a long history in culture and law, have been solutions developed in first half of 20th century, by concepts of food and accommodation which required overcoming of social, economic and hygienic conditions of the period. Aim of the period was not only to provide temporary housing in green areas of the city, but also to present an option of ‘planting gardens’ as a solution to limited economic conditions. The land, usually used for planting fruit and vegetables such as potato, cabbage, carrot, radish and apples, had also included a ‘shelter’ which provided protection from climate conditions along with its function for storage. Sizes of the gardens and shelters were limited by the ‘minimum’ size required by one family. Shelters, in addition to personal differences, reflected economic conditions of the environment with their simple and minimal dimen-sions along with their low-key architecture characteristics. The ‘allotment gardens’ of the past which have been popular due to nutrition policies and health reasons, are now being replaced by ‘small garden houses’. Munici-pality of Vienna created the necessary conditions for purchase of ‘allotment garden’ parcels since 1995. By the help of several ‘dwelling incentive credits’, ‘affordable’ conditions for living in a ‘garden house’ with 50 m2 or 80 m2 base area, a green space within boundaries of a city, are being provided.
With a half-round plan and high podium the Temple " P " in Side, Pamphylia had been discovered mo... more With a half-round plan and high podium the Temple " P " in Side, Pamphylia had been discovered more than a century ago and partially investigated after its excavation half a century later. A new study was launched in 2013 in order to reexamine the historical structure, dedication and architecture, which had not yet been definitively determined. This research determined that the bust on the front façade of the entirely existent one of the two tympanums at the monumental entrance of the temple, which was evidential of the dedication of the temple to the God Men, was not in fact a " man head " as it was claimed, but portrayed a woman along with Demeter's attributes; perhaps Kore, the daughter of the goddess of abundance. Through archaeological and historical building research on site new information regarding the functionality of the temple, as well as the caving and bulging architecture of the monumental entrance structure was obtained.
In the 1850s, factories increasingly spread across the world just as they did in the Ottoman Stat... more In the 1850s, factories increasingly spread across the world just as they did in the Ottoman State, especially in Istanbul. However, by the end of the 20th century most of these factories were empty and dilapidated. Due to the city’s growth, the factories that had once been built on large premises at the peripheries have now become dysfunctional industrial heritage sites in the city center. It is important to reintegrate these sites to society. While the city’s rapid growth and lack of resources render the re-functioning of existing buildings meaningful and necessary, it is also crucial to preserve the left traces that document the factory’s production and development processes. This paper studies the historic development and re-functioning process of the Bomonti Beer Factory based on visual and written sources and on-site observations, while discussing the re-functioning of industrial heritage sites as educational, social and cultural spaces with contributions to the city’s sustainability and preservation.
Yakın Mimarlık Dergisi – Journal of Near Archıtecture, 2018
The buildings and the physical texture created by them is the key witness of the past. Buildings ... more The buildings and the physical texture created by them is the key witness of the past. Buildings with historical values provide priceless insights about economic, political, cultural and artistic tendencies of the past in the perception and cognition of the viewer. Therefore, one can develop ideas about history and the degree of advancement of the community as a whole. In this paper, various approaches to architectural environments are investigated in order to put forward a sound argument. The main purpose of this study is the assessment of Bankalar Avenue (formerly Voyvoda Street) since the 19th century under three main categories of meaning: structure, function and style. In this paper 35 buildings located on Bankalar Caddesi are studied and appropriate conservation techniques are proposed. The study concludes that Bankalar Caddesi is one of the most important streets in Istanbul reflecting western architectural designs and should be conserved as it is.
Often the (hi)story of a business and its premises depend on the life of a person, filling the sp... more Often the (hi)story of a business and its premises depend on the life of a person, filling the space with their mind and thoughts. Hence, the loss of this person would almost mean the loss of the place or at least a great change for the remaining. This shows how crucial the relationship between humans and buildings are and how strong their mutual existence is. The former grocery store and traditional restaurant ‘Piccini’ in Vienna with its authentic Italian food reflects this phenomenon since 1856. It is also one of the last remaining modern Viennese shop buildings; which was designed by the well-known Viennese architect Otto Prutscher in 1934. Following the death of the owners and the insolvency of their successors last year, ‘Piccini’ had been vacant for some time. Assumedly, it was taken over by a steakhouse chain from Hamburg. This paper presents the process for the new transformation of ‘Piccini’, several suggested versions and the final selection.
The vegetable garden of Michelle Obama in The White House, as well as the ‘community gardens’, ‘c... more The vegetable garden of Michelle Obama in The White House, as well as the ‘community gardens’, ‘city farms’ or ‘hobby gardens’ owned by city-dwellers all around the world, herald a new urban lifestyle in the pursuit of healthy food cultivated in personal gardens. Repercussions of this current, seen primarily in New York, London and Berlin among others, also began in Vienna and Istanbul and grabbed public attention. This tendency should be considered not as a temporary trend, but a desire of inhabitants to establish a connection with their environment, even if it is only for economic purposes, to have a say in urban design or to raise ecologic awareness. The objective of this study was to analyze common, similar or different aspects of community gardens in Vienna, the Austrian capital and Istanbul, the most important city in Turkey, with respect to formation and implementation; these gardens are called ‘common gardens’ or ‘hobby gardens’ as an aspect of urban agriculture needed by people with common grounds despite certain differences in realization with regard to social dynamics of relevant place. Istanbul is known for dense housing, while Vienna is famous for its wide green spaces; nevertheless, productive landscaping, gardens and balcony gardening are gradually becoming more popular among inhabitants in both cities, especially in central areas. Fertile, historical landscaping keeps diminishing in Istanbul where green-less housing dominates; therefore, these applications bring the historical identity and cultural richness into our day; besides, they inspire new productive spaces and remind the importance of present ones.
Viyana’nın tarihi merkezinden sonra en eski yerleşim alanı olan 2. Bölge’sinde, “Karmelitermarkt”... more Viyana’nın tarihi merkezinden sonra en eski yerleşim alanı olan 2. Bölge’sinde, “Karmelitermarkt” mevkiinde bulunan bir binanın son katı (4. kat) ile çatı arası mekanlarında, planlaması yaklaşık iki yıl süren ve 2013 yılında inşaa edilen iki katlı lüks bir konut projesi tanıtılacaktır. Aynı zamanda tüm binanın sahibi olan müşteri, iki ayrı mimarlık bürosundan tasarım önerisi almış, seçimini ilk öneriye göre sonradan değişiklik geçirmiş olsa da, burada tanıtılan proje doğrultusunda yapmıştır. İşlevsel açıdan genel yaşam alanı ve özel uyku alanı olmak üzere iki kat halinde tasarlanmış olan konutun ana girişi üst kattadır, alt katta tali bir giriş bulunmaktadır. Gündüz yaşam alanı olarak tasarlanmış olan çatı katında antre, gardırop, salon, mutfak, tuvaletler, lavabolar, kütüphane, pesah (hamursuz bayramı) mutfağı, teraslar ve teknik donanım odaları bulunmaktadır. 4 çocuklu olan ailenin yatak odaları, banyolar ve tuvaletler, fitness odası, soyunma odası, sauna, serinleme havuzu, duş, gardırop, çamaşırhane, giysi ve gıda depoları alt katta yer almaktadır. Çatı katının avlu tipindeki, güneşe karşı tentelerle korunarak sakin yaşama olanağı sağlayan, iç terasına ek olarak çatı yüzeylerinin avluya bakan kısmında çiçek, baharat gibi bitkiler yetiştirilmesi için donanımlar ve çocuk oyun alanının bulunduğu çatı terası yer almaktadır. Yaklaşık 500 m2 büyüklükteki konutta konfora hizmet edecek yüksek standartlı sıhhi tesisatlar kullanılmış olup, kullanıcının istek ve gereksinimleri doğrultusunda ev otomasyonu uygulamalarına olanak sağlayan “BUS” sisteminden yararlanılmıştır. Bildiride ayrıca, “akıllı ev” projesinde uzmanlarla birlikte çözümler geliştiren tasarımcının, planlama ve uygulama sürecindeki kullanıcı ve uzmanlar arasındaki “organizatör” rolü tanıtılacaktır.
For decades Modernism has been invoked to justify the preservation of historical buildings, and ... more For decades Modernism has been invoked to justify the preservation of historical buildings, and many buildings have been successfully conserved. Now the architectural icons of Modernism are themselves perceived as historically significant, so that their preservation has to be ensured for the next generations. The historical city centre of Vienna is already to be found on UNESCO’s world heritage list. The Federal Heritage Office in Vienna also supports culturally and ecologically sustainable management of modern architecture, and sounds out the limits of technological possibilities to secure the artistic and cultural heritage of Modernism. Latest research methods and the use of recent findings from the field of Restoration Science help both in the preservation and restoration of the masterpieces of modern art and also in the revitalization of the modern architecture in Vienna, which characterizes the cityscape. The three recently restored examples, the Hotel Daniel (2011) (former Hoffmann-La Roche building, 1962), the Korean Cultural House (2012) (former lakeside restaurant in the Danube Park, 1964) and the ‘21er-Haus’ (2011) (former ‘20er-Haus’, 1962) prove in fact that high-quality, contemporary architecture and historical buildings, in this case from the Sixties, can form a successful symbiosis.
Keywords: Preservation of Modernism in Vienna; High-Tech and Restoration; Hotel Daniel (former Hoffmann-La Roche building); 21er-Haus (former 20er-Haus); Korean Cultural House (former lakeside Restaurant).
In the summer of 2013 and 2014 new research began at Side’s Temple P, which rises on a semicircul... more In the summer of 2013 and 2014 new research began at Side’s Temple P, which rises on a semicircular podium and ends with a rectangular shape. This renewed architectural research on the building extends the findings of earlier studies on the temple, which was published for the first time by Lanckoroński in 1890. In 1947 it was excavated by Mansel, and a new restitution was proposed by Gliwitzky in 2010. Current researches concentrated particularly on the stone compatible and precise architectural drawings of in situ and dislodged blocks, using historical building research methods. Through these methods new information was obtained about the building phases of the lower floor, the architecture of the elements of the monumen- tal entrance, and the dedicatee(s) of the temple.
The first research on Temple P was conducted by Lanckoroński and his team, who marked the temple as P in his map of Side in 1890. In his very brief description Petersen mentions a tympanum belonging to Temple P in Side and recalls a “similar architectural element” that he had seen in Kremna before coming to Side and describes a “figure on it”. This description was interpreted by Mansel, who carried out excavations in Side 57 years after its discovery, as if it belonged to the tympanum and the Side figure with the hypothesis that “the one in Side was worn but the other well preserved”. Thus it was taken as evidence to identify the temple’s dedication to Men. Actually Lanckoroński’s publication states that the dedication of the temple to Men was a possibility; nevertheless, he named the temple as P.
Mansel mentioned the dedication to Men cautiously in his early publications but supported this hypothesis more determinedly in his final publication. Without checking the relief on the tympanum, he claimed that a figure on a Gallienus coin of Side depicted Men, thus Temple P should be dedicated to Men, although many researchers objected to this identification. However, nothing contrary has not been proven yet. Descriptions of this temple usually start with “an unusual plan type…”, and then it is either placed under a separate category or ignored totally in typological studies. Thus, more than 120 years after its discovery, there still is no systematic study, documentation or publication of Temple P. Researchers underline the inefficacy of Mansel’s data and the deficiency of its presentation.
In this context it can be stated that the frame of the researches has been constrained by the lack of satisfactory information on Roman temple architecture. Indeed, is it not more interesting to study non-typical examples, to see how much the rules were transcended or to investigate the reasons for producing unusual solutions for the sake of research, rather than studying examples not stretching the rules? Thus, our architectural study on Temple P started with the concerns in mind and relied on the chance and possibility to “turn to the building itself” at first independent of the building’s function and the time period to which it belongs.
In the first stage of this new research the focus was on the building itself as the main reference. Dislodged architectural blocks scattered around the monumental entrance before the semicircular cella rising on a podium were examined. Recording through drawing was realized using a computer-supported relevé method. Relevés of technical joints like clamps, dowels etc. as well as areas with finely dressed stone surfaces were prepared on 1:10 scale based on geo- desic measurements. A standard description technique was developed that was suitable for the deformation of the stone. On the other hand, on the lower floor where no technical joints ex- isted in masonry, relevés of 1:20 were prepared by hand. Dislodged architectural blocks were drawn to a 1:10 scale containing all the data necessary for research on historical buildings, and their photographs were taken for documentation.
Documents hand-drawn on site were scanned and digitised using the capabilities of the CAD program in order to prepare the basis for restitution. Ceiling coffers were researched by putting together drawings on a 1:10 scale using a computer.
On-site research on the tympanum has shown that the bust in its middle is not a “male with conical headgear”, as thought by former researchers, but rather “a female” in high relief. This female is flanked with a stylized ear of wheat on the right and a stylized opium capsule on the left. Heavily worn traces on the stone can still be discerned in certain sunlight revealing the earlobes, a triangular pit under the chin, her throat, and her hair in curls. So this is a goddess figure flanked with her attributes; thus, she should be identified as Demeter.
From the point of architecture, the presence of two such façade elements of equal size indicates a symmetrical façade. This situation brings a question with itself: So to whom was the second tympanum dedicated? In this context the future questions to be investigated are: Did the temple house another cult of mystery together with that of Demeter? So was the second tympanum dedicated to another deity, or did it refer to another quality of Demeter such as Thesmophoros or Karpophoros? Was there a depiction of Kore (Persephone) in a mother- daughter context or of Hades?
The basement concealed in the podium of Temple P may have served the cult of Demeter and/or another cult of mystery referring to Hades and Persephone, death and life. In the rites of Demeter the basement may have served for the enactment of the abduction of Persephone by Hades, the god of underworld, or her return. The shape of the hidden and introverted rooms downstairs, unconnected with the outside except for the “holes” in the ceiling opening into the cella, should be related to the worship manner of the mystic cult. The three rooms may be symbolically referring to the division of the year into trimesters, during two of which Persephone lived with her mother.
The “unusual” plan of the temple or its individuality with respect to form may have been caused by the fact that an already existing round structure (a tower of city walls?) formed the foundations, as suggested by some clues. Even if it had been built anew or used an existing substructure, the architecture of Temple P is important for its creativity that surpasses the patterns of Roman architecture on the one hand and reveals that a variety of solutions was welcomed on the other.
“For the time being” the architectural result we obtained indicates that this building’s extant in situ remains and scattered blocks, its podium faced with grey sandstone, and its semicircular cella rising on this podium had a two-story monumental entrance of white marble. It had two protruding wings crowned with one tympana each that was very elaborate with recesses and protrusions and lavishly decorated. It had a façade arrangement similar to that of Roman Imperial-period stage buildings and nymphaea, and its entrance was equipped with stairways on three sides and covered with a coffered vault in the centre. This fact justifies the comparison of this temple’s decoration with those of stage buildings and nymphaea, which even question its identification as a temple.
Very few designers make use of research. Even fewer make use of needs research. Needs research on... more Very few designers make use of research. Even fewer make use of needs research. Needs research on the other hand, as it stands now, serves limited purposes and, is in itself insufficient. It is commonly seen as a linear process where information flows from the user to the designer through the interpretations of the researcher. Here, needs of the users are defined in terms of what they say they need.
Research should be seen as a co-operative act of user, researcher and designer and adopted as a long-term, innovative, supportive, feed-back process incorporating the interpretations of environmental designers. Otherwise, integration of man environment relations with decision making process will be difficult.
Also, needs of particular user groups should be defined in terms of the underlying social meaning of attitudes and preferences in those groups, not in terms of what they say they need. Provided with facts and figures, the designer has to use his previous knowledge and experience, and ponder upon the meaning for the specific user group of this factual information. Designer should never take research results as they are but act as social as well as physical interpreter.
A line of empirical researches into the housing needs of the newly urbanized lower middle income group of Turkish population, taken up as academic interest by the authors of this paper sheds light' into the professed and the actual needs of the users and thus pronounces the research as a feed-back process and the role of the architect as a social interpreter.
Bu çalışma eski bir tartışmadan kaynaklanmaktadır. Standartlaşma ve boyutsal eşgüdüm, gibi kavram... more Bu çalışma eski bir tartışmadan kaynaklanmaktadır. Standartlaşma ve boyutsal eşgüdüm, gibi kavramlar, ekonomi ve teknoloji gibi mimari tasarım boyutlarını birlikte anlatmak gibi bir özelliğe iyedirler. Standartlaşma ürün ve alt ürünlerin birbirleri arasında ve kendi içlerinde uyumlu olmasını sağlayan boyut yinelenmeleri ve kararlılığı anlamına gelir. Boyutsal eşgüdüm ise standartlaşmayı öngören bir süreç, bir edimdir. Çağdaş konut üretiminin temel taşlarını oluşturan bu kavramlardan başka toplukonut bağlamında diğer önemli bir sorun da ekonomi-ekoloji çelişkisidir. Ekonomik kaygılar minimum boyutları ve standartların tabanlarını uygulamayı gerektirirken insanın insanca yaşam sürdürmesiyle çelişmektedir. Kullanıcının yaşam biçiminden kaynaklanmayan konut tasarımları, batı kökenli teknolojilerle uygulanarak gerçek kullanıcının değer ve gereksinmeleriyle çelişmekte, kullanılmayan, terk edilen, amaçlı bir biçimde bozulan fiziksel çevrelerin ve akıl almaz bir tekdüzeliğin oluşmasına neden olmaktadır. Konut ekologları bu konuda önemli uyarılarda bulunmaktadırlar.
Efes’e yaklaşık 14 km uzaklıkta, İzmir İli, Selçuk İlçesi Belevi mevkiinde yer alan Hellenistik D... more Efes’e yaklaşık 14 km uzaklıkta, İzmir İli, Selçuk İlçesi Belevi mevkiinde yer alan Hellenistik Dönem’e ait Mausoleum, döneminin günümüze kadar en iyi korunabilmiş anıt mezarlarından biridir. 2001-2007 yılları arasında Avusturya Bilimler Akademisi ile Avusturya Bilimsel Çalışmaları Teşvik Fonu’nun ortak bir projesi olarak Avusturya Arkeoloji Enstitüsü Efes Kazıları çerçevesinde, Türkiye Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Müzeler ve Anıtlar Genelmüdürlüğü’nün katkılarıyla, daha önce yapılan araştırmalardaki eksiklikleri tamamlamak amacıyla yeni bir araştırma projesi hayata geçirilmiştir. Araştırmada, anıtın mimarisinin daha önce gerçekleştirilen restitüsyon denemelerinden farklı olduğuna ilişkin bulgularla Hellenistik Dönem yapım sürecine ait bir dizi yeni bilgi edinilmesinin yanısıra, daha bu dönemde duvar örgüsünde harç kullanımının tespit edilmesi gibi malzeme tarihi açısından da ilginç sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.
As old but simultaneously as current the concept of "contextualism" is and as it also portrays a ... more As old but simultaneously as current the concept of "contextualism" is and as it also portrays a condition of continuity in the architecture, shall be investigated in a travel through time. It will be shown vis-à-vis certain exemplifying historical buildings, starting in the Ancient world proceeding to the Middle Ages and the Renaissance until recent time including reactions to past or existing styles.
"Selection of location", “Genius Loci” and "continuity" as a sub-concept of “Contextualism in Architecture” play an important role for these exemplifying historical buildings. The fact, that important monuments in the ancient world had “paragons” did not cause loss of significance or bring them down to “worthlessness”. In contrary, such examples could be affilated to the list of the Wonders of the World. (Temple of Artemis in Ephesus). The choosen examples mostly derive from Anatolia, there is no reason to go far away, but this phenomenon is spread all over the world, Palladio´s Basilica in Vicenza will be paradigme for that. Contextualism and its sub-concepts may emerge at any time and at any place, in various shapes. It may focus in a single place and last over centuries (like in the Temple of Apollo in Didyma and the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus), it may be shown by the absorption of local or regional peculiarities (as in the Temple of Athena or in Eldem’s “Taşlık Coffeehouse”) or by incorporating parts of the tradition of a whole cultural area (e.g. Sinan’s mosques). The influence of the building type of the Church of the Holy Aposteles in Constantinople reached even to far away countries. The context may consist in the absorption of the type, whereas details are modificated, as well as in the absorption of details by utilise re-used material (spolia) and imitating ornaments, whereas the system is changed (Cumanin Camii at Antalya).
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Preliminary studies focused on "efficiency"—preserving original values with minimal intervention—can be undertaken with an aim to minimize risks. This process seeks scientifically sound answers to "what" and "how" to preserve, embracing visionary and innovative approaches. Collaboration across disciplines and institutions can significantly enhance efficiency in restoration projects. By incorporating interdisciplinary work and innovative strategies, restoration efforts can achieve more efficient and effective outcomes.
Historical cities are conglomerations of areas formed by different cultures across different time periods, layered side by side and on top of each other. In these areas, layering can occur sometimes by erasing, demolishing, and destroying, and sometimes by adding, relocating, or multiplying. Distinguishing these layers in historical cities is not always easy. Therefore, it is important to read, evaluate, and interpret the layers together.
The theoretical framework of this study, which is built upon the examination of concepts related to the city, historical city, urban identity, and stratification, adopts a mixed research model with an exploratory approach to situational analysis dependent on time and place. This model involves theoretical information obtained from written and digital sources, alongside in situ observations and assessments. The historical origins of Stratonikeia Ancient City - Eskihisar Village, its development up to the present day, and its physical, historical, and social conditions were investigated. Accordingly, the information was combined with on-site observations, documented through plans, and collectively evaluated and interpreted.
Kuruluşu MÖ. 7. yüzyıla kadar uzanan Side’de yaşam 14. yüzyıla kadar kesintisiz olarak devam ettirilmiştir. 19. yüzyılda, uzunca bir aradan sonra, Girit’ten getirilen göçmenler için tekrar yerleşime açılmıştır. 1960’ların sonuna gelindiğinde adanın 1/3’ini, ahşap cumbaları ve çıkmaları ile özgün mimari karakter sergileyen yığma taş evler kaplamıştır. 1980 sonrası konaklamaya yönelik yoğun bir yapılaşma ve aralarına yapılan kaçak eklerle neredeyse bitişik nizama dönüşmüşlerdir. Bu durum, arkeolojik kalıntılar üzerinde de olumsuz etkilere yol açmıştır.
Antik Side merkezinin 3. derece Sit Alanı olarak kabul edilmesinden sonra yerel Belediye, Valilik, Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulu birlikte, parsel bazında bir çözüm önerisi ile sosyal varlığın korunmasını hedefleyen “Antik Side Kentsel Tasarım Projesi” başlatmışlardır. Buna göre, mülk sahiplerinin yapıları yıkarak eski hacmine geri döndürmeleri, arkeolojik değerlerin korunması adına, inşaat öncesinde, arkeologlar denetiminde kazı yaptırmaları, buluntuların belgelenmesi ve sergilenmesini sağlamaları durumunda yapı izni almaları ve tapu sahibi olmaları mümkün olmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım, hâlihazırda antik yapı strüktürüne ulaşmanın zorluğunu yaşayan arkeologlar tarafından da olumlu karşılanmaktadır. Bunun yanında kentsel dokunun en son katmanına eklenen betonarme, iki katlı, geniş vitrinli zemin katı taş kaplamalı, “depolama” işlevi gören üst katı cumbalı yeni yapılar çağımızın tarihi çevreye bir katkısı olarak sunulmaktadır. Mimari açıdan kendi başlarına herhangi bir özgül değeri olmayan bu yeni satış birimlerine “yeni bir değer” atfedilmek amacıyla “Türk Evi” imgesi kültürel bağlamından koparılmakta, her yerde var olabilir ve her işlev için kullanılabilir bir meta haline getirilmekte ve mimari bir rol model olarak ortaya konmaktadır. Çalışmada, kullanılan tarihselci mimari dil ve ziyaretçilere dayatılan “yanlış” toplumsal gerçeklik tartışılmaktadır.
In this context, the construction structure of the Temple P was investigated during the present study based on in-situ and precise documentation: At least five different types of stones were classified by purpose, including conglomerate, travertine, sandstone, marble and rubble stone mixed with mortar as infilling material. It was seen that fit-to purpose use of the material was considered more important than the ideal and repeated dimensions of the building blocks. Moreover, local material was used except for the outsourced marble.
In addition to the large-sized clamps and dowels in the load-bearing core blocks of the walls, the spaces between the coatings and the load-bearing core were filled with mortar. In this construction technique, opus revinctum and opus caementitium were used together. The partition walls separating the three rooms of the lower floor and the vault cover made with mortar and formwork system belong to the construction period of the temple. However, there are indications that the outer walls, about 2,5 m thick, originated from the foundations of a precursor structure. Four construction stages of the pillar profiles of the orthostat coating blocks of the podium, each having different lengths, can be traced from the upper surface workmanship, without scalping. The podium, which is approximately 2,30 cm high, is reached by one main and two side stairs. Numerous, high quality marble blocks in front of the cella on the podium indicate the presence of a monumental entrance structure made in opus revinctum technique. Unlike the profiled orthostat blocks of the podium, which were processed in situ after assembly, the cassette and cornice blocks of the entrance structure were produced 'on the ground' previously. The restitution of the marble cassette ceiling of the monumental entrance structure has been developed by combining the 1:10 scale precision surveys of the blocks via a computer aided method. The efforts for a modular planning and production are witnessed in the construction of cassette ceilings.
Therefore, the theories of Roman architecture can be associated with an ancient drawing for the first time in Side; and may shed light on the relations between design, production, and construction in Side during the Ancient Period. The fact that the marble block housing the working drawings bears multiple usage traces may provide information as regards the construction process of the skene building of the theatre.
https://www.springerprofessional.de/sustainability-disaster-risk-and-conservation-problems-of-indust/16054802
Bildiride ayrıca, “akıllı ev” projesinde uzmanlarla birlikte çözümler geliştiren tasarımcının, planlama ve uygulama sürecindeki kullanıcı ve uzmanlar arasındaki “organizatör” rolü tanıtılacaktır.
Keywords: Preservation of Modernism in Vienna; High-Tech and Restoration; Hotel Daniel (former Hoffmann-La Roche building); 21er-Haus (former 20er-Haus); Korean Cultural House (former lakeside Restaurant).
The first research on Temple P was conducted by Lanckoroński and his team, who marked the temple as P in his map of Side in 1890. In his very brief description Petersen mentions a tympanum belonging to Temple P in Side and recalls a “similar architectural element” that he had seen in Kremna before coming to Side and describes a “figure on it”. This description was interpreted by Mansel, who carried out excavations in Side 57 years after its discovery, as if it belonged to the tympanum and the Side figure with the hypothesis that “the one in Side was worn but the other well preserved”. Thus it was taken as evidence to identify the temple’s dedication to Men. Actually Lanckoroński’s publication states that the dedication of the temple to Men was a possibility; nevertheless, he named the temple as P.
Mansel mentioned the dedication to Men cautiously in his early publications but supported this hypothesis more determinedly in his final publication. Without checking the relief on the tympanum, he claimed that a figure on a Gallienus coin of Side depicted Men, thus Temple P should be dedicated to Men, although many researchers objected to this identification. However, nothing contrary has not been proven yet. Descriptions of this temple usually start with “an unusual plan type…”, and then it is either placed under a separate category or ignored totally in typological studies. Thus, more than 120 years after its discovery, there still is no systematic study, documentation or publication of Temple P. Researchers underline the inefficacy of Mansel’s data and the deficiency of its presentation.
In this context it can be stated that the frame of the researches has been constrained by the lack of satisfactory information on Roman temple architecture. Indeed, is it not more interesting to study non-typical examples, to see how much the rules were transcended or to investigate the reasons for producing unusual solutions for the sake of research, rather than studying examples not stretching the rules? Thus, our architectural study on Temple P started with the concerns in mind and relied on the chance and possibility to “turn to the building itself” at first independent of the building’s function and the time period to which it belongs.
In the first stage of this new research the focus was on the building itself as the main reference. Dislodged architectural blocks scattered around the monumental entrance before the semicircular cella rising on a podium were examined. Recording through drawing was realized using a computer-supported relevé method. Relevés of technical joints like clamps, dowels etc. as well as areas with finely dressed stone surfaces were prepared on 1:10 scale based on geo- desic measurements. A standard description technique was developed that was suitable for the deformation of the stone. On the other hand, on the lower floor where no technical joints ex- isted in masonry, relevés of 1:20 were prepared by hand. Dislodged architectural blocks were drawn to a 1:10 scale containing all the data necessary for research on historical buildings, and their photographs were taken for documentation.
Documents hand-drawn on site were scanned and digitised using the capabilities of the CAD program in order to prepare the basis for restitution. Ceiling coffers were researched by putting together drawings on a 1:10 scale using a computer.
On-site research on the tympanum has shown that the bust in its middle is not a “male with conical headgear”, as thought by former researchers, but rather “a female” in high relief. This female is flanked with a stylized ear of wheat on the right and a stylized opium capsule on the left. Heavily worn traces on the stone can still be discerned in certain sunlight revealing the earlobes, a triangular pit under the chin, her throat, and her hair in curls. So this is a goddess figure flanked with her attributes; thus, she should be identified as Demeter.
From the point of architecture, the presence of two such façade elements of equal size indicates a symmetrical façade. This situation brings a question with itself: So to whom was the second tympanum dedicated? In this context the future questions to be investigated are: Did the temple house another cult of mystery together with that of Demeter? So was the second tympanum dedicated to another deity, or did it refer to another quality of Demeter such as Thesmophoros or Karpophoros? Was there a depiction of Kore (Persephone) in a mother- daughter context or of Hades?
The basement concealed in the podium of Temple P may have served the cult of Demeter and/or another cult of mystery referring to Hades and Persephone, death and life. In the rites of Demeter the basement may have served for the enactment of the abduction of Persephone by Hades, the god of underworld, or her return. The shape of the hidden and introverted rooms downstairs, unconnected with the outside except for the “holes” in the ceiling opening into the cella, should be related to the worship manner of the mystic cult. The three rooms may be symbolically referring to the division of the year into trimesters, during two of which Persephone lived with her mother.
The “unusual” plan of the temple or its individuality with respect to form may have been caused by the fact that an already existing round structure (a tower of city walls?) formed the foundations, as suggested by some clues. Even if it had been built anew or used an existing substructure, the architecture of Temple P is important for its creativity that surpasses the patterns of Roman architecture on the one hand and reveals that a variety of solutions was welcomed on the other.
“For the time being” the architectural result we obtained indicates that this building’s extant in situ remains and scattered blocks, its podium faced with grey sandstone, and its semicircular cella rising on this podium had a two-story monumental entrance of white marble. It had two protruding wings crowned with one tympana each that was very elaborate with recesses and protrusions and lavishly decorated. It had a façade arrangement similar to that of Roman Imperial-period stage buildings and nymphaea, and its entrance was equipped with stairways on three sides and covered with a coffered vault in the centre. This fact justifies the comparison of this temple’s decoration with those of stage buildings and nymphaea, which even question its identification as a temple.
Research should be seen as a co-operative act of user, researcher and designer and adopted as a long-term, innovative, supportive, feed-back process incorporating the interpretations of environmental designers. Otherwise, integration of man environment relations with decision making process will be difficult.
Also, needs of particular user groups should be defined in terms of the underlying social meaning of attitudes and preferences in those groups, not in terms of what they say they need. Provided with facts and figures, the designer has to use his previous knowledge and experience, and ponder upon the meaning for the specific user group of this factual information. Designer should never take research results as they are but act as social as well as physical interpreter.
A line of empirical researches into the housing needs of the newly urbanized lower middle income group of Turkish population, taken up as academic interest by the authors of this paper sheds light' into the professed and the actual needs of the users and thus pronounces the research as a feed-back process and the role of the architect as a social interpreter.
2001-2007 yılları arasında Avusturya Bilimler Akademisi ile Avusturya Bilimsel Çalışmaları Teşvik Fonu’nun ortak bir projesi olarak Avusturya Arkeoloji Enstitüsü Efes Kazıları çerçevesinde, Türkiye Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Müzeler ve Anıtlar Genelmüdürlüğü’nün katkılarıyla, daha önce yapılan araştırmalardaki eksiklikleri tamamlamak amacıyla yeni bir araştırma projesi hayata geçirilmiştir.
Araştırmada, anıtın mimarisinin daha önce gerçekleştirilen restitüsyon denemelerinden farklı olduğuna ilişkin bulgularla Hellenistik Dönem yapım sürecine ait bir dizi yeni bilgi edinilmesinin yanısıra, daha bu dönemde duvar örgüsünde harç kullanımının tespit edilmesi gibi malzeme tarihi açısından da ilginç sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.
"Selection of location", “Genius Loci” and "continuity" as a sub-concept of “Contextualism in Architecture” play an important role for these exemplifying historical buildings. The fact, that important monuments in the ancient world had “paragons” did not cause loss of significance or bring them down to “worthlessness”. In contrary, such examples could be affilated to the list of the Wonders of the World. (Temple of Artemis in Ephesus).
The choosen examples mostly derive from Anatolia, there is no reason to go far away, but this phenomenon is spread all over the world, Palladio´s Basilica in Vicenza will be paradigme for that. Contextualism and its sub-concepts may emerge at any time and at any place, in various shapes. It may focus in a single place and last over centuries (like in the Temple of Apollo in Didyma and the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus), it may be shown by the absorption of local or regional peculiarities (as in the Temple of Athena or in Eldem’s “Taşlık Coffeehouse”) or by incorporating parts of the tradition of a whole cultural area (e.g. Sinan’s mosques). The influence of the building type of the Church of the Holy Aposteles in Constantinople reached even to far away countries.
The context may consist in the absorption of the type, whereas details are modificated, as well as in the absorption of details by utilise re-used material (spolia) and imitating ornaments, whereas the system is changed (Cumanin Camii at Antalya).
Preliminary studies focused on "efficiency"—preserving original values with minimal intervention—can be undertaken with an aim to minimize risks. This process seeks scientifically sound answers to "what" and "how" to preserve, embracing visionary and innovative approaches. Collaboration across disciplines and institutions can significantly enhance efficiency in restoration projects. By incorporating interdisciplinary work and innovative strategies, restoration efforts can achieve more efficient and effective outcomes.
Historical cities are conglomerations of areas formed by different cultures across different time periods, layered side by side and on top of each other. In these areas, layering can occur sometimes by erasing, demolishing, and destroying, and sometimes by adding, relocating, or multiplying. Distinguishing these layers in historical cities is not always easy. Therefore, it is important to read, evaluate, and interpret the layers together.
The theoretical framework of this study, which is built upon the examination of concepts related to the city, historical city, urban identity, and stratification, adopts a mixed research model with an exploratory approach to situational analysis dependent on time and place. This model involves theoretical information obtained from written and digital sources, alongside in situ observations and assessments. The historical origins of Stratonikeia Ancient City - Eskihisar Village, its development up to the present day, and its physical, historical, and social conditions were investigated. Accordingly, the information was combined with on-site observations, documented through plans, and collectively evaluated and interpreted.
Kuruluşu MÖ. 7. yüzyıla kadar uzanan Side’de yaşam 14. yüzyıla kadar kesintisiz olarak devam ettirilmiştir. 19. yüzyılda, uzunca bir aradan sonra, Girit’ten getirilen göçmenler için tekrar yerleşime açılmıştır. 1960’ların sonuna gelindiğinde adanın 1/3’ini, ahşap cumbaları ve çıkmaları ile özgün mimari karakter sergileyen yığma taş evler kaplamıştır. 1980 sonrası konaklamaya yönelik yoğun bir yapılaşma ve aralarına yapılan kaçak eklerle neredeyse bitişik nizama dönüşmüşlerdir. Bu durum, arkeolojik kalıntılar üzerinde de olumsuz etkilere yol açmıştır.
Antik Side merkezinin 3. derece Sit Alanı olarak kabul edilmesinden sonra yerel Belediye, Valilik, Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulu birlikte, parsel bazında bir çözüm önerisi ile sosyal varlığın korunmasını hedefleyen “Antik Side Kentsel Tasarım Projesi” başlatmışlardır. Buna göre, mülk sahiplerinin yapıları yıkarak eski hacmine geri döndürmeleri, arkeolojik değerlerin korunması adına, inşaat öncesinde, arkeologlar denetiminde kazı yaptırmaları, buluntuların belgelenmesi ve sergilenmesini sağlamaları durumunda yapı izni almaları ve tapu sahibi olmaları mümkün olmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım, hâlihazırda antik yapı strüktürüne ulaşmanın zorluğunu yaşayan arkeologlar tarafından da olumlu karşılanmaktadır. Bunun yanında kentsel dokunun en son katmanına eklenen betonarme, iki katlı, geniş vitrinli zemin katı taş kaplamalı, “depolama” işlevi gören üst katı cumbalı yeni yapılar çağımızın tarihi çevreye bir katkısı olarak sunulmaktadır. Mimari açıdan kendi başlarına herhangi bir özgül değeri olmayan bu yeni satış birimlerine “yeni bir değer” atfedilmek amacıyla “Türk Evi” imgesi kültürel bağlamından koparılmakta, her yerde var olabilir ve her işlev için kullanılabilir bir meta haline getirilmekte ve mimari bir rol model olarak ortaya konmaktadır. Çalışmada, kullanılan tarihselci mimari dil ve ziyaretçilere dayatılan “yanlış” toplumsal gerçeklik tartışılmaktadır.
In this context, the construction structure of the Temple P was investigated during the present study based on in-situ and precise documentation: At least five different types of stones were classified by purpose, including conglomerate, travertine, sandstone, marble and rubble stone mixed with mortar as infilling material. It was seen that fit-to purpose use of the material was considered more important than the ideal and repeated dimensions of the building blocks. Moreover, local material was used except for the outsourced marble.
In addition to the large-sized clamps and dowels in the load-bearing core blocks of the walls, the spaces between the coatings and the load-bearing core were filled with mortar. In this construction technique, opus revinctum and opus caementitium were used together. The partition walls separating the three rooms of the lower floor and the vault cover made with mortar and formwork system belong to the construction period of the temple. However, there are indications that the outer walls, about 2,5 m thick, originated from the foundations of a precursor structure. Four construction stages of the pillar profiles of the orthostat coating blocks of the podium, each having different lengths, can be traced from the upper surface workmanship, without scalping. The podium, which is approximately 2,30 cm high, is reached by one main and two side stairs. Numerous, high quality marble blocks in front of the cella on the podium indicate the presence of a monumental entrance structure made in opus revinctum technique. Unlike the profiled orthostat blocks of the podium, which were processed in situ after assembly, the cassette and cornice blocks of the entrance structure were produced 'on the ground' previously. The restitution of the marble cassette ceiling of the monumental entrance structure has been developed by combining the 1:10 scale precision surveys of the blocks via a computer aided method. The efforts for a modular planning and production are witnessed in the construction of cassette ceilings.
Therefore, the theories of Roman architecture can be associated with an ancient drawing for the first time in Side; and may shed light on the relations between design, production, and construction in Side during the Ancient Period. The fact that the marble block housing the working drawings bears multiple usage traces may provide information as regards the construction process of the skene building of the theatre.
https://www.springerprofessional.de/sustainability-disaster-risk-and-conservation-problems-of-indust/16054802
Bildiride ayrıca, “akıllı ev” projesinde uzmanlarla birlikte çözümler geliştiren tasarımcının, planlama ve uygulama sürecindeki kullanıcı ve uzmanlar arasındaki “organizatör” rolü tanıtılacaktır.
Keywords: Preservation of Modernism in Vienna; High-Tech and Restoration; Hotel Daniel (former Hoffmann-La Roche building); 21er-Haus (former 20er-Haus); Korean Cultural House (former lakeside Restaurant).
The first research on Temple P was conducted by Lanckoroński and his team, who marked the temple as P in his map of Side in 1890. In his very brief description Petersen mentions a tympanum belonging to Temple P in Side and recalls a “similar architectural element” that he had seen in Kremna before coming to Side and describes a “figure on it”. This description was interpreted by Mansel, who carried out excavations in Side 57 years after its discovery, as if it belonged to the tympanum and the Side figure with the hypothesis that “the one in Side was worn but the other well preserved”. Thus it was taken as evidence to identify the temple’s dedication to Men. Actually Lanckoroński’s publication states that the dedication of the temple to Men was a possibility; nevertheless, he named the temple as P.
Mansel mentioned the dedication to Men cautiously in his early publications but supported this hypothesis more determinedly in his final publication. Without checking the relief on the tympanum, he claimed that a figure on a Gallienus coin of Side depicted Men, thus Temple P should be dedicated to Men, although many researchers objected to this identification. However, nothing contrary has not been proven yet. Descriptions of this temple usually start with “an unusual plan type…”, and then it is either placed under a separate category or ignored totally in typological studies. Thus, more than 120 years after its discovery, there still is no systematic study, documentation or publication of Temple P. Researchers underline the inefficacy of Mansel’s data and the deficiency of its presentation.
In this context it can be stated that the frame of the researches has been constrained by the lack of satisfactory information on Roman temple architecture. Indeed, is it not more interesting to study non-typical examples, to see how much the rules were transcended or to investigate the reasons for producing unusual solutions for the sake of research, rather than studying examples not stretching the rules? Thus, our architectural study on Temple P started with the concerns in mind and relied on the chance and possibility to “turn to the building itself” at first independent of the building’s function and the time period to which it belongs.
In the first stage of this new research the focus was on the building itself as the main reference. Dislodged architectural blocks scattered around the monumental entrance before the semicircular cella rising on a podium were examined. Recording through drawing was realized using a computer-supported relevé method. Relevés of technical joints like clamps, dowels etc. as well as areas with finely dressed stone surfaces were prepared on 1:10 scale based on geo- desic measurements. A standard description technique was developed that was suitable for the deformation of the stone. On the other hand, on the lower floor where no technical joints ex- isted in masonry, relevés of 1:20 were prepared by hand. Dislodged architectural blocks were drawn to a 1:10 scale containing all the data necessary for research on historical buildings, and their photographs were taken for documentation.
Documents hand-drawn on site were scanned and digitised using the capabilities of the CAD program in order to prepare the basis for restitution. Ceiling coffers were researched by putting together drawings on a 1:10 scale using a computer.
On-site research on the tympanum has shown that the bust in its middle is not a “male with conical headgear”, as thought by former researchers, but rather “a female” in high relief. This female is flanked with a stylized ear of wheat on the right and a stylized opium capsule on the left. Heavily worn traces on the stone can still be discerned in certain sunlight revealing the earlobes, a triangular pit under the chin, her throat, and her hair in curls. So this is a goddess figure flanked with her attributes; thus, she should be identified as Demeter.
From the point of architecture, the presence of two such façade elements of equal size indicates a symmetrical façade. This situation brings a question with itself: So to whom was the second tympanum dedicated? In this context the future questions to be investigated are: Did the temple house another cult of mystery together with that of Demeter? So was the second tympanum dedicated to another deity, or did it refer to another quality of Demeter such as Thesmophoros or Karpophoros? Was there a depiction of Kore (Persephone) in a mother- daughter context or of Hades?
The basement concealed in the podium of Temple P may have served the cult of Demeter and/or another cult of mystery referring to Hades and Persephone, death and life. In the rites of Demeter the basement may have served for the enactment of the abduction of Persephone by Hades, the god of underworld, or her return. The shape of the hidden and introverted rooms downstairs, unconnected with the outside except for the “holes” in the ceiling opening into the cella, should be related to the worship manner of the mystic cult. The three rooms may be symbolically referring to the division of the year into trimesters, during two of which Persephone lived with her mother.
The “unusual” plan of the temple or its individuality with respect to form may have been caused by the fact that an already existing round structure (a tower of city walls?) formed the foundations, as suggested by some clues. Even if it had been built anew or used an existing substructure, the architecture of Temple P is important for its creativity that surpasses the patterns of Roman architecture on the one hand and reveals that a variety of solutions was welcomed on the other.
“For the time being” the architectural result we obtained indicates that this building’s extant in situ remains and scattered blocks, its podium faced with grey sandstone, and its semicircular cella rising on this podium had a two-story monumental entrance of white marble. It had two protruding wings crowned with one tympana each that was very elaborate with recesses and protrusions and lavishly decorated. It had a façade arrangement similar to that of Roman Imperial-period stage buildings and nymphaea, and its entrance was equipped with stairways on three sides and covered with a coffered vault in the centre. This fact justifies the comparison of this temple’s decoration with those of stage buildings and nymphaea, which even question its identification as a temple.
Research should be seen as a co-operative act of user, researcher and designer and adopted as a long-term, innovative, supportive, feed-back process incorporating the interpretations of environmental designers. Otherwise, integration of man environment relations with decision making process will be difficult.
Also, needs of particular user groups should be defined in terms of the underlying social meaning of attitudes and preferences in those groups, not in terms of what they say they need. Provided with facts and figures, the designer has to use his previous knowledge and experience, and ponder upon the meaning for the specific user group of this factual information. Designer should never take research results as they are but act as social as well as physical interpreter.
A line of empirical researches into the housing needs of the newly urbanized lower middle income group of Turkish population, taken up as academic interest by the authors of this paper sheds light' into the professed and the actual needs of the users and thus pronounces the research as a feed-back process and the role of the architect as a social interpreter.
2001-2007 yılları arasında Avusturya Bilimler Akademisi ile Avusturya Bilimsel Çalışmaları Teşvik Fonu’nun ortak bir projesi olarak Avusturya Arkeoloji Enstitüsü Efes Kazıları çerçevesinde, Türkiye Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Müzeler ve Anıtlar Genelmüdürlüğü’nün katkılarıyla, daha önce yapılan araştırmalardaki eksiklikleri tamamlamak amacıyla yeni bir araştırma projesi hayata geçirilmiştir.
Araştırmada, anıtın mimarisinin daha önce gerçekleştirilen restitüsyon denemelerinden farklı olduğuna ilişkin bulgularla Hellenistik Dönem yapım sürecine ait bir dizi yeni bilgi edinilmesinin yanısıra, daha bu dönemde duvar örgüsünde harç kullanımının tespit edilmesi gibi malzeme tarihi açısından da ilginç sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.
"Selection of location", “Genius Loci” and "continuity" as a sub-concept of “Contextualism in Architecture” play an important role for these exemplifying historical buildings. The fact, that important monuments in the ancient world had “paragons” did not cause loss of significance or bring them down to “worthlessness”. In contrary, such examples could be affilated to the list of the Wonders of the World. (Temple of Artemis in Ephesus).
The choosen examples mostly derive from Anatolia, there is no reason to go far away, but this phenomenon is spread all over the world, Palladio´s Basilica in Vicenza will be paradigme for that. Contextualism and its sub-concepts may emerge at any time and at any place, in various shapes. It may focus in a single place and last over centuries (like in the Temple of Apollo in Didyma and the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus), it may be shown by the absorption of local or regional peculiarities (as in the Temple of Athena or in Eldem’s “Taşlık Coffeehouse”) or by incorporating parts of the tradition of a whole cultural area (e.g. Sinan’s mosques). The influence of the building type of the Church of the Holy Aposteles in Constantinople reached even to far away countries.
The context may consist in the absorption of the type, whereas details are modificated, as well as in the absorption of details by utilise re-used material (spolia) and imitating ornaments, whereas the system is changed (Cumanin Camii at Antalya).