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To define hemodynamic changes in the first 15 minutes of life and at one hour after birth in healthy full term and late preterm neonates using electrical cardiometry. This is a prospective observational study using EC in the first 15... more
To define hemodynamic changes in the first 15 minutes of life and at one hour after birth in healthy full term and late preterm neonates using electrical cardiometry. This is a prospective observational study using EC in the first 15 minutes of life and one hour after birth. Two hundred newborns were included in the study and divided into two groups. Group A included 100 healthy full term newborns (?37 weeks gestational age), while group B included 100 late preterms (?34 weeks up to 366 weeks gestational age). Each group was further subdivided according to mode of delivery to vaginal delivery group and elective CS group. The study included 200 newborns. Higher values of PEP were observed in full term than preterm neonates. TFC is higher in CS group when compared to VD group. SVV tends to decrease over time. Oxygen saturation increases over time. The present study provides normative values for PEP, TFC, O2 saturation and SVV during the first hour of life using electrical cardiometry.
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Objective:To determine modifiable hospital factors associated with survival of infants with GA ≤24 weeks and birth weight <500gm in the USA. And to assess the trend for the timing of postnatal mortality in these periviable... more
Objective:To determine modifiable hospital factors associated with survival of infants with GA ≤24 weeks and birth weight <500gm in the USA. And to assess the trend for the timing of postnatal mortality in these periviable infants.Design: National data were analyzed for the years 2010-2018. Hospitals were categorized according to delivery volume, US regions, and teaching status.Results: We identified 33,998,014 infants born during the study period; 76,231 infants were ≤24 weeks. Survival was greatest in urban teaching hospitals in infants <24 weeks and completed 24 weeks, respectively. The Northeast region has the lowest survival rate. There was a significant delay in the postnatal day of mortality in periviable infants.Conclusions: Hospital factors are associated with increased survival rates. Improved survival in large teaching hospitals supports the need for regionalization of care in infants born at the limits of viability. There was a significant delay in the postnatal mo...
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located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
We aimed to assess the association of umbilical catheters placement with pericardial effusion (PCE) in newborn infants after controlling for confounding variables. We analyzed three subpopulations: infants with birth weight... more
We aimed to assess the association of umbilical catheters placement with pericardial effusion (PCE) in newborn infants after controlling for confounding variables. We analyzed three subpopulations: infants with birth weight (BW) > 2500g, infants with BW 2500g with no hydrops fetalis. Of them, 2583 neonates (0.01%) had PCE. PCE was found in 0.33% of infants with UAC only, 0.22% of infants with UVC only and 0.37% of infants with both catheters (aOR = 2.7, CI:2.4–3.2, p 2500g. Of them, 1130 (0.56%) had PCE. PCE was found in 1.46% of infants with UAC, 0.78% of infants with UVC and 0.98% of infants with both catheters (aOR = 2.1, CI:1.8–2.6, p
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Research Interests: Pediatrics, Medicine, Hyaline membrane disease, Congenital Heart Defects, Humans, and 13 moreFemale, Pneumonia, Male, Lung Diseases, Differential Diagnosis, Newborn Infant, Respiratory System, Physical examination, Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Edema, Cyanosis, Meconium Aspiration Syndrome, and Respiration Artificial
Compared to developed countries, the use of antimicrobials in Egypt is less regulated and is available over the counter without the need for prescriptions. The impact of such policy on antimicrobial resistance has not been studied. This... more
Compared to developed countries, the use of antimicrobials in Egypt is less regulated and is available over the counter without the need for prescriptions. The impact of such policy on antimicrobial resistance has not been studied. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of early and late onset sepsis, and the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in a major referral neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The study included all neonates admitted to the NICU over a 12-month period. Prospectively collected clinical and laboratory data were retrieved, including blood cultures and endotracheal aspirate cultures if performed. A total of 953 neonates were admitted, of them 314 neonates were diagnosed with sepsis; 123 with early onset sepsis (EOS) and 191 with late onset sepsis (LOS). A total of 388 blood cultures were obtained, with 166 positive results. Total endotracheal aspirate samples were 127; of them 79 were culture-positive. The most frequently isolated organisms in blood were ...
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Research Interests: Gastroenterology, Treatment Outcome, DNA damage, Medicine, Phototherapy, and 15 moreHumans, Genotoxicity, Female, Male, Jaundice, Bilirubin, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Comet Assay, Perinatology, Time Factors, Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia, Case Control Studies, Mutagenicity tests, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
Research Interests: Pediatrics, Biomarkers, Risk, Egypt, Medicine, and 15 moreHumans, Female, Male, Newborn Infant, Randomized Controlled Trial, Trachea, Mechanical Ventilation, University Hospitals, Body Fluids, Patient Positioning, Pepsin, Medical and Health Sciences, Referral and consultation, supine position, and Infant Premature
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A 6-week-old premature infant who was born at 29 weeks of gestation presented to the emergency department with a several-hour history of stiffness and increased alarms on his apnea monitor at home. On arrival he was noted to have... more
A 6-week-old premature infant who was born at 29 weeks of gestation presented to the emergency department with a several-hour history of stiffness and increased alarms on his apnea monitor at home. On arrival he was noted to have generalized seizures, apnea, and bradycardia. He was intubated and required cardiopulmonary resuscitation including chest compressions and medications. After stabilization he was transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit for further management. His initial laboratory tests revealed a serum calcium level of 2.4 mg/dL (normal range: 8.4–10.2 mg/dL) and a serum phosphorus level of 28.5 mg/dL (normal range: 2.4–4.5 mg/dL). During the first week of admission, the infant's mother reported that she had administered a full pediatric Fleets enema (CB Fleet Company Inc, Lynchburg, VA) to him. The infant was discharged after 12 days of hospitalization. Anticipatory guidance on the stool patterns and behavior of infants can prevent misconceptions about consti...
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OBJECTIVE: The goal was to examine biochemical, neurophysiologic, anatomic, and clinical changes associated with erythropoietin administration to neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). METHODS: We conducted a prospective... more
OBJECTIVE: The goal was to examine biochemical, neurophysiologic, anatomic, and clinical changes associated with erythropoietin administration to neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). METHODS: We conducted a prospective case-control study with 45 neonates in 3 groups, a normal healthy group (N = 15), a HIE-erythropoietin group (N = 15; infants with mild/moderate HIE who received human recombinant erythropoietin, 2500 IU/kg, subcutaneously, daily for 5 days), and a HIE-control group (N = 15; did not receive erythropoietin). Serum concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) were measured at enrollment for the normal healthy neonates and at enrollment and after 2 weeks for the 2 HIE groups. The 2 HIE groups underwent electroencephalography at enrollment and at 2 to 3 weeks. Brain MRI was performed at 3 weeks. Neurologic evaluations and Denver Developmental Screening Test II assessments were performed at 6 months. RESULTS: Compared with normal healthy neonates, the 2 HIE groups h...
Research Interests: Pediatrics, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electroencephalography, Medicine, Erythropoietin, and 15 moreBrain, Prospective studies, Humans, Nitric oxide, Female, Male, Infant, Newborn Infant, Recombinant Proteins, Encephalopathy, Asphyxia neonatorum, Case Control Studies, Neurologic Examination, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, and Medical and Health Sciences
Research Interests: Medicine, Humans, Low Dose, Placebo, Female, and 15 moreMale, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Perinatology, Gastrointestinal motility, Enteral Feeding, Erythromycin, Gestational Age, Gestation, Parenteral Nutrition, Enteral Nutrition, Adverse effect, Normal Saline, Paediatrics and reproductive medicine, and Infant Premature
Research Interests: Physiology, Medicine, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Iron Metabolism, Central Nervous System, and 12 moreIron, Lipid peroxidation, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Perinatology, Study design, Encephalopathy, Malondialdehyde, Serum Iron, Hypoxic- Ischemic Encephalopathy, Paediatrics and reproductive medicine, and Total Iron binding capacity
Research Interests: Pediatrics, Medicine, Humans, United States, Female, and 15 moreMale, African Americans, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Prevalence, Perinatology, Odds ratio, European Continental Ancestry Group, Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia, Abdominal Wall Hernias, Neural Tube Defects, Hernia, Diaphragmatic hernia, Paediatrics and reproductive medicine, and Abdominal wall
Research Interests: Medicine, Logistic Regression, Humans, United States, Female, and 13 moreMale, Registries, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Perinatology, Odds ratio, Study design, Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia, Confidence Interval, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, Diaphragmatic hernia, Paediatrics and reproductive medicine, and Patient transfer
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Research Interests: Medicine, Brain, Prospective studies, Humans, Internal Medicine, and 15 moreBlood sampling, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Perinatology, Biological markers, Case Control Study, Encephalopathy, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Asphyxia neonatorum, Case Control Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Prospective Cohort Study, acute phase, Paediatrics and reproductive medicine, and Serum amyloid A protein
Research Interests: Pediatrics, Incidence Geometry, Medicine, Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis, Humans, and 15 moreLow Birth Weight, Female, Male, Infant, Incidence, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Perinatology, Red blood cell, Gestational Age, Case Control Study, Case Control Studies, Child preschool, Erythrocyte transfusion, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
Objectives: To document the effects of changing to a primarily nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)‐based system of respiratory support on respiratory and non‐respiratory outcomes in preterm infants. Methodology: Outcomes in... more
Objectives: To document the effects of changing to a primarily nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)‐based system of respiratory support on respiratory and non‐respiratory outcomes in preterm infants. Methodology: Outcomes in two groups of preterm infants with a birthweight of 1000–1499 g were compared retrospectively over a 5‐year period before (period I; n = 57) and after (period II; n = 59) the introduction of a primarily nasal CPAP‐based approach to respiratory support, modelled closely on that used at the New York Presbyterian Hospital (Columbia University), formally known as the Columbia‐Presbyterian Medical Center, in New York. Results: From period I to period II, there was a decline in the number of infants ventilated (65 vs 14%, respectively) and receiving surfactant (40 vs 12%, respectively) and in the median days of ventilation (6 vs 2, respectively) and oxygen (4 vs 2, respectively). There were decreases in chronic lung disease (CLD) at 28 days (11 vs 0%, resp...
Research Interests: Incidence Geometry, Treatment Outcome, Medicine, Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis, Humans, and 14 moreChronic Disease, Female, Male, Lung Diseases, New Zealand, Newborn Infant, Respiratory System, Nasal cavity, Retrospective Studies, Paediatrics & Child Health, Cohort Studies, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Cardiovascular medicine and haematology, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
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Outcomes of neonatal encephalopathy (NE) have improved since the widespread implementation of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) in high-resource settings. While TH for NE in term and near-term infants has proven beneficial, 30–50% of infants... more
Outcomes of neonatal encephalopathy (NE) have improved since the widespread implementation of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) in high-resource settings. While TH for NE in term and near-term infants has proven beneficial, 30–50% of infants with moderate-to-severe NE treated with TH still suffer death or significant impairments. There is therefore a critical need to find additional pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that improve the outcomes for these children. There are many potential candidates; however, it is unclear whether these interventions have additional benefits when used with TH. Although primary and delayed (secondary) brain injury starting in the latent phase after HI are major contributors to neurodisability, the very late evolving effects of tertiary brain injury likely require different interventions targeting neurorestoration. Clinical trials of seizure management and neuroprotection bundles are needed, in addition to current trials combining erythrop...
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Objective: To test the hypothesis that a lung ultrasound severity score (LUSsc) and assessment of left ventricular eccentricity index of the interventricular septum (LVEI) by focused heart ultrasound can predict extubation success in... more
Objective: To test the hypothesis that a lung ultrasound severity score (LUSsc) and assessment of left ventricular eccentricity index of the interventricular septum (LVEI) by focused heart ultrasound can predict extubation success in mechanically ventilated preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Design Prospective observational study of premature infants <34 weeks of gestation age supported with mechanical ventilation due to RDS. LUSsc and LVEI were performed on postnatal days 3 and 7 by an investigator who was masked to infants ventilator parameters and clinical conditions. RDS was classified based on LUSsc into mild (score 0-9) and moderate-severe (score 10-18). A receiver operator curve was constructed to assess the ability to predict extubation success. Pearson correlation was performed between LVEI and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). Setting Level III neonatal intensive care unit, Cairo, Egypt. Results A total of 104 studies were performed to 66 infants; ...
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We aimed to test the hypothesis that a lung ultrasound severity score (LUS) and assessment of left ventricular eccentricity index of the interventricular septum (LVEI) by focused heart ultrasound can predict extubation success in... more
We aimed to test the hypothesis that a lung ultrasound severity score (LUS) and assessment of left ventricular eccentricity index of the interventricular septum (LVEI) by focused heart ultrasound can predict extubation success in mechanically ventilated infants. We conducted a prospective study on premature infants less than 34 weeks’ of gestation. LUS was performed on postnatal Days 3 and 7 by an investigator who was masked to infants’ ventilator parameters. LVEI and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) were measured at postnatal Day 3. A receiver operator curve was constructed to assess the ability to predict extubation success. Spearman correlation was performed between LVEI and PAP. A total of 104 studies were performed to 66 infants; of them 39 had mild and 65 had moderate‐severe lung disease. LUS predicted extubation success with a sensitivity and a specificity of 91% and 69%, respectively. Area under the curve was 0.83 (CI: 0.75–0.91). LVEI did not differ between infants that succ...
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Research Interests: Electroencephalography, Medicine, Prospective studies, Humans, Cerebral Cortex, and 12 moreNear Infrared Spectroscopy, Pulse Oximetry, Female, Male, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Perinatology, Oximetry, Gestational Age, Oxygen Consumption, Paediatrics and reproductive medicine, and Infant Premature
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Research Interests: Pediatrics, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electroencephalography, Medicine, Neuroprotection, and 15 moreMelatonin, Hypothermia, Humans, Nitric oxide, Female, Male, Anesthesia, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Encephalopathy, Asphyxia neonatorum, Neuroprotective Agents, Neurologic Examination, Asphyxia, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
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Objective. Traditionally, delivery room management of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants consisted of immediate intubation and mechanical ventilation. There have been recent reports of success using nasal prongs continuous positive... more
Objective. Traditionally, delivery room management of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants consisted of immediate intubation and mechanical ventilation. There have been recent reports of success using nasal prongs continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in this population. Data on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2) in spontaneously breathing ELBW infants is very limited. The objective of this study was to determine the trend of the average Pco2 in the spontaneously breathing ELBW infants, while on NCPAP, during the first week of life and to determine whether a brief period of mechanical ventilation affects the Pco2 levels after extubation.Methods. This is a retrospective cohort study of infants who had birth weights <1000 g and were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at our institution. These ELBW infants were divided into groups on the basis of whether they were never intubated (group 1) or were intubated for <48 hours (group 2). Average daily Pc...
Research Interests: Pediatrics, Carbon Dioxide, Medicine, Birth Weight, Humans, and 15 moreLow Birth Weight, Female, Male, Anesthesia, Cohort Study, Newborn Infant, Mechanical Ventilation, Retrospective Studies, Group, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Intubation, Cohort Studies, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, and Medical and Health Sciences
Research Interests: Endocrinology, Genetics, Cardiology, Hematology, Epidemiology, and 15 moreImmunology, Birth Weight, Allergy, Humans, Collagen, Female, Animals, Amino Acids, Bone remodeling, Developmentally Supportive Care of the Preterm Neonate, Fetus, Gestational Age, Gestation, Bone and Bones, and Bone Resorption
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Research Interests: Pediatrics, Incidence Geometry, Medicine, Birth Weight, Humans, and 15 moreFemale, Male, Lung Diseases, Incidence, Length of Stay, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Perinatology, Gestational Age, Chronic lung disease, Confidence Interval, Mortality rate, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Paediatrics and reproductive medicine, and Infant Premature
Research Interests: Medicine, Critical Care, Birth Weight, Humans, Design method, and 15 moreFemale, Male, Clinical Sciences, Biological markers, Growth Factor, Logistic Regression Model, Encephalopathy, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Logistic Models, Asphyxia neonatorum, Apgar Score, Case Control Studies, Chronic Hypoxia, Asphyxia, and Mode of Delivery
Research Interests: Incidence Geometry, Medicine, Free Radical, Antioxidants, Humans, and 15 moreFemale, Male, Developmental disabilities, Brain injury, Group Intervention, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Ibuprofen, Ascorbic Acid, Combination drug therapy, Developmental delay, Encephalopathy, Asphyxia neonatorum, Control Group, and Asphyxia
Research Interests: Medicine, Birth Weight, Humans, Female, Male, and 15 moreInfant Development, Infant, Developmental disabilities, Multiple Linear Regression, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Indexation, Gestational Age, Developmental delay, Brain Damage, Cohort Studies, Neurologic Examination, Diseases Diagnosis, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
Research Interests: Andrology, Flow Cytometry, Immunohistochemistry, Medicine, Cell separation, and 15 moreCell Differentiation, Humans, Cord Blood, Mesenchymal Stem Cell, Clinical Sciences, Newborn Infant, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Immunophenotyping, Cell Proliferation, Cell Survival, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells, Asphyxia neonatorum, Asphyxia, Paediatrics and reproductive medicine, and Infant Premature
Research Interests: Neuroimaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI, Cerebral Palsy, Medicine, and 15 moreBrain, Humans, Female, Male, Ct, Infant, Developmental disabilities, Diagnostic Imaging, Clinical Sciences, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Intraventricular Hemorrhage, Frontal Lobe, Brain Diseases, Medical and Health Sciences, and Infant Premature
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Permanent neonatal diabetes (PNDM) is caused by mutations in the genes responsible for the synthesis of different proteins that are important for the normal behavior of beta cells in the pancreas. Mutations in the insulin gene (INS) are... more
Permanent neonatal diabetes (PNDM) is caused by mutations in the genes responsible for the synthesis of different proteins that are important for the normal behavior of beta cells in the pancreas. Mutations in the insulin gene (INS) are considered as one of the causes of diabetes in neonates. This study aimed to investigate the genetic variations in the INS gene in a group of Egyptian infants diagnosed with PNDM. We screened exons 2 and 3 with intronic boundaries of the INS gene by direct gene sequencing in 30 PNDM patients and 20 healthy controls. A detailed clinical phenotyping of the patients was carried out to specify the diabetes features in those found to carry an INS variant. We identified five variants (four SNPs and one synonymous variant), c(0).187 + 11T > C, c.-17-6T > A, c.*22A > C, c.*9C > T, and c.36G > A (p.A12A), with allelic frequencies of 96.7%, 80%, 75%, 5%, and 1.7%, respectively. All showed no statistically significance difference compared with th...
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Perinatal events and postnatal environmental factors are often the focus when identifying neurodevelopmental risk factors. However, the in utero environment may be an equally important factor for fetal brain development. The objective of... more
Perinatal events and postnatal environmental factors are often the focus when identifying neurodevelopmental risk factors. However, the in utero environment may be an equally important factor for fetal brain development. The objective of this article is to describe in utero environmental factors that may impact fetal brain development and subsequent neurodevelopmental outcome. This is a literature review to examine maternal nutrition, exposures, and behaviors that impact the in utero environment and, consequently, fetal brain development. A medline search of relevant articles published over the last 25 years was performed utilizing various keywords such as fetal brain development, individual vitamin/minerals, and specific exposures chosen by the authors that have been shown to impact in utero neurodevelopment. This article reviews important maternal nutritional deficiencies and toxin exposures that may negatively impact fetal brain development. Positive exposures to maternal voice, music, and exercise are also reviewed. Fetal brain development is a complex and intricate process. Neurodevelopmental delays detected postnatally are often multifactorial. In utero insults, postnatal illness, socioeconomic factors, and developmental environment may all attribute to poor outcomes. It is often difficult or impossible to determine which factor or factors contribute the most to morbidity. While reports on developmental delays often focus on clinical risk factors such as preterm birth or maternal/neonatal infection, perinatal events such as birth asphyxia, or known postnatal environmental factors such as low socioeconomic status or parental neglect, it is important to remember that in utero insults may be equally responsible. This article reviews early neurological development and a selection of various maternal exposures and behaviors that may impact the fetal brain during this critical developmental period.
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Research Interests: Cognitive Science, Pediatrics, Electroencephalography, Medicine, Birth Weight, and 15 moreProspective studies, Humans, Low Birth Weight, Female, Male, Clinical Sciences, Time Factors, Prognosis, Gestational Age, Sensitivity and Specificity, Intraventricular Hemorrhage, Neurosciences, Predictive value of tests, Asphyxia neonatorum, and Adverse effect
Abstract Objectives: Late preterm infants are the fastest growing segment of the premature infant population in the United States. However, it is not known if demographic and clinical factors can impact the length of hospital stay (LOS)... more
Abstract Objectives: Late preterm infants are the fastest growing segment of the premature infant population in the United States. However, it is not known if demographic and clinical factors can impact the length of hospital stay (LOS) in this population. The objectives of this study are to determine the following: (a) factors associated with a LOS &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 3 d and (b) whether there is any difference in risks between infants born at 33-34 versus 35-36 weeks. Methods: Utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database, a de-identified dataset produced by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, analysis of 81 913 infants born at 33-36 weeks from 2007 to 2008 was conducted. LOS outcome was defined as ≤3 and &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;3 d. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors of LOS among this population. Results: Only 42.7% of infants were discharged home within three days. Factors associated with a…