George Taylor

Aim: The aim of this study is to identify the level of knowledge and the ability to manage critical situations in sports among sports students in Tirana, the Albanian capital. Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was administered to 418 students. The questionnaire was divided into 2 parts; the general knowledge about medical emergencies and their knowledge of how to manage the critical situations in sports. The source of information was asked in the questionnaire as well as demographic questions. Students who participated in the questionnaire were divided into two groups: Gr. A sport students and Gr. B non-sports students. This questionnaire was carried out before the start of the medical emergency program. The applied method is observation and comparison. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to assess linear associations and paired t-test was employed to compare matched/paired numerical variables. Results: From the questionnaire, 86% of students answered that they had general knowledge about medical emergencies and 47% of them had partial knowledge in management of them but only 3.6% thought that they could apply their knowledge. 72% of students answered that they had information about head injury where 36% knew how to manage and only 1.5% could apply their knowledge. Even for heart disease, asthma attack, allergic reaction; students answered that they had general information, but less than 2% of them could apply this knowledge in an emergency situation. Conclusions: Sports students are more informed about emergencies in sports compared to non-sports students. They also have more knowledge of medical emergency in sports management. Very few of all students think they're good at managing them. The main sources are school curriculum, first aid course. There is insufficient knowledge about medical emergencies in sports and non-sports students. This situation obliges us to do more extensive study. By collecting data in a more significant number of cases, more reasonable conclusions should be reached to carry out training with teachers, sportsmen, as well as the possibility of opening a new curriculum in study programs.

This study aims to determine the Body Mass Index (BMI) and Physical Activity (PA) level of Physical Education (PE) teacher candidates in Palembang during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. A total of 552 participants (M: 307; F: 245) with minimum age of 19 years (21.27±1.66) participated in this study. This study was based on the method and used IPAQ-SF to assess PA and energy expenditure levels based on MET. The data were collected by measuring the height and weight and observing the PA behavior of the participants with an online survey using a Google form. The results of this study show that for BMI, the results showed that 247 (49.64%) were in the underweight category, 239 (43.30%) were in the normal category, 25 (4.53%) were in the overweight category, and 14 (2.54%) were in the obese category. As for the results of physical activity levels, 62 (11.23%) were in the low category, 242 (43.84%) were in the medium category, and 248 (44.93%) were in the high category. The conclusion of this study is that the physical activity level of prospective physical education teachers is in the high category, although it was also found that there were several research subjects who had low physical activity categories. There are several factors that may produce such results. However, additional studies are needed to understand these factors.

Aging is a physiological process that presents an increase in the incidence and prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases, including diabetes. This study is relevant given the increase in life expectancy at a global level. The main objective of this study is to show the benefits of physical activity for the elderly, especially those with diabetes mellitus. The methodology used to carry out the research was based on retrospective studies based on bibliographic research, namely, the investigation of theoretical material on the subject. The main result obtained has shown that the regular practice of physical exercises provides health and prevents the complications of diabetes in the elderly, in addition to providing healthier aging and improving self-esteem, due to the increase in muscle strength, cardiopulmonary reserve, balance, and flexibility, thus contributing to the maintenance of autonomy and independence of this older population. Physical activity also helps in the control of hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia in these individuals who are always associated with diabetes mellitus, thus contributing to the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly with this metabolic pathology. Physical activities are also responsible for the social integration of the elderly.

One of the efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia is a vaccination program for all community groups, including pregnant and lactating women. There are responses of acceptance or rejection related to vaccination policies that can affect the COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant and lactating women in Indonesia, as well as identify the determinant factors so that effective strategies can be done to increase the vaccination. This study was an online cross-sectional study conducted in February-March 2022 to identify the vaccination status in pregnant and lactating women and its determinants. Data collection used a snowball sampling technique. Ordinal logistic regression was conducted to determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and perceived psychological distress and vaccination status. The results of this study indicate that the highest coverage of vaccination in pregnant and lactating women was identified in the first dose (95%). Vaccination was significantly higher in pregnant women of age 26-35 years (96.6%), working as private-sector employees (98.6%) or civil servants (96.4%). In lactating women, vaccination was significantly higher in women working as private-sector employees (98%). The COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant and lactating women in Indonesia was already high. However, it still requires a strategy to increase the uptake, especially in booster doses. Socio-demographic and perceived psychological distress were determinant factors influencing the COVID-19 vaccination. The findings can be used to develop education-based strategies sensitive to the diversity of women's sociodemographic characteristics.

Introduction: Although many studies were published during the COVID-19 pandemic's early stages, we still do not know much about the severity of COVID-19 in terms of clinical evidence about signs and symptoms and specific clinical characteristics. When exposed, even asymptomatic (OTG) patients have a terrible prognosis. This study aimed to examine the connection between clinical features and COVID-19 poverty during the 2020 pandemic at the Covid-19 referral hospital in Bogor City, Indonesia. Methods: The research is cross-sectional. Data extended from the National Institute of Health Research and Development's ongoing research into comorbidities and COVID-19 prevention behavior in Bogor (NIHRD). The respondents in the study were validated by PCR swabs based on reports from the COVID-19 task force in Bogor. Samples were gathered from 148 suitable respondents for analysis. COVID-19 severity, supportive examination results (blood tests, radiography, and ECG), signs and symptoms, and demographic factors were all assessed. In the statistical study, simple and multivariate logistic regressions were used. Results: We found that 50.0% of respondents experienced severe symptoms as a result of COVID-19 exposure; symptomatic respondents 78.4%, blood group O 56.10%, age group 8-59 years 71.0%; male 56.1%; impaired blood glucose profile 18.3%, impaired erythrocyte sedimentation rate profile 14.9%, impaired leukocyte profile 64.9%, impaired lymphocyte profile 54.8%, impaired platelet profile 16.4%, impaired AST (ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE) profile 16.2%, impaired creatinine profile 9.5%, 67.6% of X-ray with GGO/infiltrates. Several risk factors were associated with the severity of COVID-19, including symptom factors (OR 12.59, p-value 0.002, 95% CI=1.46-55.20). ECG examination factor (OR 8.31, p-value 0.002, 95% CI=3.51-107.88) was also associated with severity. Conclusion: Therefore, to avoid the severity of COVID-19, clinical characteristics must be assessed as soon as feasible.

This paper takes another look at the Pioneer anomaly with the NOW theory of time: Two recent papers by Longo, "The NOW of time and how it impacts physics" and "Theories affected by Time Flow." This new concept of time-flow changes the foundation of the physics of time defined by Newton and has impacted the main evidence for dark matter, which shows that galaxies rotate at a speed consistent with gravitational theory. This work demonstrates that the confused state of the pioneer's anomalous acceleration is also likely due to Newton's definition of time. With the NOW theory of time, the theoretically calculated value of the pioneer anomaly is 7.2 × 10 −10 m/sec 2 within the reported measurement error. When adding to this a few onboard contributions that seem to be the most reasonable, the final value is 8.12 × 10 −10 m/sec 2 compared to the reported observed value of (8 ± 3) × 10 −10 m/sec 2 .

With computer networks and mobile terminals as the main connection links, information technology has been increasingly incorporated into college English teaching to optimize teaching contents, teaching resources, teaching elements and teaching components into a complete whole and construct an informationized teaching environment so as to improve teaching efficiency. In the context of informationized education, college English teaching and researching need to keep pace with the education development by actively applying information technology into its teaching practices. Based on this cognition, English Teaching of Featured Chinese Culture managed to take full advantage of its blended massive online open course (MOOC), network-based teaching platforms, and intelligent teaching systems to incorporate relevant information technology elements into its teaching process by constructing informationized learning environments to motivate students’ learning interests and desires, renovating ubiquitous learning approaches to optimize students’ learning methods and progress, and implementing multimedia product+ assessments to upgrade students’ learning processes and outcomes. Incorporating information technology into the teaching process of English Teaching of Featured Chinese Culture was expected to meet students’ increasing needs for computer network and mobile terminal-based ubiquitous learning and improve teaching efficiency, hopefully providing feasible references and enlightenments for other college English courses to renovate their information technology-supported teaching endeavors.

There is a common belief among methodologists that students who do oral activities learn the language material more quickly than those students who do any other type of learning activities. As teachers of English language, we are asked to boost the communicative aspect of our lessons. Majority of Turkmen students who study at higher educational institutions are reluctant to speak, therefore the speaking course which will enable them to communicate in their target language is of much need. Consequently, this paper under consideration focuses on the syllabus design of that speaking course that will be suitable for the needs of 1st year Turkmen students who study English at higher educational institutions of Turkmenistan. Classroom observation, informal conversation, surveys and interviews were used to gather data in order to identify characteristics of the speaking skill and to suggest some methods for practicing speaking and providing feedback. Data was collected from English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students and teachers who work and study at the Turkmen National Institute of World Languages in order to conduct the research. Following that, the gathered data were analyzed applying qualitative and quantitative methods and using the descriptive approach. The conducted research enabled the author to design a new syllabus based on the needs analysis questionnaire. The research paper under consideration contributes to the Methodology of teaching English language in terms of its relevant findings on improving the speaking skill of Turkmen students and newly-developed syllabus which will ameliorate the efficiency of the English lessons. This paper’s results will be applicable in selecting necessary learning strategies and styles for language speaking course for 1st year students, almost certainly in any higher educational institute with Turkmen sociocultural context.

This study explores the relationship between student teachers' beliefs and practices in early Chinese literacy instruction. Semi-structured interviews, classroom observation, and document analysis were conducted with six student teachers during their teaching practices. Findings indicated that the student teachers believed explicitly teaching literacy skills and imperceptible acquisition of literacy abilities through communication and meaning-making processes are essential in Chinese early literacy learning. However, they mainly taught Chinese literacy skills in their practices, which means the student teachers still needed to practice what they preached fully. The study suggests that possible reasons for the discrepancies include 'direct teaching' and 'rote learning' might be much easier for student teachers to design and conduct a lesson. Student teachers have limited abilities and experiences in conducting an ideal lesson, and the kindergarten curriculum and onsite supervisors highly influenced their teaching practices. The findings from this study suggested that more operational activities (such as designing lesson plans and conducting micro-teaching) should be used during pre-service training. Furthermore, the communication of educational beliefs between the university supervisor and the onsite supervisor should be strengthened.

As communication errors change in the dynamic properties of the protection relay and control system, the preset relay tripping time is no longer applicable. To ensure reliable operations and avoid any problem linked to grid stability, the impact of these errors on the transient characteristics of the power system must be investigated. To investigate the impact, a very simple and effective scheme based on an Ethernet communication network is proposed in this paper. The scheme relies on Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) digital over-current relay which has two added functions, one is for phasor estimation and the other is for detecting the delays in tripping time. First, the IDMT over-current relay is fed by fundamental amplitude from the phasor estimator through an Ethernet-based network. Next, the delay that arises due to the insufficient allocation of bandwidth or noise is detected and measured by the detection function. Finally, to evaluate the impact of the communication errors on tripping time and consequently, on the transient characteristics of the power system, a test system consisting of a plant and two sources is simulated and analyzed using MATLAB software in combination with True-Time software. The results show that impact of these errors is dramatic and cannot be ignored especially when insufficient bandwidth is allocated.

The selection index is the best method to select the best individual to be a parent to the next generation and is important for the improvement of a trait. It’s a weighted linear function of each trait's selection criteria and breeding values. For estimating the breeding value for a trait heritability, genetic, and phenotypic correlations of the trait are necessary. And the genotypic and phenotypic correlations have great importance in indirect selection. Furthermore, the crossbred produced by the reciprocal crossing of Hilly and Fayoumi (Fay) has not been evaluated elsewhere. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the Hilly, Fay and their reciprocal crossbred chickens under both intensive and semi-intensive production systems and estimate the genetic correlation between age at first egg and egg quality traits from July 2017 to June 2020. The Hilly and Fay chickens were collected and quarantined for 15 days. Then each genotype was transferred into the rearing shed for random mating at a ratio of 1:8 (male: female). Egg production, egg weight, and survivability of the base and reciprocal crossbreds were recorded from the start of laying up to 365 days. Eggs were hatched by an electric incubator, and the hatched chicks were weighed and their fortnightly live weight up to mature age was taken and recorded. The fertility and hatchability of different genotypes were recorded accordingly. Egg quality traits and daily feed intake were observed and recorded. The breeding values and genetic correlations of each trait were estimated using AIREML software following an individual animal model. Results show the mature live weight of Hilly chickens was higher than Fay and other reciprocal crossbreds. In the case of crossbreds, Fay male × Hilly female crossbreds showed less survivability than Hilly male × Fay female crossbreds. Higher-weighed eggs were observed in Hilly than in other chicken genotypes. A significant difference between genotypes and production systems was also observed for the external and internal egg quality traits. The genotypic correlations between age at sexual maturity and egg weight were found positive, however, some traits showed negative correlations. This studied genetic correlation can be used in selection indices for selecting the best individual for the genetic improvement of these traits.

The use of biostimulants from endophytic bacteria enriched with seaweed is still rarely used in shallot plants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of reducing NPK chemical fertilizers and adding biostimulants to shallot plants in the highlands. The research was conducted in Lembang, Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute, Indonesia (IVEGRI) from January to July 2021. A two-factor Randomized Complete Block Design used two types of biostimulant formulation (biostimulant A, and biostimulant B), and the chemical fertilizer dose factors (7 levels with 3 replications. The observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, clump fresh weight and dry weight of bulbs per sample and per hectare, as well as the Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE). The results showed that the application of 75% NPK plus biostimulant at a dose of 3ml/L applied as much as 5X gave the same RAE value as NPK 100%.

Maize hybrid seed production cultivation area often has less pollen available than in regular commercial maize because of detasseling to eliminate self-pollination. There are also concerns regarding the increasing intensity of extreme weather following climate change, on top of inherent maize sensitivity to water stress in the flowering period. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between rainfall, reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and maize hybrid seed yield in two locations using simple regression analysis. Four years of historical weather and harvest data of one type of parental maize line were obtained from Talangsuko, Malang Regency, and Sukoreno, Jember Regency. In conclusion, there was a strong linear and negative relationship between rainfall and the yield of hybrid maize seeds in Talangsuko (R 2 =0.60), while in Sukoreno, the relationship was in the form of a quadratic curve (R 2 =0.61). In Talangsuko, there was a strong relationship between rainfall in the flowering period and maize yields (R 2 =0.60), meanwhile, in Sukoreno, only a few samples experienced rain during the flowering period and consecutive rain so the relationship with maize yields could not be concluded (R 2 =0.09 and 0.18). There was no relationship between ETo FAO-56 PM and hybrid maize seed yield (R 2 =0.04 and 0.06).

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a plant that really needs water to support its growth. In addition, in order to get the maximum growth, lettuce requires irradiation for 14-16 hours daily. Sufficient irradiation can help lettuce to support the process of photosynthesis and plant growth. Engineering that can be done to optimize plant growth includes the use of hydroponic systems and the addition of artificial light (LED). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the difference in the color of LED lamp light and the duration of irradiation on the growth and production results of the lettuce. The method used in this study was a 2-factorial Group Randomized Design, namely the color of the LED lights (red 100%, blue 100%, white 100% and a combination (red 75%, blue 10% and white 15%)) and the duration of irradiation (3 hours and 12 hours) then continued with the LSD (Least Significance Different) and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) tests at a confidence level of 5%. The results showed that the lamp addition treatment using red color and the duration of additional irradiation for 3 hours had the best results.

Mapping of the agrolandscape survey site within the boundaries of Frolovsky district of the Volgograd region is aimed at determining its geomorphometric characteristics, specifying the area and boundaries, as well as assessing environmental stability and integrity. The agrolandscape studied is agricultural with an area of plowing more than 70%, and the share of forest strips is minimal, accounting for 1,8%. A quarter of the agrolandscape is covered by the slopes and the beams which amount to 25%. Based on the digital relief model, the geographic coordinates of the analyzed polygon were obtained, and the maximum and minimal elevations and exposure of slopes were determined. The boundaries of 20 arable land plots with a total area of 2070,88 hectares were specified. The main types of the slopes are highlighted: flat surfaces (steepness up to 1°)-30,0%; very gentle (steepness 1-2°)-55,0%; gentle (steepness 2-3°)-15.0%. The stability of the agrolandscape was assessed by a number of indicators. Low degree of protection by forest plantations (K field-protective forestation = 2,5), high degree of area ploughing (K index of ploughing = 72,8), lack of species diversity of agroecosystem (J p = 3,9), increased roughness and articulation by beams and ravines (K articulation = 0,38) indicate that this agrolandscape is ecologically unstable (K ecological stability = 0,14). All these factors result in decreasing the ability of the agrolandscape to reproduce, to self-preserve and to restore the potential of soil productivity. The novelty of the research lies in the creation of a local geoinformation system of regional agro-landscape complexes and the identification of priority areas for agricultural production.

The fair policy of staple food provision is a necessity to sustain food supply for people. However, this policy in Indonesia is still borne to the individual farmers' land. Based on the Law Number 41/2009, The Regional Government in determining the regional spatial planning has to allocate land for food agriculture that is prohibited from being converted, which is called a sustainable food agriculture area (SFAA), although the land belongs to individual farmers. This planning, unfortunately, does not go well. The experience of four districts on the north coast (Pantura) of West Java, Indonesia shows that the SFAA has not yet been formed. Therefore, this study aims to reformulate this policy model, which is easily applicable in Indonesia as well as in other developing countries which have similar socioeconomic conditions to Indonesia. For this purpose, this research explores the secondary data about the planning of SFAA formation in four regions of Pantura, West Java; identifies the farmers' response to this planning; and performs an in-depth discussion to determine an appropriate policy model. Based on one hundred samples determined by Slovin Formula with 10 percent of error probability, taken by stratified random sampling technique in Indramayu Regency, Pantura of West Java, and by adopting chi-square test, the highly educated land owners tend to reject the SFAA planning; and the alternative SFAA model is strongly valuable, which is not the burden of the individual land owners. This study was conducted within the period from October to December 2022. In conclusion, the SFAA formation should optimize state-owned land with the concept of integrated farming and optimizing partnership patterns with the farmers, while the formation of SFAA on individual farmer-owned land is optional depending on the wishes and willingness of farmers.

To increase chicken meat production, farmers add antibiotics oxytetracycline to prevent secondary infectious diseases due to viruses and feed additives and prevent bacterial diseases. This study aims to find an overview of the oxytetracycline antibiotic residues in broiler chicken meat sold in traditional markets and modern markets in Semarang City, Indonesia. The study is descriptive research, a survey method with a cross-sectional approach. The samples were broiler chicken meat with a total of 47 samples, consisting of 33 from traditional and 14 from modern markets. Sample examination was carried out by the Bioassay method to determine the oxytetracycline residue in the sample and with the HPLC method to determine its content. The results showed as many as three samples of broiler chicken meat containing oxytetracycline which is 0.1 ppm residue out of 47 samples. The three samples were from traditional markets in Semarang City, with the content of each residue namely 0.869 (Johar Market), 0.271 (Sampangan Market), and 0.366 (Damar Market). Meanwhile, the samples from the modern market did not contain oxytetracycline residue. Therefore, relevant agencies should regularly monitor antibiotic residues in Animal Source Foods, especially broiler chicken meat, both in traditional and modern markets.

Due to the time consuming of conventional method in plant-based total protein determination in soybeans, this research aims to find an alternative shorter time technique using fluorescent technique. The first experiment was finding optimum conditions of sodium hydroxide concentration and time on protein extraction in extraction process. In the second experiment, the solution from the best conditions of the first experiment will be added by Coomassie brilliant blue G-250. The complete reaction time will be recorded. In the last step of this study, the fluorescent will be applied to find the responded wavelength of protein-dye-complex. Then, the prediction of overall protein content will be summarized. The results of the studies revealed that optimum of sodium hydroxide concentration was 0.8 % and extraction time was 120 min. In terms of the reaction time of amino with Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 was used completely for 5 min. A modification of the Bradford method revealed a proteindye-complex at a wavelength of 702.95 nm. The total protein content (y) prediction equation was y = 9.4325x-1.6175, where x value represented the degree of fluorescence intensity. The analysis period of total protein determination using fluorescent technique was 3.5 hours.

Black powdered colorant from carbonized merang can be used as a ready-to-use colorant in making traditional product ireng-ireng. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various black powdered colorant concentrations as well as to obtain the optimum concentration of the colorant on the physical properties of ireng-ireng product, such as lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and texture profile (hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness) The research used one factor completely randomized design (CRD). The factor used was colorant concentration (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% (w/v)). Each treatment level was repeated three times to obtain 12 experimental units. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with a 95% confidence interval and continued by Tukey's HSD test of 5%. Ireng-ireng from the optimum concentration (addition of 7% colorant) based on Multiple Attribute Zeleny had lightness (L*) 23.02 ± 0.61, redness (a*)-0.97 ± 0.06, yellowness (b*) 5.05 ± 0.18, hardness 43.6 ± 7.19, cohesiveness 0.85 ± 0.07, springiness 8.9 ± 0.31, gumminess 36.70 ± 3.96, and chewiness 327.86 ± 40.97.

Weather extremes caused by climatic change considerably affect crops growth. Extreme temperature change and low water availability represent undesirable conditions for the growth of amaranth. This study aims to develop a greenhouse equipped with an automatic control system for water, humidity, and temperature control of Amaranth Blitum. Temperature, humidity, and soil moisture were monitored and maintained within a specific range. A microcontroller was used to activate a solenoid for irrigation-based sensor feedback, an exhaust fan, a cooling fan, and a heater to regulate humidity, and temperature respectively. The study was done in the month of July and December 2022. Efficient temperature and humidity control were demonstrated. The increase in plant height and diameter was higher for higher moisture content, a temperature within the 21-35°C range, and humidity within 45-95%. This work demonstrated the utility of sensor-based approach for monitoring and controlling of growth of Amaranth under greenhouse cultivation by applying a rule-based algorithm. The results of this research could be implemented to reduce plant damage while increasing yield productivity.

This study was carried out to compare germination rates, rooting, and growth of three varieties of Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. namely Rio Grande, Campbell 33 and Assala under different growing conditions (greenhouse, petri dish and in vitro culture), as well as a study of the influence of growing medium, light, activated carbon and pH. The seeds were disinfected before being grown under different conditions. For greenhouse cultivation, a sand/peat mixture (50/50) was used. The germinated seeds were monitored regularly under controlled conditions. For the petri dish culture, seeds were germinated on moistened sterile filter paper. As for the in vitro culture, the seeds were grown on MS and ½ MS medium. Activated carbon was added in order to study its effect on germination at a concentration of 5g/L. They were then incubated in the absence or presence of light. Concerning the effect of pH, five values were tested (4,2 -5-5,8-7-10). The analysis of the quantitative data revealed that the variety Rio Grande has a high germination capacity compared to Campbell 33 and Assala. Regarding the cultivation conditions, the results showed that in vitro cultivation gave the best germination rate (79.66%). In this case, incubation in the dark was considered more effective than light as it ensured a higher rate (76.99%). In addition, ½ MS medium promoted the root system of the seedlings by accelerating the speed of appearance of adventitious roots and their number compared to the MS medium. This same effect was also observed in the presence of activated carbon. The results also indicated a direct effect of the pH of the medium on germination. Indeed, pH 5.8 was advantageous for the Rio Grande and Assala (95.99% and 75% respectively). For the Campbell 33, pH 7 was more suitable than the other pH tested (81.66%). This work suggests that in vitro culture is a promising tool for improving the yield of this plant and the resulting in vitro plants can be used as source material for molecular biology.

Sustainable development through community empowerment requires the role of social capital. This research aims to find out the role of essential social capital and supporting social capital in empowering organic farmers toward sustainable agricultural development. The research method used is a qualitative method with Nvivo-12 plus tools. Researchers become the main instrument with data collection techniques using observation and in-depth interviews. The results of the study show that there are two main actors in empowering organic farmers, namely bureaucratic actors and entrepreneurial actors. Both actors recognize the essential role of utilized social capital in bonding and linking, while the support role of utilized social capital is in the form of linking. Bonding social capital is strengthened by the interaction of knowledge and work motivation; bridging social capital is determined by consistency and solutions to agricultural problems, and social linking capital is determined by price certainty and agricultural product certification. Bonding, bridging, and linking social capital empower communities toward sustainable agricultural development. The implication is that social capital has an essential role and a driving role in empowering organic farmers toward sustainable agricultural development.

Coffee processing units generate a huge amount of solid waste such as coffee husk and coffee pulp. Waste disposal is a major concern in coffee producing countries. The easiest way is to keep it as landfill. But this leads to leaching of phytotoxic chemicals like caffeine, tannins, and polyphenols. These chemicals will contaminate the soil, reduce the population of useful microorganism and cause ecotoxicological problems. Therefore, we prepared vermicompost using this waste. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficiency of the vermicompost on the growth of coffee seedlings. The seedlings were grown on different concentrations of vermicompost and their growth rates were measured at 3 months intervals continuously for a period of 2 years. The phytotoxic chemicals present in the coffee waste were decreased significantly after vermicomposting. We tested different concentrations of vermicompost mixed with conventional potting mixture and the seedlings were grown. Seedlings grown on soil contaminated with raw coffee waste were taken as control. One of the prominent growth characteristics, the shoot length was taken as a criterion for morphological studies. The result showed that 40% of the vermicompost amendment gave significant growth in seedlings compared to those grown in the presence of the conventional potting mixture. Molecular studies including transcriptome sequencing were done to check the genes involved in the enhanced growth of the coffee seedling. Seedlings, which are grown on conventional potting mixture, were taken as a control and those grown at 40% vermicompost were taken as a test. The vermicompost-treated sample had a 20-fold increase in the genetic level expression of several proteins, including DNA replication licensing factors and minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) according to the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment pathway. MCM proteins are essential for DNA replication. Seedlings grown in the presence of soil contaminated with raw coffee waste exhibited senescence. So we concluded that instead of keeping the coffee waste as landfills, recycling it as vermicompost and amending it as potting mixture for the growth of coffee seedlings is a novel idea.

Understanding concepts like confounding and
effect modification is essential to biostatistics due to their
potential influence on the interpretation of statistical results.
The ability to appropriately identify and comprehend the links
between research variables relies on having a firm grasp of
these ideas. Statistical methods, such as stratification-related
procedures and logistic regression, can be used to account for
potential confounding factors. This helps to determine the
real link between two variables of interest by controlling for
the potentially skewing effects of the confounding variables.
The ability to identify subsets of the population that may
be more or less receptive to an intervention necessitates an
understanding of effect modification. If, for instance, one
learns that regular exercise is particularly useful in warding off
heart disease in younger people, one could direct preventative
efforts toward them. This paper aims to highlight the existence
of associations between two binary variables that may be
misleading or distorted due to the existence of confounding
or effect modifier variables, that must be accounted for. The
Mantel-Haenszel analysis and logistic regression are two
techniques addressed in this study that help to statistically
adjust the association between variables. Typically, only one
of these methods is used in a study. This paper contrasts and
illustrates the application of both techniques. To do this, four
hypothetical situations are examined in order to provide the
researcher with a comparative analysis of the two procedures
and how to interpret the outcomes from each. Although the
data may need to be adapted for each of the analyses, the
outcomes are usually the same. The results indicate that
both approaches are useful as long as they are used correctly.
Nevertheless, depending on the situation, one or the other may
be advisable.

As the number of observation points examined in
studies increases, it is assumed that these points come from
an underlying real function. Statistical methods that have
been developed for this type of data are called functional data
analysis. Therefore, there has been a great interest in adapting
some traditional statistical methods into the functional data
sets like hypothesis testing, regression or analysis of variance
(ANOVA). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used for
comparing the means of more than three groups. Therefore,
If the data comes as a functional data form, the functional
ANOVA methodologies must be used to compare the mean
function of the groups. In literature, one-way ANOVA and
two-way ANOVA methodologies have been developed for
functional data set. In this paper, we expand the functional
one-way and two-way analysis of variance methodologies to
three-way analysis of variance methodology or so-called factorial
experimental design. We obtain the parameter estimations
of the cell mean function and common variance-covariance
function. We also propose sum of squares and test statistics by
using these estimations. The test statistics and sum of squares
are obtained via pointwise test methodology which has been
used for ANOVA for functional data sets. A real data set
about the measure of depression levels of health employees
of Turkey during the Covid-19 pandemic is conducted for the
illustration. The data set is collected between January 2021
and December 2021 for monthly and we have three factors
that affect the depression levels of health workers as gender,
profession and age. Therefore, in order to test the effects of the
treatments, we use the proposed methodology for three-way
ANOVA.

The quest to achieve an efficient payment system that reduces the demand for money for cash transactions and other motives, and makes the economy more competitive in the global market, necessitated the introduction of financial innovation in the financial system. This paper examined the impact of financial innovation on the demand for money, searching into the nature of their relationship and evaluating the stability of the money demand function in Nigeria, to provide further empirical insights into the unresolved debate of demand for money in the Nigerian economy. The paper adopted the ARDL model to determine whether there is a long run relationship between financial innovation and demand for money; the Granger causality test, to investigate the nature of the relationship; and CUSUM and CUSUMSq to explore the stability of money demand function in Nigeria. Quarterly data from 2009q1-2020q4 were used in the analysis. A disaggregated measure of financial innovation using the value of e-payment transactions of ATM, POS, MOB, and WEB to ascertain the relative impact of each financial innovation channel on the demand for money was employed. The disaggregated approach to measuring financial innovation and examining the causality issue, constitutes the novelty and point of departure of this paper from previous studies in Nigeria. The findings showed a long-run relationship between financial innovation and demand for money existed. Also, there is the existence of a unidirectional causal relationship with causality running from broad monetary aggregate to financial innovation. The findings further revealed that financial innovation impacted demand for money positively, implying that the Nigerian economy is predominantly cash-based; and the money demand function was found to be stable in the face of financial innovation. The findings also showed that income (GDP), interest rate, and inflation are significant variables influencing the demand for money in Nigeria.

The purpose of this study is to examine the conceptualization of financial distress research in the textile and apparel industries, particularly in terms of research scope and methodology. Furthermore, this article attempts to systematically analyze the network formed by these literatures. In this study, a qualitative approach was used through the literature review method, with 41 specific articles about financial distress in the textile and garment sector serving as the research corpus and drawn from the Litmaps database. To interpret and describe the frequency patterns and relationships visualized using RStudio and Gephi devices, text mining, network analysis, and content analysis were used. This study discovers that a frequently discussed issue is the influence of financial variables, both dependent and independent, on the prediction of financial distress or vice versa, using various quantitative approaches and models of financial distress. This claim is supported by the findings of a systematic analysis, which reveals a positive correlation between global cloud output and network analysis. The corpus aspect of this research is limited, and the research scope is limited to the Indonesian context. Future research with broader literature sources and different types of company sectors is highly anticipated. This literature review can provide a comprehensive framework for researchers and practitioners who are interested in cases of financial distress. Furthermore, this is a recent study that conducts a systematic review of the literature on financial distress in Indonesian textile and garment companies.

Physical activity is considered a daily routine, and many young people have involved themselves in physical activity as a passion for practising it due to its numerous health benefits. On a larger perspective, athletes invest a lot of energy and time in bringing out optimal performance; hence physical ramifications such as injuries are more evident. The most common cause of injury is overuse of body parts and associated factors. Injury is often seen as a stressful situation that impacts the athletes' ability to handle it physiologically and psychologically. Athletes' physical recovery tends to be highly affected by the individual's psychological response to injury through the different rehabilitation phases. It varies depending on the type of injury, the extent of discomfort, physical symptoms, and the mental status of athletes. However, there is an increase in research reporting athletes' injuries in various contexts. The present review highlights the importance of social support, which enhances an athlete's motivation and ability to handle psychological distress during rehabilitation. Psychological readiness was shown to be a key factor. The integrated/interactive approach of bio-psycho-social factors of the study not only limits understanding of the athletes' injury but also encourages researchers, athletes, and coaches to raise new questions and improve the understanding of the concept along with designing interventions which are essential to perform at a higher level of sports competitions.

The article analyzes the author's method of tactical training of the volleyball team to achieve a high sports result. The players of the volleyball club "NOVATOR" (n=24) took part in the study. Methods: Analysis of scientific and methodical sources, theoretical analysis of the training of the world's leading clubs, statistical data of coaching observations, modeling of game situations, factor analysis, surveys, questionnaires, and expert evaluation method. The evaluation of the results was carried out by experts - coaches of other volleyball clubs participating in the competition (n=14). Evaluations of the effectiveness of the coaching staff's actions were carried out by players of the "NOVATOR" volleyball team who had experience playing in other volleyball clubs (n=11). Results: The implementation of the author's method of tactical preparation of the team for the competition showed reliably significant (p<0.05) positive changes in the performance of the following elements: positive reception; excellent reception; blockpoints; blocked opponent attacks with a soft kick; attack on dig. Experts also noted positive changes in the game of the "NOVATOR" volleyball club: improvement of the game discipline of the players by 82.1%; adherence to the tactical scheme of the game by 75.0%; increase in the level of tactical skills of players by 67.9%; improvement of the level of individual technical and tactical training of players by 57.1%. Among the negative trends in the tactical actions of the players, there is a decrease in creativity (non-standard) in the actions of the players by 39.3%. Conclusions: The importance of the tactical preparation of the team for the game increases as the sportsmanship of the players and the level of technical and tactical training of the team increases. The effectiveness of the author's method of tactical training of the team to achieve a high sports result is proven. It has been established that the use of the program "Datavolley2007 Professional" with the simultaneous demonstration of the tactical actions of the opposing team significantly improves the visual perception and prediction of the subsequent actions of the players of the opposing team.

This research aimed to examine the effect of Quick Strength Training (QST) on agility and leg power. It used experimental methods with a pre-test-post-test design. A purposive sampling technique was used with several criteria. Before the treatment was executed, the 11 participants in each group were tested for their agility with the side step test and leg power with vertical jump. The 11 participants in the experimental group performed QST training program for 42 days or six weeks and the focus was carried out with an intensity of three times a week, then in the other control group, there were 11 participants, as a CON, who did not do any physical activities for 6 weeks. After six weeks of treatment, the 22 participants performed side step and vertical jump as a post-test. There was an increase in the average of their agility; CON test before treatment and test after treatment QST test before treatment and test after treatment (p=0.007). The increase in leg strength in participants is also a record for a result; CON test before treatment and test after treatment and QST pre-test with post-test (p=0.000). Agility test before treatment has similarities between CON and QST (p=0.171), but there was a post-test agility difference between CON and QST (p=0.538). There was also a difference in the pre-test leg power between CON and QST (p=0.061), and there was a post-test leg power difference between CON and QST (p=0.001). The results showed that QST increased futsal athletes' agility and leg power.

The purpose of this study is to find out and explore how deeply the community understands the intellectual disability sports and also the Special Olympics Indonesia (SOIna), which is an organization to manage and oversee the intellectual disability sports. Furthermore, this study uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques using interviews. The sample in this study was sports students. The results of the research conducted explain that; 1) many people do not understand and understand intellectual disability, 2) society considers that intellectual disability is the same as other disabilities, 3) Most of the communities still do not communicate and deal directly with intellectual disabilities, 4) and most of the research informants explain that they do not know SOIna as an organization that oversees and manages sports for intellectual disabilities. This research is only limited to knowing how the community's knowledge about intellectual disabilities, their sports and organizations. The researcher concludes that more forms of promotion must be carried out by the government and related institutions to explain and educate the public about sports with intellectual disabilities so that the public's view of intellectual disability will be better and in a positive direction again.

Background and aim: Coronavirus has emerged as a pandemic leading to pneumonia and death in susceptible populations, especially in immunocompromised hosts and the elderly. Though national governance and drug firms work in cohesion to develop vaccines, the fear and anxiety towards misconceptions about vaccine efficacy and adverse effects lead to underutilization of the vaccines. Though known for its immunogenic responses against infections, conservative lifestyle modifications such as Yoga and physical exercise's synergistic effects with coronavirus vaccine's immunogenic response remains unknown. Methods: We administered a systematic search on the contemporary evidence investigating the immune responses of physical activity or Yoga in three databases: PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. In the present review, we reviewed the empirical evidence that explored the role of Yoga and physical exercise as an immunity booster and extrapolated their effects against coronavirus infection. Results: We found sixteen articles emphasizing physical activity to augment immune responses towards Coronavirus. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the contemporary evidence, complementary therapies such as Yoga or physical activity are speculated to improve the influenza vaccines' immune responses. We recommend that Yoga and physical exercises be affordable, practical and effective strategies that could be advocated along with vaccination doses. We hope the present review may help readers and policymakers explore complementary therapies that could be administered as adjuncts to vaccine mediated immunity in combating the deadly pandemic.

Resistance Bands Ladder Drills is a form or a pattern of a training that utilizes the resistance of rubber combined with movements on ladder drills or better known as agility ladder. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the Resistance Band Ladder Drill training pattern by using interval and pyramid training methods in improving the aerobic ability. This research is an experimental research with pretest-posttest control group design. The sample of this research was twenty people who were divided into two groups: ten people as the experimental group (interval training method) and ten people as the control group (pyramid training method). The research instrument to determine the aerobic ability was the Bleep Test. The results showed that there were differences in the results of the Resistance Band Ladder Drill training pattern by using the interval method and the pyramid method toward the aerobic ability. The conclusion of this research is that there was an effect of the Resistance Band Ladder Drill training pattern by using the interval method on the aerobic ability and there was no effect of the Resistance Band Ladder Drill training pattern by using the pyramid method on the aerobic ability. These results indicate that the training volume cannot be equated when we use two different methods because each training method has its volume requirements to provide an adaptation effect on the body. It is suggested that further research can be developed through other forms of training.

This study aims to develop a valid and reliable footwork skill test instrument to measure the skills of junior badminton players. The research method used is the research and development method. The steps in this study refer to the development research model (Borg & Gall, 1983) which includes Research and Information Collecting, Planning, Develop Preliminary Form of Product, Preliminary Field Testing, Main Product Revision, Main Field Testing, Operational Product Revision, Operational Field Testing, Final Product Revision, Dissemination and Implementation. The results of the research product are in the form of a valid and reliable footwork test instrument as a measure of the footwork skills of junior badminton players. Based on the opinions of expert practitioners, academics, and badminton coaches who assess the validity of the instrument, a "very good" score is produced. While the reliability of the instrument used statistical data tests involving a sample of badminton players, resulting in a high score. So it can be concluded that the footwork test instrument product developed for junior badminton players shows the category "good and suitable for use as a footwork test instrument".

The purpose of this study was to explore possible differences in the use of Test of Performance Strategies in training and competition situations based on gender and level of athletes (local and national). The research was carried out using a descriptive method and a 2x2 factorial design on 162 West Java athletes competing in the Papua National Sport Multi-event in 2021, aged between 16-24 years, consisting of 88 male athletes and 74 female athletes from 18 sports branches (98 local athletes, 64 national athletes, 68 individual athletes, and 94 team athletes). All data were collected using the Test of Performance Strategies inventory, consisting of training situation subscales and competition situations. Each subscale was elaborated into eight indicators, and each indicator was compiled by 4 (four) items. The results of the Multivariate Analysis of the Variant found that (1) gender and level of athletes had an effect on the use of Test of Performance Strategies, (2) male athletes used Test of Performance Strategies more frequently and better than female athletes in competitive situations; conversely, female athletes used Test of Performance Strategies more often and better than male athletes in training situations, (3) national athletes used TOPS more often in training situations, and conversely, local athletes used Test of Performance Strategies more often in competition situations. According to the results of this study, psychological skill strategy interventions should be given from the early stages of coaching to youth beginner athletes.

Warming up is an activity that must be done at the beginning whenever someone wants to do sports activities. Without good warm-up, it is feared that it will be bad for the body when doing sports. This study aims to determine the influence of warm-up activities in game-based physical education learning. The research subjects involved 35 grade V elementary school students. The research method uses experiments with its research design using one group pretest posttest design. The forms of play are given as many as 10 series of activities and tests using pulse measurements for 1 minute, carried out at the time before the game activity is given and after the game activity is given. The results of the study obtained that of the 10 kinds of play forms in the warm-up, all of them had a significant influence on increasing the pulse. This is evidenced by the results of effectiveness testing using paired sample t-test analysis using SPSS IBM 26 where a Sig. (2-tailed) score was obtained by 0.000 < 0.05. It is hoped that physical education teachers must be more creative in providing every material to be studied, starting from the preliminary stage, core activities to closing activities.

The purpose of this study was to determine the changes during plyometric exercises on sickle kicks. The research method used was an experimental study conducted for 8 weeks. The research design is to compare the plyometric standing jump (A1), box drill (A2), and depth jump (A3) training methods with the speed factor (B) in increasing kick power. The instrument for measuring the explosive power of the leg muscles is a punching pad. A total of 25 male participants were selected based on their qualifications for this study. The participants performed sickle kicks three times with each different media. Activities are recorded using a camera with video results and instruments that have been formed. The results show that plyometric standing jump, box drill, and depth jump exercises can increase the explosive power of sickle kicks in pencak silat athletes. In addition to the plyometric training factor, there is a speed variable that can also affect kick power. In this case, it can be interpreted that the three plyometric training methods can be used to increase the explosive power of the leg muscles. This study found that the standing jump training method was better or superior to the box drill and depth jump. However, in general, these three methods can increase the explosive power of the leg muscles with the exercise program applied. This can be seen in the program's training results, which lasted for 8 weeks, showing that the standing jump training method is superior to box drills and depth jumps in increasing kick power.

Therapeutic horseback riding (THR) is undoubtedly beneficial for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) because it stimulates the rider’s senses. However, it is important to consider the risk of injury associated with THR activities. Safety concerns may arise from the nature of the horse as a herd animal and the challenges associated with autism. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose a pre-assessment of sensory perception with norm-referenced standards for ASD children as a pre-requisite for participation in THR activities. The pre-assessment was developed based on the learning pyramid. Children (n=33) aged 5 to 12 years with diagnosed ASD were selected as participants. Data indicate that a minimum score of 23 out of 27 must be achieved for tactile and vestibular perception, while a minimum score of 19 out of 24 must be achieved for proprioception and auditory perception. The passing score is determined by a norm-referenced standard, which is the calculated mean and standard deviation (Tactile: M=26.4, SD=1.3; Vestibular: M=26.6, SD=1.2; Proprioception: M=22.4, SD=1.3; Auditory: M=22.6, SD=1.4). This norm-referenced standard for pre-assessment is an important early stage of assessment and a key resource for supporting and directing instructors, health professionals and the community.

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of the types of exercise training (free weight vs. resistance band) and athletes' initial leg power levels (high vs. low) and the interaction between the types of exercises and athletes' initial power levels on the leg strength. The study was an experimental study with a twoby-two factorial design involving 20 female basketball athletes. Leg muscle strength was measured with a leg and back dynamometer, and leg power was measured with a vertical jump. Two-way ANOVA was used in the data analysis technique, followed by simple effect analyses using Tukey HSD when the interaction effect was significant. The findings indicated significant main effects of exercise types and power levels. However, the main effects were superseded by a statistically significant interaction effect between exercise types and power levels (F(16, 1) = [16.133], p = [0.001). Resistance training outperformed free-weight training in improving leg strength among athletes with high leg power levels. In contrast, free-weight training was better than resistance training in improving leg strength among athletes with low leg power levels. The exercise training for improving leg strength, therefore, should consider initial power levels.

Equilibrium is described as the ability to maintain the body’s position within its base of support. Often the equilibrium is measured from the use of the force plate and the excursion of the center of the pressure (COP), whose shift presents a target point energetically cost, to maintain the equilibrium. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of proprioception training in improving the balance conditions. The measurements were performed on the licensed force platform in a group of children aged 10-14, who are the players of Tirana football club. The study period includes three phases: the first phase initial, the second phase 24 weeks and the third phase 12 weeks. The frequency of exercises is three times a week, with duration of 60 minutes for every session, following the proprioceptive training program. Subjects performed balance tests in two different conditions: one leg open eyes (1LEO) and one leg closed eyes (1LEC). The equilibrium parameters are analyzed through the statistical package SPSS version 20. Data were analyzed using t-test, which showed statistically significant changes at major biomechanical variables, in one of the most important disciplines of motor skills such as balance. The results confirmed the need to develop balance exercises to improve the quality of life in other psychological and emotional dimensions. The results showed that equilibrium variables increased after proprioception training, while the sway index and sway area decreased. The differences in equilibrium variables showed a significant result of p < 0.050. In conclusion, proprioception training was very effective in reducing sway indexes at athletes, in order to improve and increase their balance condition and sport performances. The results of this study expect to be useful for athletes, coaches, and sport teams and all subjected engaged to physical activity and education.

The existence of the aging process causes a decline in work performance and a decrease in physical capacity in the elderly, and to prove the effectiveness of traditional dance gymnastics at the social services of South Sulawesi was a research goal. The subjects in this study were 50 elderly people divided into 25 pare pare (n = 01) people and 25 tendri abbeang (n = 02). The experimental method with pretest-posttest control group design was used. The experimental group (01) performed traditional gymnastic exercises with a frequency of 6 times a week for 1 month. The control group (02) did daily activities without regular (conventional) treatment with the same frequency as the experimental group. The first instrument in this study was body composition/BMI with the ATmega16 microcontroller, the second instrument was the pulmonary endurance fitness test with ROCPORT and the third instrument was the pulse test describing arterial frequency, with a frequency of exercise 6 times per week with an intensity of 60%-90% of HRR or 50%-85%voMAX with a duration of 30 minutes. The results of data analysis showed that there was an increase (n = 01) higher than (n = 02), which obtained an average pre-test of 3.06 and a post-test of 4.02 with a standard deviation of 9,272 and 9,129. The mean pre and post test showed 0.962, and the mean of both was positive, meaning that there was a tendency to increase the fitness level after and before treatment with the mean showing the number 0.962. In the t-test with a significance level of 0.05, Sig. (2-tailed) was 0.000. This value has indicated that H0 is rejected because the p-value Sig. (2- tailed) < 0.05. It can be said that Padduppa traditional dance-based physical fitness exercises are effective and significant in increasing the level of physical fitness of the elderly.

The purpose of this study is to identify physical factors related to the serve accuracy in Yogyakarta wheelchair tennis players (WT). Method: This research is a quantitative study using correlation analysis conducted by field test. The participants were the best wheelchair tennis athletes with seven men and three women 156-167± cm, weight 50-70± kg, age 31-35. Each athlete performed neuromuscular tests consisting of: isometric handgrip strength; serve accuracy (Hewitt test); sprint tests 5m, 10m and 20m (using and not using rackets); agility (using and not using rackets); medicine ball throw (serve, forehand and backhand movement); and endurance test specific to WT. Results: The highest correlation was found from medicine ball throw serve (p = 0.001; r = 0.874), forehand (p = 0.004; r = 0.811) and backhand (p = 0.013; r = 0.747), medicine ball throw showed a positive correlation with serve accuracy. The physical parameters of the medicine ball throw can explain 100% of the service accuracy level (Nagelkerke R Square = 1.00) and have a percentage of being correct 100% through the logistic regression test classification table. Conclusion: It is recommended that coaches and physical trainers incorporate medical ball throwing exercises into the training program of WT players due to benefits of transferring serve accuracy.

The student-athletes of the physical education study program at Bengkulu University felt great emotional pressure. They were burdened with competing when they faced the opponent athletes from certain big campuses that had great achievements in sports. This feeling makes them feel afraid of losing the match. As athletes, the students must be able to overcome the emotional stress. So, they must have emotional intelligence. Moreover, the emotional intelligence of athletes in the physical education study program at the University of Bengkulu is needed to be researched. So, the purposes of this study are: 1) to determine the level of emotional intelligence of athletes in the physical education study program at the University of Bengkulu, and 2) to differentiate the emotional intelligence of athletes based on the sports where they participate in. To achieve the research objectives, a quantitative descriptive research method was used. A total of 109 student-athletes in the physical education study program at Bengkulu University were included in this study. The athletes are from 16 branches of sport athletics, weight lifting, wrestling, football, badminton, gymnastics, karate, basketball, volleyball, futsal, tae kwon do, Takraw, swimming, Pencak silat, table tennis, and hockey. The instrument was an Emotional Intelligence Self-Assessment questionnaire with a Likert scale. The data was analyzed by using one-way ANOVA. The results of the study show that: 1) the level of emotional intelligence of student-athletes is in the high category. Student-athletes from wrestling had the highest level of emotional intelligence. Student-athletes in badminton, Tae Kwon Do, Takraw, swimming, and hockey had moderate levels. 2) There is no difference in the emotional intelligence of athletes based on the sports they participate in. The results of this study contribute to coaches determining the level of emotional intelligence of their athletes.

This study aims to review student-athletes resilience power, coping power, and protective power in surviving the new norm routine in Malaysia. Aspects of the resilience dimension include self-confidence, self-discipline, self-ability, self-control, and self-determination. In addition, this study also aims to identify whether there are differences in resilience and coping dimensions based on some demographic factors. Both aspects of the survey, namely the level of resilience and coping, identify this difference obtained from data collected through questionnaires. The study sample consisted of school students in Malaysia. A total of 190 study samples were randomly selected. This study uses a quantitative approach. The findings of the study through exploratory analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the structure of four factors: selfconfidence, self-discipline, self-ability, and self-control. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that the scale items formed four factors related to higher coping. The structure turns out to be stable over different age groups. The study's implications showed the need for exposure to Co-Curriculum education patterns and social support applied directly in increasing the protective power against challenges for student-athletes.

Athletes with disabilities require emotional regulation in their performances. Optimism is thought to play a role in emotional regulation. This study aims to determine the contribution of optimism to the emotional regulation of athletes with disabilities. This correlational quantitative study was conducted involving 69 athletes with disabilities in Surabaya, Indonesia. Participants aged 14–57 (mean 29.9; SD 12.04) were grouped into categories of physical disability, intellectual disability, and sensory disability. The instruments used in this study were the optimistic scale and the Indonesian Emotion Regulation Questionnaires for Sport. Jeffreys's Amazing Statistics Program software was used to analyze the data using linear regression. The results showed that there was an optimistic contribution of 68.1% to emotional regulation in athletes with disabilities. Through optimism, athletes with disabilities are able to have positive responses, so emotional regulation is good. This affects the sports performance of athletes with disabilities. The implication of this research is to provide assistance so that athletes with disabilities have high optimism, good emotional regulation, and optimal sports performance.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of small-sided games (SSG) and coordination training (CT) on male futsal players. Design/methodology/approach: This was a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental design. The study population included 18 male futsal athletes determined by ordinal pairing. The sample was divided into two groups: the first group conducted the small-sided games and the second group conducted the coordination training. The research instrument applied in this study was the Yoyo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 to measure aerobic endurance (VO2 max). The researchers conducted a paired t-test to determine whether the experimental group’s pre- and post-test scored differently. Results: The results of the aerobic endurance ability analysis using the small-sided games method produced a t-count of 3.926 with a probability p = 0.004 < 0.05, indicating a significant result. While the coordination training method produced a t-count of 2.468 with a probability p = 0.039< 0.05, also indicating a significant result. Conclusion: The small-sided games and coordination training methods could improve aerobic endurance. However, the small-sided games proved to be more effective and efficient in improving the aerobic endurance ability of male futsal players.

This article provides an empirical review of anxiety concerning athletes around the world. To identify and measure the determinants of anxiety disorders experienced by athletes based on the level of competition, type of sport (team or individual) and gender. The type of research is bibliometric analysis, to explore and analyze amounts of scientific data about anxiety and athletes. The extracted articles were Scopus-indexed articles stored in publish or perish software between 2012-2022, totaling 196 articles that matched the keywords. Moreover, the VOSviewer software was used to explore and analyze data. The results of the bibliometric analysis of these articles highlight the exponential increase in anxiety in athletes in scientific production in the last decade, with the thematic and temporal separation of the concepts studied. This article summarizes the author's interest in relevant topics, about anxiety and athletes in the last 10 years by looking at the highest levels of scientific production and the most citations in the big blocks: (1) athlete anxiety in sports; (2) athlete depression in sports; and (3) athlete competition anxiety. This article spanning a decade provided evidence for evolution and paved the way for researchers seeking alternative visions of the relationship between athlete anxiety, depression and competition. The determinants of anxiety in athletes broadly reflect differences in anxiety based on type of sports, competitive level and experience, and gender.

Researchers have constructed a model to transform "word motion problems into an algorithmic form" in order to be processed by an intelligent tutoring system (ITS). This process has the following steps. Step 1: Categorizing the characteristics of motion problems, step 2: suggesting a model for the categories. "In order to solve all categories of problems, graph theory including backward and forward chaining techniques of artificial intelligence can be utilized". The adoption of graph theory into motion problems has evidence that the model solves almost all of motion problems. Graph labeling is sub field of graph theory which has become the area of interest due to its diversified applications. Formally, if the nodes are labeled under some constraint, the resulting labeling is known as vertex labeling and it will be an edge labeling if the labels are assigned to edges under some conditions. Graph labeling nowadays is one of the rapid growing areas in applied mathematics which has shown its presence in almost every field. The known applications are in Computer Science, Physics, Chemistry, Radar, Coding Theory, Connectomics, Socioloy, x-ray crystallography, Astronomy etc. "For a graph G(V, E) and k > 0, give node labels from {0, 1,. .. , k − 1} such that when the edge labels are induced by the absolute value of the difference of the node labels, the count of nodes labeled with i and the count of nodes labeled with j differ by at most one and the number of lines labeled with i and with j differ by at most 1. So G with such an allocation of labels is k−equitable and becomes 3-equitable labeling, when k = 3". In this paper, the existence and non-existence of 3-equitable labeling of certain graphs are established.

Integration in Riesz spaces has received significant attention in recent papers. The existing body of literature provides comprehensive analyses of the concepts related to order-type integrals for functions that are defined in ordered vector spaces and Banach lattices, as indicated by the studies covered in [3], [4], [5], [7], [8], [9], and [10]. In our work on strongly order-McShane (Henstock-Kurzweil) equiintegration, we have drawn upon the earlier works of Candeloro and Sambucini [6], as well as Boccuto et al. [1-2], who have conducted investigations in the field of order-type integrals. We have expanded upon their research to develop our own findings. This paper focuses on studying the (o)-McShane integral in ordered spaces, where we emphasize the important fact that investigating the (o)-McShane integral is essential in addition to the (o)-Henstock integral. We highlight that the (o)-McShane integration in Banach lattices has richer properties and is more convenient compared to the (o)-Henstock integral. The properties of (o)-convergence exhibited by ordered McShane integrals are prominently featured in our study. By using (o)-convergence, we have obtained valuable results related to the (o)-McShane integral. We arrive at the same results in Banach lattices as on McShane (Henstock-Kurzweil) norm-integrals, and we demonstrate that the (o)-McShane integral opens up a wide field of study where similar results with Henstock integration can be obtained. The outcomes demonstrate the benefits of utilizing this integration technique in ordered spaces, with potentially significant implications for diverse areas of mathematics and related fields.

The three-parameter weighted mixture generalized gamma (WMGG) distribution was developed from the four-parameter mixture generalized gamma (MGG) distribution since the parameter estimation of MGG distribution faced with the problem. The estimate of the weighted parameter p was out of the interval [0, 1]. The previous study proposed the maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) of the WMGG distribution. However, their MLEs were written in nonlinear equations, and certain iterative methods were necessarily needed to solve numerically. The three parameters λ, β, and α were estimated by the quasi-Newton method. Nevertheless, this method performed well only the parameter λ. This motivated the main objective of this work. Consequently, the parameter estimation of the WMGG was further improved. This article developed two maximum likelihood estimation methods: expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm of the three parameters of the WMGG distribution. These two methods were compared to the previous study's quasi-Newton method. Monte Carlo simulation technique was employed to assess the algorithm's performance. Sample sizes ranged from small to large as 10, 30, 50, and 100. The simulation was repeated 10,000 rounds in each scenario. Assessment criteria were the mean square error (MSE) and bias. The results revealed that the EM algorithm outperformed the other methods. Furthermore, the quasi-Newton method had the lowest efficiency.

The world's population increased exponentially and more food is required to support the growing population. However, the existing agriculture solutions are too costly for small-scale farmers. This has motivated us to design a Smart IoT Agriculture System (SIAS) to monitor and control the soil's moisture and fertility levels. SIAS is a low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) solution that used an online app to monitor and control water consumption and the soil's fertility level. ESP8266 microcontroller is used in SIAS to automatically control the irrigation system that consists of a soil moisture sensor, thermal probe, and water pump. The pH sensor is used to monitor the soil's fertility level. The data collected from the IoT sensors are uploaded to the ThingSpeak cloud database through WiFi. Blynk app is used to control the SIAS on the smartphone. The prototype development, implementation details and the optimal operation condition of SIAS are reported in this paper. SIAS with a total cost of USD46 is proven to have lower water consumption (85% lower), real-time monitoring of the soil's fertility and a better crop growth rate compared to the existing conventional watering timer system.