International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, May 1, 2009
Electrolysis Dense ceramic membrane HCl sequestration Aspen PlusÔ Flow sheet Pinch analysis a b s... more Electrolysis Dense ceramic membrane HCl sequestration Aspen PlusÔ Flow sheet Pinch analysis a b s t r a c t
Fly ash from a coal-fired power plant was redispersed and fed into a wind tunnel at concentration... more Fly ash from a coal-fired power plant was redispersed and fed into a wind tunnel at concentrations corresponding roughly to clean and dirty stack conditions. Data were obtained with two standard cascade impactors (using gravimetric mass determination), a set of series cyclones, a cascade impactor with piezoelectric crystal sensors, a cascade impactor using beta attenuation to determine collected mass, and an optical single-particle counter using a laser light source. No simple correlation could be established between the results of the optical instrument and those of the inertial classification devices, due to the probable nonuniformity of particle shape and density.
A new type of transverse flow, hollow fiber module was evaluated for membrane separation. First, ... more A new type of transverse flow, hollow fiber module was evaluated for membrane separation. First, small sections of fabric were woven using silicone rubber hollow fiber membranes and monofilament nylon. Water deoxygenation experiments were conducted on each fabric in a flat cell, yielding mass transfer coefficient (k) values. An optimal fabric construction was identified based on k values exceeding 0.01 cm/s at moderate velocities, low pressure drop, and high membrane packing density.
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2002
Increased regulatory constraints on industrial releases of atmospheric volatile organic compounds... more Increased regulatory constraints on industrial releases of atmospheric volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) have resulted in an interest in using biofilters, bioscrubbers and air / liquid membranes for treatment of vapor phase waste streams. In this report, we describe the comparison of the use of two fundamentally different types of membrane module systems that allow the rapid diffusion of vapor phase aromatics and oxygen to an active biofilm for subsequent biodegradation. One system used a commercial membrane module containing microporous polypropylene fibers while the other used a nonporous silicone tubing membrane module for the delivery of substrate ( a mixture of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes [ BTEX ] ) and electron acceptor ( O 2 ). Tests of the systems under similar conditions with BTEX in the vapor feed stream showed significant performance advantages for the silicone membrane system. The average surface -area -based BTEX removal rate for the microporous membrane system over 500 h of operation was 7.88 g h À À À1 cm À À À2 while the rate for the silicone membrane system was 23.87 g h À À À1 cm À À À2 . The percentages of BTEX removal were also consistently better in the silicone membrane system versus the microporous system. Part of the performance problem associated with the microporous membrane system appeared to be internal water condensation and possible plugging of the pores with biomass over time that could not be resolved with vapor phase backflushing.
This article presents a tool and data for calculation of the carbon footprint of rendering operat... more This article presents a tool and data for calculation of the carbon footprint of rendering operations in North America, quantifying Scope 1 (direct) and Scope 2 (indirect) greenhouse gas emissions. Scope 3 (life cycle) emissions are not included.
Electrolysis Dense ceramic membrane HCl sequestration Aspen PlusÔ Flow sheet Pinch analysis a b s... more Electrolysis Dense ceramic membrane HCl sequestration Aspen PlusÔ Flow sheet Pinch analysis a b s t r a c t
Keeping fly ash out of the stack First, two engineers from a company long in the precipitator fie... more Keeping fly ash out of the stack First, two engineers from a company long in the precipitator field explain the functions of these systems, and what some of the design and construction methodology is. Then two other engineers from EPA and a leading research institute tell how they tested a hot-side precipitator, and what they found Part I
ABSTRACT Dust particles originally generated by two steelmaking processes were dispersed in an ai... more ABSTRACT Dust particles originally generated by two steelmaking processes were dispersed in an air stream and passed through a pilot-scale high gradient magnetic filter. In accordance with theoretical predictions, the experimental results showed that collection was improved by increasing the depth or density of the steel wool filter, increasing the applied magnetic field, or decreasing the filtration velocity. Collection efficiency increased with particle size up to about 2 μm, above which the efficiency tapered off, apparently due to reentrainment effects. Collection efficiencies of greater than 99% were obtained, indicating that high gradient magnetic filtration may be a practical method of controlling particulate emission from processes in the iron and steel industry.
A model was developed to simulate the performance of spiral wound membrane modules for the pervap... more A model was developed to simulate the performance of spiral wound membrane modules for the pervaporative removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water. Differential mass and momentum balances were solved simultaneously by numerical integration to model both feed and permeate streams. With input of the initial feed concentration, the feed side mass transfer coefficient, and physical pararneters to describe the membrane and the module, the model predicted the permeate pressure and velocity, the composition and average molecular weight of the permeate, the total and component fluxes, and the feed concentration, all as a function of the position in the module. Dimensionless groups that characterize the physical properties of the VOC and the design and operating parameters of the membrane and module were varied to demonstrate their effect on the overall module performance, which relates directly to process economics. The results showed that assuming the permeate pressure drop to be negligible may lead to a significant overestimation of the module performance. Permeate flow in spiral wound and hollow fiber modules is similar, and equations are provided for both.
The report reviews and evaluates a number of absorption-based SO control systems and the applicat... more The report reviews and evaluates a number of absorption-based SO control systems and the application of these control systems to those U.S. primary copper smelters which generate weak SO-containing gas streams. Capital and operating cost relationships have been developed for each specific process, covering a range of gas flows and SO concentrations. Separate general costs for gas pretreatment and the end-of-the-line SO utilization facilities (i.e., sulfuric acid, elemental sulfur, and liquid SO plants) are also provided. The 13 U.S. primary copper smelters which currently still generate weak SO streams have been reviewed with reference to their current operation and active programs in hand to control or eliminate weak SO streams. Appropriate SO control processes have been matched with the individual smelters and related capital and operating costs have been developed from the earlier established cost relationships. (GRA)
A hierarchical model of mental growth can be used as the basis for developing critical thinking s... more A hierarchical model of mental growth can be used as the basis for developing critical thinking skills in polymer science and engineering undergraduates. Specifically, mental growth constitutes a progression through a hierarchy of cognition. The critical thinking and judgment required of scientists and engineers lies at an upper level in the hierarchy, and to reach high levels, an individual must master cognitive skills and reorganize knowledge gained at lower levels. Teaching and learning devices that exercise low-level cognitive skills and that support effective development of critical thinking are presented. Assessment instruments that monitor student growth and evaluate the effectiveness of these teaching and learning devices are also described.
The report describes results of visits to Japan to assess research and development of new particu... more The report describes results of visits to Japan to assess research and development of new particulate control technology, and to evaluate the applicability of the Aut-Ainer particulate control device to diesel engines. New technology observed includes hooding systems for coke oven charging and pushing, fugitive emissions control in a Q-BOP furnace building, novel electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), magnetic separators, and hybrid
This article is the second in a series of ASEE proceedings that describes the implementation and ... more This article is the second in a series of ASEE proceedings that describes the implementation and assessment of using a hierarchical model of mental growth as the basis for developing critical thinking skills and engineering judgment in engineering undergraduates. Briefly, the hierarchical mental growth model of Egan provides our roadmap for developing effective teaching and learning strategies that are applied
This presentation illustrates the framework for implementing a hierarchical model of mental growt... more This presentation illustrates the framework for implementing a hierarchical model of mental growth as the basis for developing critical thinking skills and engineering judgment in engineering undergraduates. We adopt the hypotheses that mental growth constitutes a progression through a hierarchy of cognition, that the critical thinking and judgment required of engineers lies at an upper level in the hierarchy, and
The porous support layer of a high-flux composite membrane can have an influence on gas or vapor ... more The porous support layer of a high-flux composite membrane can have an influence on gas or vapor separation performance. In order to quantify that influence, the theory of gaseous flow through porous media was reviewed and applied to describe transport through the porous layer. The flux equations may be used to characterize the morphology of the support structure. An experimental technique was developed to determine morphological parameters based on single gas permeation experiments. Flat sheet and hollow fiber support membranes were tested and compared. Due to the axial pressure drop inside the hollow fibers, an appropriate average lumen pressure had to be determined. As a by-product, the inside diameter of the porous hollow fibers may be estimated from the permeation experiments. The calculated morphological parameters varied slightly with six different gases used, but these differences could be reconciled when the asymmetry of the porous structure was taken into account. The support membranes could be modeled accurately by a two-layered structure and a resistance in series approach. By combining the description of gaseous flow in the porous support presented in this paper with standard transport equations for the dense coating, it should be possible to describe binary gas transport through a composite membrane and, ultimately, to determine the influence of the support layer.
Thin ®lm composite (TFC) membranes exhibit a high¯ux for gas and vapor permeation and are viable ... more Thin ®lm composite (TFC) membranes exhibit a high¯ux for gas and vapor permeation and are viable for a wide range of applications. The high¯ux may also increase the importance of the resistance of the porous support structure depending on the application and process conditions. A comprehensive modeling approach for TFC membranes is introduced, which considers boundary layer resistances near the membrane surface, solution-diffusion through the coating, and the in¯uence of the porous sublayer. Permeation through the support structure is described by the dusty gas model (DGM) with the support treated as a two-layered structure with a dense but porous skin and a more open substructure.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, May 1, 2009
Electrolysis Dense ceramic membrane HCl sequestration Aspen PlusÔ Flow sheet Pinch analysis a b s... more Electrolysis Dense ceramic membrane HCl sequestration Aspen PlusÔ Flow sheet Pinch analysis a b s t r a c t
Fly ash from a coal-fired power plant was redispersed and fed into a wind tunnel at concentration... more Fly ash from a coal-fired power plant was redispersed and fed into a wind tunnel at concentrations corresponding roughly to clean and dirty stack conditions. Data were obtained with two standard cascade impactors (using gravimetric mass determination), a set of series cyclones, a cascade impactor with piezoelectric crystal sensors, a cascade impactor using beta attenuation to determine collected mass, and an optical single-particle counter using a laser light source. No simple correlation could be established between the results of the optical instrument and those of the inertial classification devices, due to the probable nonuniformity of particle shape and density.
A new type of transverse flow, hollow fiber module was evaluated for membrane separation. First, ... more A new type of transverse flow, hollow fiber module was evaluated for membrane separation. First, small sections of fabric were woven using silicone rubber hollow fiber membranes and monofilament nylon. Water deoxygenation experiments were conducted on each fabric in a flat cell, yielding mass transfer coefficient (k) values. An optimal fabric construction was identified based on k values exceeding 0.01 cm/s at moderate velocities, low pressure drop, and high membrane packing density.
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2002
Increased regulatory constraints on industrial releases of atmospheric volatile organic compounds... more Increased regulatory constraints on industrial releases of atmospheric volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) have resulted in an interest in using biofilters, bioscrubbers and air / liquid membranes for treatment of vapor phase waste streams. In this report, we describe the comparison of the use of two fundamentally different types of membrane module systems that allow the rapid diffusion of vapor phase aromatics and oxygen to an active biofilm for subsequent biodegradation. One system used a commercial membrane module containing microporous polypropylene fibers while the other used a nonporous silicone tubing membrane module for the delivery of substrate ( a mixture of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes [ BTEX ] ) and electron acceptor ( O 2 ). Tests of the systems under similar conditions with BTEX in the vapor feed stream showed significant performance advantages for the silicone membrane system. The average surface -area -based BTEX removal rate for the microporous membrane system over 500 h of operation was 7.88 g h À À À1 cm À À À2 while the rate for the silicone membrane system was 23.87 g h À À À1 cm À À À2 . The percentages of BTEX removal were also consistently better in the silicone membrane system versus the microporous system. Part of the performance problem associated with the microporous membrane system appeared to be internal water condensation and possible plugging of the pores with biomass over time that could not be resolved with vapor phase backflushing.
This article presents a tool and data for calculation of the carbon footprint of rendering operat... more This article presents a tool and data for calculation of the carbon footprint of rendering operations in North America, quantifying Scope 1 (direct) and Scope 2 (indirect) greenhouse gas emissions. Scope 3 (life cycle) emissions are not included.
Electrolysis Dense ceramic membrane HCl sequestration Aspen PlusÔ Flow sheet Pinch analysis a b s... more Electrolysis Dense ceramic membrane HCl sequestration Aspen PlusÔ Flow sheet Pinch analysis a b s t r a c t
Keeping fly ash out of the stack First, two engineers from a company long in the precipitator fie... more Keeping fly ash out of the stack First, two engineers from a company long in the precipitator field explain the functions of these systems, and what some of the design and construction methodology is. Then two other engineers from EPA and a leading research institute tell how they tested a hot-side precipitator, and what they found Part I
ABSTRACT Dust particles originally generated by two steelmaking processes were dispersed in an ai... more ABSTRACT Dust particles originally generated by two steelmaking processes were dispersed in an air stream and passed through a pilot-scale high gradient magnetic filter. In accordance with theoretical predictions, the experimental results showed that collection was improved by increasing the depth or density of the steel wool filter, increasing the applied magnetic field, or decreasing the filtration velocity. Collection efficiency increased with particle size up to about 2 μm, above which the efficiency tapered off, apparently due to reentrainment effects. Collection efficiencies of greater than 99% were obtained, indicating that high gradient magnetic filtration may be a practical method of controlling particulate emission from processes in the iron and steel industry.
A model was developed to simulate the performance of spiral wound membrane modules for the pervap... more A model was developed to simulate the performance of spiral wound membrane modules for the pervaporative removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water. Differential mass and momentum balances were solved simultaneously by numerical integration to model both feed and permeate streams. With input of the initial feed concentration, the feed side mass transfer coefficient, and physical pararneters to describe the membrane and the module, the model predicted the permeate pressure and velocity, the composition and average molecular weight of the permeate, the total and component fluxes, and the feed concentration, all as a function of the position in the module. Dimensionless groups that characterize the physical properties of the VOC and the design and operating parameters of the membrane and module were varied to demonstrate their effect on the overall module performance, which relates directly to process economics. The results showed that assuming the permeate pressure drop to be negligible may lead to a significant overestimation of the module performance. Permeate flow in spiral wound and hollow fiber modules is similar, and equations are provided for both.
The report reviews and evaluates a number of absorption-based SO control systems and the applicat... more The report reviews and evaluates a number of absorption-based SO control systems and the application of these control systems to those U.S. primary copper smelters which generate weak SO-containing gas streams. Capital and operating cost relationships have been developed for each specific process, covering a range of gas flows and SO concentrations. Separate general costs for gas pretreatment and the end-of-the-line SO utilization facilities (i.e., sulfuric acid, elemental sulfur, and liquid SO plants) are also provided. The 13 U.S. primary copper smelters which currently still generate weak SO streams have been reviewed with reference to their current operation and active programs in hand to control or eliminate weak SO streams. Appropriate SO control processes have been matched with the individual smelters and related capital and operating costs have been developed from the earlier established cost relationships. (GRA)
A hierarchical model of mental growth can be used as the basis for developing critical thinking s... more A hierarchical model of mental growth can be used as the basis for developing critical thinking skills in polymer science and engineering undergraduates. Specifically, mental growth constitutes a progression through a hierarchy of cognition. The critical thinking and judgment required of scientists and engineers lies at an upper level in the hierarchy, and to reach high levels, an individual must master cognitive skills and reorganize knowledge gained at lower levels. Teaching and learning devices that exercise low-level cognitive skills and that support effective development of critical thinking are presented. Assessment instruments that monitor student growth and evaluate the effectiveness of these teaching and learning devices are also described.
The report describes results of visits to Japan to assess research and development of new particu... more The report describes results of visits to Japan to assess research and development of new particulate control technology, and to evaluate the applicability of the Aut-Ainer particulate control device to diesel engines. New technology observed includes hooding systems for coke oven charging and pushing, fugitive emissions control in a Q-BOP furnace building, novel electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), magnetic separators, and hybrid
This article is the second in a series of ASEE proceedings that describes the implementation and ... more This article is the second in a series of ASEE proceedings that describes the implementation and assessment of using a hierarchical model of mental growth as the basis for developing critical thinking skills and engineering judgment in engineering undergraduates. Briefly, the hierarchical mental growth model of Egan provides our roadmap for developing effective teaching and learning strategies that are applied
This presentation illustrates the framework for implementing a hierarchical model of mental growt... more This presentation illustrates the framework for implementing a hierarchical model of mental growth as the basis for developing critical thinking skills and engineering judgment in engineering undergraduates. We adopt the hypotheses that mental growth constitutes a progression through a hierarchy of cognition, that the critical thinking and judgment required of engineers lies at an upper level in the hierarchy, and
The porous support layer of a high-flux composite membrane can have an influence on gas or vapor ... more The porous support layer of a high-flux composite membrane can have an influence on gas or vapor separation performance. In order to quantify that influence, the theory of gaseous flow through porous media was reviewed and applied to describe transport through the porous layer. The flux equations may be used to characterize the morphology of the support structure. An experimental technique was developed to determine morphological parameters based on single gas permeation experiments. Flat sheet and hollow fiber support membranes were tested and compared. Due to the axial pressure drop inside the hollow fibers, an appropriate average lumen pressure had to be determined. As a by-product, the inside diameter of the porous hollow fibers may be estimated from the permeation experiments. The calculated morphological parameters varied slightly with six different gases used, but these differences could be reconciled when the asymmetry of the porous structure was taken into account. The support membranes could be modeled accurately by a two-layered structure and a resistance in series approach. By combining the description of gaseous flow in the porous support presented in this paper with standard transport equations for the dense coating, it should be possible to describe binary gas transport through a composite membrane and, ultimately, to determine the influence of the support layer.
Thin ®lm composite (TFC) membranes exhibit a high¯ux for gas and vapor permeation and are viable ... more Thin ®lm composite (TFC) membranes exhibit a high¯ux for gas and vapor permeation and are viable for a wide range of applications. The high¯ux may also increase the importance of the resistance of the porous support structure depending on the application and process conditions. A comprehensive modeling approach for TFC membranes is introduced, which considers boundary layer resistances near the membrane surface, solution-diffusion through the coating, and the in¯uence of the porous sublayer. Permeation through the support structure is described by the dusty gas model (DGM) with the support treated as a two-layered structure with a dense but porous skin and a more open substructure.
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