- Morocco
Three pyridazin-3-thiones derivatives were synthesized from the 5-arylidene pyridazin-3-ones equivalent. The compounds thus prepared were characterized by their physical (TLC, M.P) and spectral data (IR and NMR). Before studying the... more
Three pyridazin-3-thiones derivatives were synthesized from the 5-arylidene pyridazin-3-ones equivalent. The compounds thus prepared were characterized by their physical (TLC, M.P) and spectral data (IR and NMR). Before studying the activity, acute toxicity has been determined. Then the three compounds were screened for anti-microbial activity against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtillis and Candida albicans.
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En vue de prospecter les activites pharmacologiques des arylidene-5 methyl-6 4H pyridazines, plusieurs series de derives substitues en position 3 ont ete preparees au depart de pyridazinones 1 synthetisees au laboratoire. Les... more
En vue de prospecter les activites pharmacologiques des arylidene-5 methyl-6 4H pyridazines, plusieurs series de derives substitues en position 3 ont ete preparees au depart de pyridazinones 1 synthetisees au laboratoire. Les chloropyridazines 3 constituent des intermediaires permettant d'acceder soit aux amino-pyridazines 4, soit aux hydrazino-pyridazines 5. Ces dernieres peuvent a leur tour donner lieu a la formation de systemes condenses tels que les triazolopyridazines 6 et les tetrazolopyridazines 7 ou encore de derives pyrazoliques 8 eventuellement fonctionnalises. Les spectres de rmn 1H confirment la structure des differents composes obtenus. Starting from previously described pyridazinones 1, new 3-substituted-5-arylidene-6-methyl-4H-pyridazines were prepared in order to study their pharmacological effects. The intermediate chloropyridazines 3 can undergo nucleophilic substitutions, leading to aminopyridazines 4 or to hydrazinopyridazines 5; the latter can involve formation of pyrazole derivatives 8 and fused heterocyclic systems such as triazolopyridazines 6 or tetrazolopyridazines 7. The structures of the products were confirmed on the basis of their elemental analysis and 1H nmr spectral data.
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Legislation on the pharmaceutical industry in Morocco during the French protectorate 1912-1956. In Morocco, the pharmaceutical industry was born with the French protectorate. She knew a great evolution : from a limited production for... more
Legislation on the pharmaceutical industry in Morocco during the French protectorate 1912-1956. In Morocco, the pharmaceutical industry was born with the French protectorate. She knew a great evolution : from a limited production for local needs, it became an important activity, organized to export pharmaceutical patent medicines. This article revisits the birth and history of this industry during the protectorate. It refers to the situation at the time by listing some examples of active establishments and some specialities marketed. It also aims to increase knowledge about the industry and provides an overview of the situation of practitioners remembering the texts governing the profession. Based on the available literature, we examined and analyzed the arrangements related to the establishment, organization and evolution of the pharmaceutical industry.Au Maroc, l’industrie pharmaceutique a pris naissance avec le Protectorat français. Elle a connu une grande évolution : d’une production modeste à usage local, elle est devenue un véritable secteur bien organisé exportateur de spécialités pharmaceutiques. Le présent article revient sur la naissance et l’historique de cette industrie durant le Protectorat, il rappelle la conjoncture de l’époque en énumérant quelques exemples d’établissements actifs et certaines spécialités commercialisées. Il vise également à approfondir les connaissances sur ce secteur et donne un aperçu de la situation des praticiens en rappelant les textes encadrant la profession. Prenant appui sur la documentation disponible, nous avons examiné et analysé les dispositions relatives à la mise en place, à l’organisation et à l’évolution de l’industrie pharmaceutique.Nhaili Hicham, Taoufik Jamal. La législation sur l’industrie pharmaceutique au Maroc durant le Protectorat français 1912-1956. In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 102e année, N. 386, 2015. pp. 237-254
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In the title molecule, C17H20N2O4, the inner part of the ester substituent is nearly perpendicular to the dihydropyridazine ring, forming a dihedral angle of 83.21 (7)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers are formed by pairwise C—H...O... more
In the title molecule, C17H20N2O4, the inner part of the ester substituent is nearly perpendicular to the dihydropyridazine ring, forming a dihedral angle of 83.21 (7)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers are formed by pairwise C—H...O interactions with the dimers connected into chains extending along the b-axis direction by C—H...π(ring) interactions. The chains are connected by π-stacking interactions to give corrugated layers parallel to the ab plane. The terminal ethyl group is disordered over two two sets of sites with the major component having a site occupancy factor of 0.715 (10)
Le but de cette mise au point est d'établir une approche thérapeutique dans la prise en charge de la tuberculose. La plupart des patients atteints de tuberculose suivront l'un des schémas thérapeutiques antituberculeux standard... more
Le but de cette mise au point est d'établir une approche thérapeutique dans la prise en charge de la tuberculose. La plupart des patients atteints de tuberculose suivront l'un des schémas thérapeutiques antituberculeux standard recommandés par l'OMS selon la catégorie de malade. Tous ces schémas sont composés d'une association de quatre médicaments essentiels appelés « antituberculeux du premier intention » : isoniazide, rifampicine, pyrazinamide et éthambutol. Les antituberculeux mineurs ou de relais dits «de seconde intention » qui servent de traitement d'appoint : aminosides (streptomycine, amikacine et capréomycine), fluoroquinolones (ofloxacine, ciprofloxacine, moxifl oxacine et lévofloxacine), rifabutine, acide para- aminosalicylique, D- cyclosérine, éthionamide, sont utilisés après échec des dérivés de première ligne et sont considérés comme moins efficaces et/ou plus toxiques. En dehors des médicaments disponibles, la thérapeutique constitue toujours un h...
Background Clinical pharmacists are contributing to safe medication use by providing comprehensive management to patients and medical staff. The aim of this study is to document and evaluate the role of clinical pharmacy services in... more
Background Clinical pharmacists are contributing to safe medication use by providing comprehensive management to patients and medical staff. The aim of this study is to document and evaluate the role of clinical pharmacy services in oncology department. Patients and methods A prospective, descriptive, observational study was carried out from July 2018 through June 2019 at the Department of Medical Oncology at the National Institute of Oncology, Morocco. Medication reviews concerning hospitalized adult cancer patients were performed every day by the clinical pharmacist assigned to the department. Results A total of 3542 prescriptions of 526 adult cancer patients were analyzed. The pharmacist identified 450 drug-related problems (12.7% of the prescriptions) primarily related to the analgesics (31.5%). Medication problems included mostly untreated indications (31.3%), overdosing (17.1%), drug–drug interactions (12.4%), underdosing (11.1%), administration omissions (6.7%), drug not indi...
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In the title molecule, C17H16N2O2, the phenyl rings attached at the 5-position of the imidazolidine-2,4-dione ring are inclined to the five-membered ring by 60.03 (5) and 63.04 (5)°. In the crystal, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds form... more
In the title molecule, C17H16N2O2, the phenyl rings attached at the 5-position of the imidazolidine-2,4-dione ring are inclined to the five-membered ring by 60.03 (5) and 63.04 (5)°. In the crystal, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds form chains along thea-axis direction, which are connected in pairs by additional C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The chains are tied together by C—H...π(ring) interactions.
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To make low-cost catalytic materials that mimic the activity of tyrosinase enzymes (Catechol oxidase) is an exciting challenge of biochemical technology. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of acylhydrazone-pyrazoles based... more
To make low-cost catalytic materials that mimic the activity of tyrosinase enzymes (Catechol oxidase) is an exciting challenge of biochemical technology. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of acylhydrazone-pyrazoles based biomolecule materials (L1-L7) with superior catecholase activity. These biomolecules were synthesized by a one pot chemical condensation between 5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide and benzaldehyde derivatives. The X-ray single crystal diffraction (XRD) for two ligands L1 and L2 have been studied and the molecular structures were optimized and confirmed using the density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method. Copper (II) complexes of the biomolecules (L1-L7), generated in-situ, and were studied for their catalytic activities towards the oxidation reaction of catechol to ortho-quinone according to two parameters: the nature of the ligand and the nature of counter anion. The L7-CuSO4 was found to have an excellent catalytic activity (105.42 μmol·L...
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The development of low-cost catalytic systems that mimic the activity of tyrosinase enzymes (Catechol oxidase) is of great promise for future biochemistry technologic demands. Herein, we report the synthesis of new biomolecules systems... more
The development of low-cost catalytic systems that mimic the activity of tyrosinase enzymes (Catechol oxidase) is of great promise for future biochemistry technologic demands. Herein, we report the synthesis of new biomolecules systems based on hydrazone derivatives containing a pyrazole moiety (L1-L6) with superior catecholase activity. Crystal structures of L1 and L2 biomolecules were determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction (XRD). Optimized geometrical parameters were calculated by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) level and were found to be in good agreement with single crystal XRD data. Copper (II) complexes of the compounds (L1-L6), generated in-situ, were investigated for their catalytic activities towards the oxidation reaction of catechol to ortho-quinone with the atmospheric dioxygen, in an attempt to model the activity of the copper containing enzyme tyrosinase. The studies showed that the activities depend on four parameters: the nature of the l...
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The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C29H24N2OS, consists of two independent molecules having markedly different orientations of the substituents on the central imidazole ring. Apart from a weak C—H...S hydrogen bond, the... more
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C29H24N2OS, consists of two independent molecules having markedly different orientations of the substituents on the central imidazole ring. Apart from a weak C—H...S hydrogen bond, the intermolecular interactions in the crystal are all of the C—H...π(ring) type and form a three-dimensional network. One of the phenyl rings is disordered over two sets of sites in 0.713 (9): 0.287 (9) ratio.
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The five-membered ring of the title compound, C19H18N2O4, adopts an envelope conformation. In the crystal, pairwise N—H...O hydrogen bonds form centrosymmetric dimers which are connected into chains parallel to thec-axis direction by... more
The five-membered ring of the title compound, C19H18N2O4, adopts an envelope conformation. In the crystal, pairwise N—H...O hydrogen bonds form centrosymmetric dimers which are connected into chains parallel to thec-axis direction by pairwise C—H...O hydrogen bonds. A second set of C—H...O hydrogen bonds links these chains into sheets oriented parallel to (100). A combination of additional C—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π(ring) interactions combine the sheets into a three-dimensional network.
The title compound, C13H14O3, a levulinic acid derivative, crystallizes with two independent molecules (AandB) in the asymmetric unit. The compound adopts aZconfiguration about the C=C bonds in both molecules. The dihedral angle between... more
The title compound, C13H14O3, a levulinic acid derivative, crystallizes with two independent molecules (AandB) in the asymmetric unit. The compound adopts aZconfiguration about the C=C bonds in both molecules. The dihedral angle between the toluene ring and the carboxylic acid group is 72.83 (7)° in moleculeAand 83.64 (8)° in moleculeB. The toluene rings are inclined to the ketone substituents by 27.03 (9)° forAand 30.84 (6)° forB. In the crystal, like molecules are linked by pairs of O—H...O hydrogen bonds, formingA–AandB-Binversion dimers.
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C18H16N4O2, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 10.9734(4) Å, b = 11.8835(5) Å, c = 13.0996(5) Å, α = 78.581(2)°, β = 78.542(1)°, γ = 83.725(2)°, V = 1636.68(11) Å3, Z = 4, R gt (F) = 0.0439, wR ref (F 2 ) = 0.1182, T = 100 K.
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C17H13N5O3, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 20.1049(8) Å, b = 11.1534(4) Å, c = 6.8890(3) Å, β = 97.224(2)°, V = 1532.51(11) Å3, Z = 4, R gt (F) = = 0.0451, wR ref (F 2 ) = 0.1153, T = 100 K.
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In the title compound, C18H17ClN2O4, the dihedral angle between the benzofuran ring system [maximum deviation 0.014 (2) Å] and the oxopyradizine ring is 73.33 (8)°. The structure is characterized by disorder of the ethyl group, which is... more
In the title compound, C18H17ClN2O4, the dihedral angle between the benzofuran ring system [maximum deviation 0.014 (2) Å] and the oxopyradizine ring is 73.33 (8)°. The structure is characterized by disorder of the ethyl group, which is split into two parts, with a major component of 0.57 (3), and the acetate carbonyl O atom, which is statistically disordered. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by C—H...O interactions, forming a three-dimensional network.
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Hydatidosis is a cosmopolitan parasitic disease that remains a real public health problem in highly endemic countries. Surgery is the mainstay treatment, but with significant morbidity and mortality. In addition, contraindications for... more
Hydatidosis is a cosmopolitan parasitic disease that remains a real public health problem in highly endemic countries. Surgery is the mainstay treatment, but with significant morbidity and mortality. In addition, contraindications for surgery emphasize the importance of developing effective medications. Currently, albendazole is the main anti-hydatid agent used worldwide. It has proven efficacy but limited bioavailability due to weak absorption. In order to improve the bioavailability of this molecule we synthesized an ester of albendazole, which exhibits a totally modified solubility compared with the princeps compound. This synthesis was achieved with an output of 75%. The structure of the synthetic product was established by IR spectrometry and by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. A careful toxicity study revealed that this product has little toxicity when administered intraperitoneally and orally in mice, with a lethal dose 50 of 2,500 mg/kg per os and 2,250 mg/kg intraperitoneally, values comparable to those of albendazole. This in vitro parasitological study demonstrated that the chemical changes introduced on the albendazole molecule had no effect on its antiparasitic activity.
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This paper describes how a circuits-based project-oriented problem-based learning educational model was integrated into the first year of a Bachelor of Engineering in Electronic Engineering programme at Maynooth University, Ireland. While... more
This paper describes how a circuits-based project-oriented problem-based learning educational model was integrated into the first year of a Bachelor of Engineering in Electronic Engineering programme at Maynooth University, Ireland. While many variations of problem based learning exist, the presented model is closely aligned with the model used in Aalborg University, Denmark. Key learning outcomes, implementation features and an evaluation of the integrated project-oriented problembased learning module over a two year period are all presented within.
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Resume Introduction L’hemodialyse est une technique d’epuration extra-renale sujette a un risque infectieux. L’objectif de cette etude est d’evaluer le risque infectieux au cours d’une seance d’hemodialyse lie a l’hygiene autour du... more
Resume Introduction L’hemodialyse est une technique d’epuration extra-renale sujette a un risque infectieux. L’objectif de cette etude est d’evaluer le risque infectieux au cours d’une seance d’hemodialyse lie a l’hygiene autour du patient en milieu hospitalier. Methodes Il s’agit d’une etude des risques a priori par la methode de l’analyse des modes de defaillance, de leurs effets et de leur criticite (AMDEC), realisee de mai a aout 2018, afin de cerner au mieux le risque infectieux au processus de prise en charge des patients dans l’unite d’hemodialyse de l’hopital Ibn Sina Rabat. Resultats Vingt-huit modes de defaillance ont ete mis en evidence au cours du processus d’hemodialyse autour du patient, dont quatorze de classe de criticite de niveau 1, dix de niveau 2 et quatre de niveau 3. Un plan de prevention et de reduction du risque infectieux a ete propose. Parmi les quatre modes de defaillance de niveau 3, trois sont passes au niveau 1 et un au niveau 2. Discussion L’AMDEC nous...
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Background: Monoamine oxidase is a flavoenzyme responsible for the oxidative deamination of neurotransmitter and dietary amines. Two isozymes of Monoamine oxidase , namely A and B, have been identified on the basis of their substrate... more
Background: Monoamine oxidase is a flavoenzyme responsible for the oxidative deamination of neurotransmitter and dietary amines. Two isozymes of Monoamine oxidase , namely A and B, have been identified on the basis of their substrate preference and inhibitor selectivity. They are the well-known target for antidepressant, Parkinson’s disease and neuroprotective drugs. In this research 3 reversible and Monoamine oxidase B selective inhibitors have been docked computationally to the active site of the MAO-B enzyme in order to demonstrate for the first time the potential of 5-(benzo(b)furan-2ylmethyl)-6-methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one derives, ability to inhibit MAO-B in comparison with farnesol, one of reversible inhibitors. Methods: 3 reversible and Monoamine oxidase B selective inhibitors were docked with the active site of the Monoamine oxidase B enzyme in order to identify for the first time the potential of 5-(benzo(b)furan-2ylmethyl)-6methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one derives, ability to inhib...
Calendula arvensis (C.A.) is one of the herbs u sed in traditional medicine in Morocco , Due to it s essential oil it is recognized by its smell and warmth character istic .This work aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of C.A.... more
Calendula arvensis (C.A.) is one of the herbs u sed in traditional medicine in Morocco , Due to it s essential oil it is recognized by its smell and warmth character istic .This work aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of C.A. flower extracts , Hexanolic and methanolic extrac ts were obtained by the method of soxhlet , whil e aqueous extract was obtained by maceration in cold water. A ntibacterial activity screening was conducted by th e well diffusion method according to the clinical and labo ratory standard institute guidelines using 6 Gram positive and 7 Gram negative bacteria (sensitive and multidrug-res istant) .The results indicated that , the methanol ic extracts of C.A. flowers generally showed high inhibitory activ ity against Gram-positive and Gram negative bacte ria except Acinetobacter baumanii , Proteus mirabilis and Lis teria monocytogenes, The C.A. flowers hexanolic e inhibited all bacteria of Gram-positive and Gram n egative bacteria except, Staphylococcus au...
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Background: Pyrazole is an important class of heterocyclic compound, has been shown to exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities such as anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, etc. Methods: In this... more
Background: Pyrazole is an important class of heterocyclic compound, has been shown to exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities such as anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, etc. Methods: In this study, a series of novel pyrazole derivatives bearing hydrazone moiety have been synthesized via the reaction of the pyrazole carbohydrazide with different aldehydes. The structures of all compounds were confirmed via a wide range of spectroscopic techniques including IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectra. All synthesized compounds have been tested for their in vitro antioxidant activities using 1,1-biphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as a free radical scavenging reagent, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities utilizing a standard acute carrageenan-induced paw edema. Results: The data reported herein indicates that compound 5a, 5c and 9 has emerged as potentially active compounds as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds. Conclusions: All synthesized compou...
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La carbamazépine est un anticonvulsivant couramment utilisé. Son intoxication est rarement décrite dans la population pédiatrique. Nous rapportons le cas d’une jeune fille de 11 ans qui avait développé un coma du a une surdose de... more
La carbamazépine est un anticonvulsivant couramment utilisé. Son intoxication est rarement décrite dans la population pédiatrique. Nous rapportons le cas d’une jeune fille de 11 ans qui avait développé un coma du a une surdose de carbamazépine.
In Morocco, the pharmaceutical industry was born with the French protectorate. She knew a great evolution: from a limited production for local needs, it became an important activity, organized to export pharmaceutical patent medicines.... more
In Morocco, the pharmaceutical industry was born with the French protectorate. She knew a great evolution: from a limited production for local needs, it became an important activity, organized to export pharmaceutical patent medicines. This article revisits the birth and history of this industry during the protectorate. It refers to the situation at the time by listing some examples of active establishments and some specialities marketed. It also aims to increase knowledge about the industry and provides an overview of the situation of practitioners remembering the texts governing the profession. Based on the available literature, we examined and analyzed the arrangements related to the establishment, organization and evolution of the pharmaceutical industry.
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This work is devoted to examine the effectivenes of 5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide(MPC) on corr osion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution using the weight los s measurement at various temperature and concentrat ion effects.... more
This work is devoted to examine the effectivenes of 5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide(MPC) on corr osion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution using the weight los s measurement at various temperature and concentrat ion effects. Polarization curves and electrochemical impedance s pectroscopy (EIS) methods were employed to evaluate corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency. Inhibitio n efficiency of 95% is reached with 10 -3 M of ( MPC ) at 308 K. Potentiodynamic polarization showed that the MPC be haves as mixed-type inhibitor. The Nyquist plots sh owed that increasing MPC concentration, charge-transfer resis tance increased and double-layer capacitance decrea sed, involving increased inhibition efficiency. Adsorpti on of the inhibitor molecules corresponds to Langmu ir adsorption isotherm. Quantum chemical calculations showed that the inhibitor has the tendency to be protonated in the acid and the results agree with experimental observation s.
The hydantoin scaffold is of substantial importance and it is commonly used in drug discovery. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel phenytoine (a hydantoin derivative) with high yield by the reaction of phenytoin with 1-bromodecyl... more
The hydantoin scaffold is of substantial importance and it is commonly used in drug discovery. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel phenytoine (a hydantoin derivative) with high yield by the reaction of phenytoin with 1-bromodecyl agent. Namely, 3-decyl-5,5- diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (3DDID). The optimized geometry of the compound was calculated using density functional theory (DFT) method by B3LYP with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. For this calculation, the X-ray data were used as initial values. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface and Frontier molecular orbitals (FOMs) were prepared for the compound. The crystal structure of the title compound contains intermolecular N-H···O, C-H···O hydrogen bonds and weak C-H···π interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis and 2D fingerprint plots of the molecule aid comparison of intermolecular interactions and these analysis reveals that two close contacts are associated with intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The psychotropic activity evaluation of the synthesized compound was further explored using hole bored test for exploratory behaviors, dark//light box test for anxiolytic activity and Rota-road, traction, chimney testes were used to assess the myrelaxant effect. In addition, molecular modeling study was also conducted to rationalize the potential as neurotherapeutic drugs of our synthesized compound by predicting their binding modes, binding affinities and optimal orientation at the active site of the GABA-A receptor and Na+ channel. Finally, in silico ADMET predictions was also examined. HighlightsSynthesis, structural, and molecular characterization of a novel phenytoin derivative.DFT, XRD, and the Hirshfeld surface analysis of crystal structure was studied.Acute toxicity and psychotropic activity evaluation of 3-decyl-5,5 diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (3DDID).Molecular modeling studies have been conducted to rationalize the obtained data and to determine the probable binding mode.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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In the title molecule, C21H24N2OS, the five-membered ring is planar with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0142 Å. The phenyl rings are inclined to the plane of the dihydroimidazolone ring by 60.81 (6) and 79.23 (6)°. In the crystal, inversion... more
In the title molecule, C21H24N2OS, the five-membered ring is planar with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0142 Å. The phenyl rings are inclined to the plane of the dihydroimidazolone ring by 60.81 (6) and 79.23 (6)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers are formed by a C—H...O hydrogen bond and a C—H...π(ring) interaction. Additional C—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π(ring) interactions connect these dimers into chains along the c-axis direction.
Introduction The health care consumption for the population insured by the Basic Health Insurance in Morocco are paid directly to the care providers for the health care or health products from the health insurance funds. The level of... more
Introduction The health care consumption for the population insured by the Basic Health Insurance in Morocco are paid directly to the care providers for the health care or health products from the health insurance funds. The level of expenditure recorded is changing at an accelerated rate than the financial resources. The objective of this study is to evaluate the health care consumption care by the insured population under the Basic Health Insurance. Methods This is a cross-sectional study analysis of the economic data collected by the National Moroccan Health Insurance Agency Related to the expenditures from the health insurance fund for both public and private sectors to identify the behavior of the consumption of health care by the insured population under the Basic Health Insurance. Results The medical expenditure of the covered population by the basic Health Insurance in Morocco has almost doubled from 354800 to 652500 US Dollars between 2009 and 2014 with significant increase in the public sector than the private sector. The share of expenditures in the public ambulatory care sector under Basic Health Insurance is higher relative to the hospital care. Although in the private sector the share of expenditures for both types of care varies. In 2014, the drug item expenditure accounted for 33% of Health Insurance expenses for both sectors. The level of health care consumption among the population in Long-Term Illness (LTI) represents 49,29% of the total expenditure by the Health Insurance whereas its insured covered population does not exceed 2,78%. Conclusion Controlling the medical expenditure of the health insurance requires strengthening and the development of regulatory measures that contribute to the health reforms. For chronic diseases, it is necessary to put in place prevention actions.
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Abstract Hydantoin compounds are important heterocyclic scaffolds and a class of well-known bioactive molecules with a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. Consequently, considerable efforts have been devoted to the design and... more
Abstract Hydantoin compounds are important heterocyclic scaffolds and a class of well-known bioactive molecules with a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. Consequently, considerable efforts have been devoted to the design and synthesis of a broad range of hydantoin derivatives. In this context, the compound 3-allyl-5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, C18H16N2O2 (3ADID) was synthesized and its structure was determined by X-ray structure analysis. Further, the molecular structure was examined using Hirshfeld topology analysis and Density Functional Theory (DFT)-B3LYP calculations with the basis set 6–311++G (d,p). In the title molecule, C18H16N2O2, the imidazolidine ring is planar with the allyl substituent oriented nearly perpendicular to it. In the crystal, hydrogen bonded chains of molecules are arranged in sets of three about the 32 axes by C–H···π (ring) interactions. Hirshfeld surface map and 2D fingerprint plots were used to explore intermolecular interactions. The optimized geometry, global reactivity descriptors, and HOMO-LUMO orbitals of the molecule were computed by DFT and discussed. To evaluate the chemical reactivity and charge distribution on the molecule, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and atomic charges, computed by Mulliken population analysis and NBO theory were determined. The local reactivity was examined by determining the Fukui functions and dual descriptor indices. DFT calculations at the same level of theory, with the POP NBO keyword, were used to evaluate charge delocalization and hyperconjugative interactions through Natural Bond orbital analysis.