Pamphylia

THE CULT OF DIONYSOS IN ASIA MINOR
IN THE ROMAN IMPERIAL AGE

Making his presence, which can be traced long before the Archaic Age, deeply felt mainly in Hellas, Asia Minor and then in Rome throughout the ancient world, Dionysos, depending on the place and time, appears before us sometimes as a god of grape-wine, sometimes as a god of theatre and acting arts and sometimes as a religious power shaped according to the local needs, however, he has generally been a god of nature representing the fertility and abundance. According to the inscriptions, Dionysos was mentioned with many epithetons in Asia Minor of the Roman Imperial Age, and that he was a god of nature bringing abundance-fertility and his many other features can be observed by these epithetons. Depending on the long stated customs, the cult of Dionysos in Asia Minor survived throughout the Roman Imperial Age (especially in the II-III. Century A.D. with festivals, cult associations and structuring, artists (musicians, players, dancers) that served his cult. According to the written records, festivals such as Dionysia, Lēnaia, Anthestēria, Trietēris organized in the name of Dionysos were celebrated. Dance, music and play competitions were made in these festivals maintained by the rich citizens or directors and not commonly known cult rituals were performed. Besides the associations of synodos artists called by different names in different times in the large cities of the west, cult associations broad in scope such as thiasos, speira or cult member groups with large audience in various names were active both in worshipping and these festivals. In order to achieve this, undoubtedly, both artist associations and cult associations had to have a well organized governing structure. Names were given to the cult members according to the task taken. These members also had to pay a membership fee in order to be a member or to continue to be one. Actually, these fees were as important as the epimeletes in the mainta-nance of these associations. In addition, they were supported both mate-rially and spiritually by the Roman emperors or provincial governors. Although the paganic religious activities in the lands of Asia Minor under the control of Rome were left to the free will of the cities, they would not be strong without the respect shown for the cults of the emperors, emperor and the Roman goddess (Dea Roma). The worshipping of Dionysos could only develop with the close relations with the emperors and the Roman Empire. Correspondingly, supporting a paganic cult significant for the people, the Roman Empire gained the sympathy of the people and also kept them loyal to Rome. The deification of the Roman emperors began with General Marcus Antonius, who was wellcomed as “New Dionysos” on his arrival to Ephesos, and continued in the Roman Imperial Age. During this period the associations in Anazarbos, Ankyra, Ephesos, Teōs, Aphrodisias and Sardeis characterised Emperor Hadrianus, Commodus and Caracalla by this epitheton. Thus, they deified them by considering them equal with Dionysos. Dionysos also had common worship with imperial or Dea Roma cult besides the common paganic worship of Zeus and Dēmētēr. Like all other paganic religions, the cult of Dionysos broke down with the strengthening Christianity with which it had opposite doctrines and finally with the acceptance of Christianity as the official religion of the state. However, many features of the Dionysos cult continued to exist in Asia Minor both in Christian features and local cultures and traditions. Today it still continues this effect.

Arkaik Çağ’dan çok daha eskilere götürebildiğimiz varlığını, coğrafi olarak başta Hellas, Küçükasya ve sonraları Roma olmak üzere tüm Antik Çağ coğrafyasında etkin bir şekilde hissettiren Dionysos, yer ve zaman farkına bağlı olarak, bazı yerlerde üzüm-şarap tanrısı, bazılarında tiyatro ve sahne sanatlarının tanrısı, bazılarında ise yerel ihtiyaçlar doğrultusunda şekillendirilmiş dinsel bir güç olarak karşımıza çıkmıştır. Ama genel olarak bereket ve bolluğu temsil eden bir doğa tanrısı kimliğine sahip olmuştur. Yazıtlardan anlaşıldığına göre Roma İmparatorluk Çağı Küçükasyası’ nda birçok epitheton ile anılan Dionysos’un, bolluk-bereket getiren bir doğa tanrısı olduğu ve diğer başka özellikleri gene bu epitheton’larından anlaşılmaktadır. Küçükasya’daki Dionysos kültü Roma İmparatorluk Çağı boyunca (bilhassa M.S. II-III. yüzyılarda), öncesinden gelen bir geleneğe bağlı olarak şenlikleri, kült dernekleri ve yapılanması, kültüne hizmet eden sanatçıları (müzisyenler, oyuncular, dansçılar) ile varlığını sürdürmüştür. Yazılı belgelerden bu dönemde büyük ve zengin kentlerde hâlâ Dionysia, Lēnaia, Anthestēria, Trietēris gibi Dionysos adına tertiplenen şenliklerin kutlandığını; masrafları, epimeletes olarak bildiğimiz kentin zengin vatandaşları ya da yöneticileri tarafından karşılanan bu şenliklerde külte ilişkin dans, müzik ve oyun yarışmaların yapıldığını ve herkesçe bilinmeyen kült ritüellerinin uygulandığını öğrenmekteyiz. Bilhassa batı kesimlerdeki büyük kentlerdeki, farklı dönemlerde farklı isimlerle anılan synodos sanatçı derneklerinin yanında thiasos, speira gibi daha geniş kapsamlı kült dernekleri ya da en yaygını mystai olan çeşitli adlar altında toplanan geniş kitleli kült üye grupları hem tapınımda, hem de bu şenliklerde aktif olmuşlardır. Şüphesiz ki bunu gerçekleştirebilmek adına gerek sanatçı dernekleri gerekse kült dernekleri, iyi organize olmuş bir idari yapılanmaya sahip olmak durumundaydı. Bu derneklerde üstlendikleri görevlere göre adlandırılan kült üyelerinin, üye olabilmeleri veya üyeliklerini sürdü-rebilmeleri için ödemek zorunda oldukları aidatlar da vardı. Esasen bu derneklerin finansmanının karşılanmasında bu aidatlar, en az epimeletes’ ler kadar önemliydi. Ayrıca Roma imparatorlarının ya da eyalet yöneticilerinin hem manevi hem de maddi desteğini alıyorlardı. Zira bu dönemde Roma egemenliği altında bulunan Küçükasya topraklarındaki pagan dinsel yaşam her ne kadar kentlerin özgür iradesine bırakılmışsa da, imparatorlara, imparator ve Roma Tanrıçası (Dea Roma) kültüne gösterilen saygı olmaksızın güçlü kalamazdı. Küçükasya Dionysos tapınımı da, tamamıyla imparatorlar ve Roma İmparatorluğu ile kurulan güçlü bağlar sayesinde gelişebilmiştir. Bununla paralel olarak da Roma İmparatorluğu, halk için önemli olan pagan bir kültü destekleyerek, hem halkın sempatisini kazanmakta, hem de böylece onların Roma’ya olan bağlılığını sürdürmek amacını gütmekteydi. General Marcus Antonius’un Ephesos’a gelişinde “Yeni Dionysos” olarak karşılanmasıyla başlayan Romalı devlet adamlarını tanrılaştırma geleneği, Roma İmparatorluk Çağı’nda da sürmüş; bu dönemde özellikle Anazarbos, Ankyra, Ephesos, Teōs, Aphrodisias ve Sardeis’teki dernekler, İmparator Hadrianus, Commodus ve Caracalla’yı bu sıfatla nitelendirmişler, böylece onları Dionysos ile bir tutarak tanrılaştırmışlardır. İmparatorluk veya Dea Roma kültü ile ortak tapınımı da görülen Dionysos’un Zeus ve Dēmētēr gibi pagan tanrı-tanrıçalarla da ortak tapınımı söz konusudur. Diğer pagan dinler gibi Dionysos kültünün yıkımı da, öğretilerinin birbirine tamamen ters düştüğü Hıristiyanlık dininin güçlenmesiyle ve nihayetinde M.S. 391’de imparatorluğun resmî dini olmasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. Ancak Dionysos kültünün birçok unsuru, Küçükasya topraklarında, gerek Hıristiyanlık unsurlarında gerekse halk kültür ve geleneklerinde yaşamaya devam etmiştir. Bugün de bu etkisini göstermeye devam etmektedir."

SEG 60-1998. Religion. Dionysos: his cult in Asia Minor, Imperial period:
On the basis of archaeological, numismatic, and (mainly) epigraphic attestations, B.Öztürk,Roma imparatorluk çağı Küçükasaysı’nda Dionysos kültü (Istanbul 2010), studies the cult ofΔιόνυσος in Roman Asia Minor. After general remarks about the god, he presents a geographically arranged catalogue of the relevant inscriptions with brief comments (ph. of some texts). On 196-209, Ö. provides a register with explanations of the most important terms found in the inscriptions, and on 210/211 a list of epithets.

Pamphylia Bölgesi’nin önemli bir liman kenti olan Side’de M Yapısı ile ilgili araştırmalar İngiliz kaptan Beaufort ile 1811 yılında başlamıştır. Avusturyalı araştırmacı Lanckoronski ve ekibi 1890 yılında hem yapı ile ilgili mimari araştırmalar yapmış hem de yapıyı kent planına ilk defa M harfi ile işlemiştir. 1949-1951 yılları arasında Ord. Prof. Dr. A. M. Mansel başkanlığında yapı üzerinde kazı araştırmaları başlamış ve 1965 yılında yapının doğu kısa kenarındaki imparator onurlandırma salonu cephesi kısmen ayağa kaldırılmıştır. Etrafı stoalar ile çevrili yapı pek çok farklı araştırmacının ilgisini çekmiş, araştırmacılar yapıyı kütüphane, devlet agorası, mouseion, gymnasion gibi farklı başlıklar altında incelemiştir. Bu çalışma, 2014 - 2018 yılı arasında sürdürülen proje kapsamındaki çalışmaların sonuçları üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır.

The scope of this paper is the Roman provincial coinage of Magydos, which may contribute to the sense of the nature of Roman provincial coinage because almost all emissions have numbering on them. We will review the coinage of Magydos in light of published and unpublished material. Thirteen unpublished types have been added to the corpus. The Burdur Museum provides five (45, 65, 85, 86, 90), and auctions provide four new types (53, 54, 61, 78). The Boston (33) and London (70) Museum web sites also have unpublished types from the city. Excavation finds from Perga (87) and Arykanda (41) also present new types. In total, two Hellenistic (9 coins), one quasi-autonomous(?) (1 coin), and eighty-seven Roman provincial (225 coins) types are recorded1.

Abstract
Two Hekateia from Antalya Museum

The first of two Hekateia, in the collection of Antalya Museum, constitutes the scope of this article, which is published here for the first time (no.1, figs. 1-4). The second Hekateion (no. 2, figs. 5-13) has been in the museum collection for a long while and is well-known among academia. The work was noted for the first time by Italian scholars R. Paribeni and P. Romanelli, who mentioned it in their publication of 1914. Later it was published again by French scholar H. Metzger in his catalogue of votive stones in 1952. However, based on the information given by the previous publication, this subject should be reevaluated.
The first statue, (i.e. the Big Hekateion) was confiscated in 2005 during an operation of the Gendarme, and was inventoried in the museum’e collection autumn of 2010. It was found in a village of Yalvaç, near Isparta. This fine quality work is one of the more rare mini-Hekate Anatolian statues because of its height at over 1 m. The goddess is depicted with her customary iconography of three bodies, almost adjoining each other, holding short torches in their hands. The other halves of the lateral figures’ bodies are not executed. This juxtaposition of bodies is represented by their standing back to back. It would appear this statue was rendered with the Hekate iconography of Phrygia. Since its find spot, was Yalvaç, and Yalvaç is located near the border region between Phrygia and Pisidia, and the statue seemed to be executed under Phrygian influence, this would indicate work was possibly a provincial one produced with Phrygian Hekate iconography. It is possible to have been produced by an inspiration from the Hekateion found at the temple of Men in Pisidian Antioch (see n. 16 and 18). In Pisidia, evidence (including coins) regarding Hekate is rarely encountered and such items are usually dated to the 2nd century AD. A very careless inscription of three lines is found on the front side of its base. According to what is was translated from the inscription, the statue was commissioned by two pairs of brothers: Eutychos, Hermes, Alexandros and Teimotheos. One phrase in the inscription (παρ᾿ ἑαυτῶν) shows the cost was covered by them. These four people are mentioned together with their fathers’ names, although there is no information regarding their identities or reason for the erection of the statue. However, they likely presented it to a local temple of Hecate as a votive offering. In regard to all the revious evidence, it would be logical to expect the presence of a Hekate temple in Yalvaç.

The inscription is translated as follows:

No. 1: “Eutychos and Hermes brothers, sons of Hermes, (and) Alexandros and Teimotheos brothers, sons of Rufus, erected (this statue) from their (pocket).”

The statue can be ascribed to the third century AD based on its iconographic and stylistic features and its inscription. The second Hekateion, (i.e. the Small Hekateion), is a small statuette depicting three female figures holding hands, each one leaning against a corner of a triangular prismatic pillar. This is a Hekate Herme. This composition of three women leaning against corners of angular pillars and holding hands around Hekate Herme is very well-known in Hekate iconography. The top and bottom parts of the pillar are broken and missing. On the miss¬ing top one would expect to find the triple head of Hekate wearing a single polos. The three figures holding hands represent the Charites. Altough this small Hekate Herme shows characteristics of an archaistic style, it is well known these Hermai belonged to the Hellenistic period. This particular statuette, however, has an interesting point: Originally, when executed, it bore no inscription, but, later, an inscription had been engraved on this Herme in 1910 by Nicolas Michael Ferteklis of Antalya.

It is translated as follows:

No. 2: “From the 18 (-year-old) youth collection of N(icolas) M(ichael) Ferteklis”.

This person lived in Antalya in the early 20th century and known to have had a statue collection. He probably marked several other works in his collection. He assisted many European scholars who visited the region, showing them around and giving then a tour of his many works. His name is known from various publications by scholars like Paribeni and Romanelli, and H. Metzger, as well, although he did not mention this inscription in his publication, possibly because he did not approve of it. Ferteklis also scratched his name on the antai of temple N4 (of Artemis and the imperial cult), see n. 42. When this Hekateion from Perge is considered together with the late Roman coins of Lyrbe and Aspendos showing different types of Hekate, it would indicate the goddess had a place in Pamphylia. It is not possible to say precisely, however, at what time this goddess might have been worshiped or if she was part of Perge’s pantheon, more solid evidence is needed for that. Evidence regarding Hekate in Pamphylia is still very limited, and a small catalogue of coins with Hekate types from Pisidia and Pamphylia is given with this article. The author’s studies on Hekate’s presence in Anatolia, with or without inscriptions, continue toward a corpus and her publications on Hekate will continue.

Bu çalışmanın birincil amacı Perge antik kentini tanımak;  kenttin mimari yapıları ve kazı çalışmaları sırasında ele geçen maddi buluntular doğrultusunda hem antik kentin hem de antik kent insanının ihtiyaçlarının günümüz insanından farksız olmadığını göstermektir.  Belirlenmeye çalışan başka bir konuda Perge’nin milattan öncelere dayanan tarihiyle Pamphylia bölgesi için önemli bir şehir olduğunun saptanmasıdır. Ayrıca Perge antik kentinin Roma döneminde yerli dokusunu kaybetmemesinden yola çıkarak Roma Devleti’nin Anadolu’da izlediği politikayı anlama yolunda bir çıkarım elde etmek amaçlanmıştır.

SİDE STORY OF THE VANISHING AND EXPLORING OF A CITY
Abstract
Side is one of the oldest cities in the Pamphylia region, which of past lasted II. Millenium BC - even
not exactly dated by archaeologically. This paper aims at explaining the story of Side, transformed
firstly from a polis to the kastron and then being left, according to the archaeological findings,
numismatic and epigraphical sources which were gained by the recent stratigraphic excavations.
Keywords: Side – Pamphylia in the Centuries of 7-14. AD, Sassanid and Arabian Attacks, Second
Crusade, Seljukids.
Öz
Bu makalenin özünü, henüz arkeolojik olarak belgelenemese de, geçmişi MÖ 2. bine kadar uzanan
ve bölgenin en eski kentlerinden biri olan Side’nin, son yıllarda yapılan stratigrafik kazılar yoluyla
elde edilen arkeolojik sonuçlarının, numizmatik belgeler ve yazılı kaynaklar ışığında tekrar değerlendirilerek,
önce bir polis’ten kastron’a dönüşümü ve ardından terk edilişinin hikayesi oluşturmaktadır.
Anahtar Sözcükler: 7.-14. yüzyıllarda Side-Pamphylia, Sasani ve Arap Saldırıları, II. Haçlı Seferi,
Selçuklular.

Roman Republic and its effect on coinages of these regions including new dating proposals. Presented in Fribourg University, Aegeum Project, Workshop: Graecia Capta? L'influence romaine sur le monnayage et sa circulation dans le bassin egeen aux II-I s. av. J.-C.

Öz: Side Kenti, henüz arkeolojik olarak belgelenemese de, kaynaklar ışığında geçmişi MÖ II. bine kadar uzanan, bölgenin en eski kentlerinden biridir. Bu zengin ve kalabalık nüfuslu kentin ne zaman terk edildiği kesin değildir. Ancak kaynaklar ve yeni araştırmalar, kentin MS VII. yüzyılın üçüncü çeyreğin-den sonra küçüldüğünü ve muhtemelen surun içine çekildiğine işaret etmektedir. Bu küçülmenin sebebi, VII. yüzyılın içinde yaşanan önce Sasani ardından da Arap saldırıları ile ilişkili olmalıdır. XII. yüzyıl kaynakları, artık " Yanık Antalya " olarak isimlendirilen bu kentin nüfusunun iki saat mesafedeki " Yeni Antalya " ya taşındığını bildirmektedir. Belgeler bu taşınmanın X. yüzyılda ve ya hemen sonrasında bir tarihte gerçekleştiğini düşündürmektedir. Ancak, arkeolojik buluntular nüfus taşınmış olsa da, XIV. yüzyılın içlerine kadar kentte az da olsa bir cemaatin var olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu makale ile, XIV. yüzyıldan sonra tamamen terk edilen kentin, 19. yüzyılda gezginler ve araştırmacıları tarafından keşfi, 19. yüzyılın sonunda Giritli göçmenler tarafından yeniden iskanı, son olarak 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında, büyük savaşların gölgesinde önce İtalyan araştırmacıların gelişi ve 1922 yılında gidişleri, ardından da 1943 yılında bölgeye gelen ilk Türk Araştırmacılar ile kazıların başlaması, ele alınmaktadır. Abstract: According to the sources, Side is one of the oldest cities in the Pamphylia region, dating from the XI century B.C., although this date has not yet been documemented from archaeological evidence. It is uncertain when this rich and crowded city was abandoned. However, historical sources and new research indicates the city was shrinking inside the area enclosed by the city wall after the third quarter of the VII th century. This reduction in settlement should be related to the Sassanian and then to the Arab Muslim led attacks that took place in the VII th century. The XII th century sources report that the population of this city, now called " Yanık Antalya " , was moved to " Yeni Antalya " , approximately 70 km. away. Documents lead us to think that this movement took place in the X th century or soon after. However, archaeological finds indicate there was a small community inhabiting the city until the XIV th century, although the bulk of the population had left the city. This article shows the city, which was completely abandoned after the XIV th century, was discovered by travellers and researchers in the 19 th century, re-settled by refugees from Crete at the end of the 19 th century, the departure of Italian researchers in 1922, and the beginning of scientific excavations at Side with the first Turkish researchers who came to the region in 1943.

"Piracy along the coasts of Lycia, Pamphylia and Cilicia Tracheia from 188 BC to 67 BC: Reasons and Consequenses

The purpose of this paper is to discuss why piracy grew along the coasts of Lycia, Pamphylia and Cilicia Tracheia during the second century BC onwards and what kinds of measures were taken by the Romans during the first century BC in order to gain control of the southern Anatolian coast.

After the peace of Apameia in 188 BC, the status of the Hellenistic Kingdoms changed. The Seleucid Kingdom was compelled to give up its claim to the northern range of the Taurus Mountains and its navy was reduced in the Eastern Mediterranean. This was the primary factor for the rise of piracy along the southern coast of Asia Minor.

Another factor was the fact that the Rhodians, who up until the battle of Pydna had taken effective measures to suppress piracy in the Eastern Mediterranean, had their ,economy severely damaged when the Roman senate cut their privileges, making Delos a free port and liberating several cities of the Peraia. After 168 BC, therefore, the Rhodians no longer had the resources to fight against the pirates.

The political chaos that followed as the rival Syrian kings fought each other, combined with the incompetence of the Seleucid rulers, made it easy for pirates to take control over stretches of land along the southern coast of Anatolia, mainly from Rough Cilicia to Phamphylia and Eastern Lycia.

The sea trade route from Syria to the Aegean and the western Mediterranean, which ran along this coast, created plenty of opportunities for piracy. Initially the pirates sailed out in small boats, harassing passing merchant shipping. Eventually they became more numerous and navigated larger ships, and organised themselves under leaders mentioned as 'tyrants' or 'kings', some of whom were notorious and were powerful enough to leave their mark in the historical record. Soon the pirates raided the rich cities of the Syrian and Phoenician coastline, as well as the trade ships going to the Aegean.

During the second half of the second century BC neither the enemies of the Seleucids, principally the Ptolemaic kings of Egypt and Cyprus, nor the Rhodians did much to hinder this development, as they saw it as a means of weakening their respective rivals. Until the end of the second century BC the Romans did not consider themselves responsible for the general security of the region either. Busying themselves with a civil war at this period, they were unable to control these developments in Anatolia.

Consequently, the pirates steadily increased in numbers and made a profit from both piracy and trafficking in slaves, the latter of which proved to be most lucrative. Slave markets like Side, Crete, Rhodes and Delos willingly assisted the pirates in this business. By the end of the 2nd century BC piracy had become so widespread that the Romans finally took action. Marcus Antonius lead a military campaign in ca. 102 BC, and as that proved ineffective, Rome issued a Senatus consultum against piracy around 101-99 BC, declaring the pirates enemies of the people, the friends and allies of Rome. Rome, however, still could not eliminate the pirates in Southern Anatolia and during the three Mithridatic Wars between 90 and 63 BC they continually faced forces of pirates who took the side of Mithridates Eupator.

Publius Servilius Vatia, proconsul of Cilicia, carried out several campaigns against the pirates in the years 78-74 BC. Through his campaigns Servilius ended up controlling the strategically important regions of Lycia, Pamphylia and parts of Cilicia Tracheia. Still, the menace of the pirates worsened; high-ranking Romans were victims of piracy, islands and cities were either abandoned from fear of the pirates, or had been taken over by them. Numerous cities and islands, such as Cnidus, Colophon, Samos and Delos, had been sacked. The power of the pirates was felt all over the Mediterranean. It was impossible to sail anywhere - trade came to a standistill.

The tribune Aulus Gabinius, therefore, proposed a law in 67 BC to clear the seas of piracy. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus was appointed commander for three years with supreme command over all of the Mediterranean as well as all its coastlines to a distance of 80 km inland, in order to suppress piracy in the Mediterranean once and for all. This he managed to do in an impressively short period of time, due to great military skill and tactics. A large part of his success stemmed from the fact that pirates who surrendered were offered land to begin a new life as farmers and thus had no incentive to return to the sea."

"Burada ele alınan bildiri konusu, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Bölümü’nde 2008
yılında tarafımdan tamamlanan “Phaselis Antik Kenti ve Teritoryumu” başlıklı tezin bir nevi özeti
niteliğindedir. Phaselis üzerine yapılan bu doktora çalışması, epigrafik, numismatik ve arkeolojik
belgeler ile antik literatüre dayanarak kentin Antik Dönem’deki tarihini anlatmak; coğrafyası, ahalisi,
ekonomisi, politik ve sosyal yapısı üzerinde durmak ve de bunların bağlantılarını analiz etmek amaçlarını
gütmüştür. Araştırmanın zaman dilimi ise Arkaik Dönem’den Bizans Dönemi’nin sonuna kadar
ulaşmaktadır."

Architectural ornamentation is especially valuable when the “normal” methods of dating, using such criteria as stratigraphical information or epigraphical data are
missing. In this research project, it is expected to constitute the typology for
architectural ornamentation according to the decoration of the buildings in the Severan Pamphylia and Cilicia, and determine the expansion of architectural decorations with its original features and the interchanges with architectural decoration of Cyprus and North Syria in the same period.

A series of 5th century BC silver staters, which started to appear in commerce early 2018, display certain characteristics that suggest that they all come from the same trove.
-obvious influx of coins from major mints,
-significant number of coins, either previously unknown or thought to be extremely rare,
-brutal test cuts seen on coins from each mint,
-banker’s marks on certain issues,
-same chemical cleaning residue on coins from various mints,
-many coins struck from worn obverse and/or reverse dies,
-lot offerings containing coins from all the mints represented in the trove.

The coins from the major mints on the south Anatolian coast suggest a seafaring merchant’s accumulation.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Nehir • Liman • Kestros • Eurymedon • Rhein • Nehir Taşımacılığı • Maiandros Nehir Gemileri • Phasis • Keramik Üretimi Özet: Nehirlerin hem kentlerin kurulum aşamasında hem de ilerleyen yıllarındaki sosyal, ekonomik ve politik gelişiminde ne kadar önemli rol oynadıkları diğer çalışmalara göre gözardı edilmiştir. Özellikle Anadolu'da Kestros (Aksu), Eurymedon (Köprüçay), Maiandros (Büyük Menderes) gibi orta ve büyük ha-cimli bazı nehirler ve bunların çevresinde kurulan kentler incelendiğinde, nehir kenarlarında kurulmuş kent-lerin de tıpkı deniz kıyısındaki kentler gibi dinamik ve zengin bir gelişim göstermiş oldukları anlaşılmıştır. Deniz ile iç bölgelerdeki ticaret ve siyasi gelişimde nehir limanları trafiği önemli rol oynamıştır. Küçük Asya dışındaki Rhein, Guadalquivir ve Phasis gibi nehir ve çevre yaşamlarına bakıldığında tüm bu nehirlerde ortak bazı özellikler tespit edilmiştir. Örneğin nehirler sadece ağaç endüstrisi ile tarım ve hayvancılıkla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda keramik endüstrisi için önemli bir malzeme ve taşımacılık kaynağı oluşturmuşlardır. Ayrıca nehirler hem sınır, hem de çevresinde yaşayan halklarca etnik bağlılık göstergesi görevi üstlenmişlerdi. RIVERS, COASTS, HARBORS AND CITIES Abstract: The extent to which rivers played a role during the establishment of cities, and later, in social, economic and political development has been somewhat overlooked. This is especially the case in Anatolia where cities founded close to rivershave been researched, such as Cestrus (Aksu), Eurymedon (Köprüçay) and Maiandros (Büyük Menderes). These riverside cities have demonstrated a dynamic and fruitful development, much in the same way as cities located on the coast. Indeed, the traffic involved in trade and political development with the sea and the interior is of considerable importance. If one compares river and the life associated with them in areas outside Asia Minor, such as the Rhein, the Guadalquivir and the Phasis river systems, some common characteristics can be identified within these regions. For example, rivers were not only associated with the timber industry, agriculture and livestock, but were also an important means of transportation for the pottery industry. In addition, rivers served both as a frontier and an indicator of ethnic loyalty to the people living around them.

Excavations of Side in Pamphylia (Turkey) have been continuing for the past 70 years and several coins were found during this work. Finds made between 1947-1967 were partly published by Prof. Dr. Sabahat Atlan and this work remains the only study of numismatic finds made at the site. As work is still continued on this material, the paper presents only a preliminary assessment of these old finds combined with subsequent ones made at later years.
Published in 2017 (although 2016 issue)

Although several thousand coins were uncovered at
Side since the excavations began in 1949, a surprisingly low
number of these date from Greek and Early Roman times.
274 Greek, 281 Roman Provincial and 58 Roman Imperial
coins represent among finds up to the end of 3rd century
AD. As one may expect, most of these finds belong to the
city itself or its neighbouring communities, but
approximately 14% of the Greek and 12% of the Roman
Provincial issues come from mints more than 100 km or
more distant from Side. Several mints in the Aegean region
are also represented in this sum.
We have to argue of course what exactly excavated
“foreign” coins from any given archaeological site actually
show. Can they be interpreted as evidence to activities like
trade or transport of army units etc? I personally do not
believe so. There are for example many ways to do trade;
the simplest being exchange of product against product
where no money changes hands. I believe excavated bronze
coins merely show “personal travels” for various reasons
including trade and military. Silver units would have been
used more for trade, but these behaving differently from
bronze units in circulation and found less in civic
excavations are merely shadowed volume wise in
comparison to what may have been circulating then inside
hoard finds. The finds from Side show different patterns of
“personal travels” between Greek and Roman periods; but
the contacts with Aegean cities is unmistakable.

In ancient times the city-states frequently claim to remember their past by referred ktistai myths in social and political terms. The best revealing examples of these are coins, epigraphic and sculptural artefacts. Especially in the highest days of the Roman Imperial period, some cities featured descriptions of such myths on their coins upon to remember and to proud of their Hellenic origin by reasons of social, political and economic terms. In this context, a Pamphylian city Sillyon too remembers her past that proud of and commemorates foundation myths and heroes through its coins, which investigating here. The depictions on coins of Sillyon refer to her foundation myths and ktistes heroes who take part in it. However, the silence of written sources does not allow us to learn the content of this myth and the heroes. But the coins suggest that Sillyon was in initiatives become a member of Panhellenic League duruing the Antonines period and to benefit from the emperor’s bestowal.

Antik çağda kent devletleri, politik ve sosyal açıdan, sık sık kuruluş (ktistes) mitoslarına çeşitli vasıtalarla göndermeler yaparak geçmişlerini hatırlamak istemişlerdir. Bunun örneklerini en iyi şekilde numismatik, epigrafik ve heykeltıraşlık bulgular gözler önüne sermektedir. Özellikle Roma İmparatorluk döneminin en parlak günlerinde belli politik, ekonomik ve sosyal nedenlerden ötürü Hellen köklerini hatırlayarak bundan gurur duymak vesilesiyle bazı kentler, darp ettirdikleri sikkeler üzerinde kuruluş mitoslarını konu alan tasvirlere yer vermişlerdir. Pamphylia kenti Sillyon da burada ele alınacak sikkeleri vasıtasıyla, gurur duyduğu eski köklerini hatırlamakta, kuruluş efsanesini ve kahramanlarını anmaktadır. Sikkeler üzerindeki betimler, kentin kuruluş efsanesine ve bunda rol alan kurucu (ktistes) kahramanlara işaret etmektedir. Ancak, yazılı kaynakların suskunluğu bu efsanenin içeriğini ve rol alan kahramanları öğrenmemize olanak tanımamaktadır. Fakat bu sikkeler, kentin Antoninler Dönemi’nde Panhellen Birliği’ne üye olabilmek ve imparatorların ihsanlarından yararlanabilmek için girişimlerde bulunduğunu düşündürmektedir.

Bu tez kapsamında Pamphylia Bölgesi’nde bulunmuş olan, Antalya, Side ve Alanya müzelerinde yer alan tam plastik portreler ele alınmıştır. Tez, söz konusu eserlerin kapsamlı bir kataloğunu içermektedir. Portrelerin kontekstleri içinde değerlendirilmesiyle hem yapıların heykeltıraşlık programları belirlenmeye, hem de bu kontekstlerden heykellerin tarihlemesine ve kimi betimlediğinin anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunacak veriler elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır.  Pamphylia Bölgesi’nde bulunan portreler, heykel tipleri, üslup ve teknik özellikleri açısından bir bütün halinde değerlendirilmiştir. Benzerlikler ve farklılıklar saptanıp, tezin başlıca amacı olan,  atölye kökenlerine sorununa dair  sonuçlara ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır.

Within the present doctoral dissertation, the portraits which were discovered  in the Pamphylian region and are preserved in the museums of Antalya, Side and Alanya are treated. The dissertation comprises a wide and detailed catalogue of the portraits. The portraits are examined within their contexts in order to define the  sculptural programs of the buildings and to obtain data which could contribute to the dating and identification of the portraits. By examining the technical and stylistic features of the portraits found in the Pamphylian region as a whole, an attempt to determine the similarities and differences is made with an aim to define the sculptural workshops the differences the workshops, which is the main goal of the dissertation.

Antalya ile Toroslar'ın arasındaydı " Tüm Kabileler Ülkesi ". Troia Savaşı'ndan kurtulan kahramanlar burada kentler kurmuştu: Perge gibi. Side ve Aspendos ise Ege'den göç eden başka kavimlerin eseriydi. Birkaç kez istilaya uğradı bu ihtişamlı kentler, zaman zaman da ayaklanmalara sahne oldular. Ama sakinleri, görkemli kamusal binaları, anıtsal takları, süslü çeşmeleri, yüzlerce metre uzanan sütunlu caddeleri bulunan kentleriyle hep gurur duydular, övgüler düzdüler. YAZI: Ş. SEDEF ÇOKAY-KEPÇE-AŞKIM ÖZDİZBAY* / FOTOĞRAFLAR: CÜNEYT OĞUZTÜZÜN

This paper aims first to identify a group of imitative coinages that has gone largely undiscussed as a phenomenon in the past; second, to suggest a date for them in the latter half of the first century B.C.; and third, to begin to consider the political and economic environment in which they were produced.