Carrageenan

Food-grade Pickering emulsions (PEs) stabilized by proteins and polysaccharides have enormous application potential for preparing oil gels. Tea water-insoluble protein (TWIP) and κ-carrageenan (KC) were applied to prepare fish oil-in-water PEs and fish oil gels to broaden the application of fish oils at different ratios of TWIPs and KC. The turbidity reduced, but particle size unchanged except that of TWIP/KC mixture at 80:20 and zeta potential was not altered with the addition of KC. The β-turn and random coil of TWIPs were transformed into β-sheet, α-helix and β-antiparallel due to the addition of KC. Besides, TWIPs clustered with the increase of KC content, especially at 80:20. The droplets of the PEs stabilized by TWIP/KC mixtures were relatively small and homogeneous and the viscoelastic behavior of them was improved compared with those stabilized by TWIPs only. Finally, fish oil gels prepared using PEs stabilized by TWIP/KC mixtures had solid-like behavior with a storage modulus of almost 200 kPa. Therefore, TWIP/KC mixtures can be applied to prepare stable PEs and fish oil gels utilizing PEs as templates. These findings will help explore new edible materials, construct novel colloid structures of underused edible materials and their eventual use in real food manufacture.

Reaction of 1-adamantanecarbonyl chloride with certain carboxylic acid hydrazides in pyridine yielded the corresponding N-acyl adamantane-1-carbohydrazide derivatives 3a–j, which were cyclized to the corresponding 2-(1-adamantyl)-5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles 4a–jvia heating with phosphorus oxychloride. Treatment of 1-adamantylisothiocyanate with some carboxylic acid hydrazides in ethanol yielded the corresponding 1-acyl-4-(1-adamantyl)-3-thiosemicarbazides 7a–g, which were cyclized to the corresponding 2-(1-adamantylamino)-5-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives 8a–g. Compounds 4a–j, 7a–g, and 8a–g were tested for in vitro activities against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and the yeast-like pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Several derivatives produced good or moderate activities particularly against the tested Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. Meanwhile, compounds 4i and 8g displayed marked antifungal activity against C. albicans. In addition, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized compounds was determined using the carrageenin-induced paw oedema method in rats. The oxadiazole derivatives 4c, 4g, 4i and 4j produced good dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity.New compounds with the above structures were synthesized and tested for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and ulcerogenic activity 5-Methyl-6-phenyl-2-thioxothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidone derivative (2) reacted with hydrazonoyl chloride derivatives to afford triazolothienopyrimidones 4a-f. Also, acetone-1-(2-amino-5-isopropyl-thiophene-3-carbonitrile) (3) reacted with functional and bifunctional groups to yield the corresponding compounds 5-11. The new products showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and ulcerogenic activities comparable to that of indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid, respectively.

Sida cordifolia L. (Malvaceae) is used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation of the oral mucosa, blenorrhea, asthmatic bronchitis and nasal congestion. The anti-inflammatory, analgesic effects and acute toxicity of an aqueous extract of S. cordifolia were evaluated in animal models. The extract was prepared using leaves collected before the flowering period. The aqueous extract (AE) showed a significant inhibition of carrageenin-induced rat paw edema at a dose of 400 mg/kg administered orally, but did not block the edema induced by arachidonic acid. The AE also increased the latency period for mice in the hot plate test, and inhibited the number of writhes produced by acetic acid at the oral dose of 400 mg/kg. The aqueous extract of S. cordifolia showed low acute toxicity in mice.

A method to measure cutaneous hyperalgesia to thermal stimulation in unrestrained animals is described. The testing paradigm uses an automated detection of the behavioral end-point; repeated testing does not contribute to the development of the observed hyperalgesia. Carrageenan-induced inflammation resulted in significantly shorter paw withdrawal latencies as compared to saline-treated paws and these latency changes corresponded to a decreased thermal nociceptive threshold. Both the thermal method and the Randall-Selitto mechanical method detected dose-related hyperalgesia and its blockade by either morphine or indomethacin. However, the thermal method showed greater bioassay sensitivity and allowed for the measurement of other behavioral parameters in addition to the nociceptive threshold.

This study presents the in vitro and in vivo testing of anti-inflammatory drug containing creams, hydrogels and organogels for dermal use. In vitro penetration studies were performed with products by measuring the diffused drug amount through synthetic membranes soaked in isopropyl myristate (IPM). Our developed preparations were investigated under in vitro conditions together with two marketed medicinal products used as reference preparations. In vivo studies were carried out on anaesthetized male Wistar rats; the carrageenan-induced paw oedema decreasing effect of twelve different formulations and the reference products were measured in comparison with a control group. All - previously in vitro screened - selected products reduced paw oedema in rats. Significant differences were found among the developed products both in vitro and in vivo. Correlation between the in vitro penetration studies and in vivo results were found in the case of o/w creams, organogels and hydrogels.

Ficus carica Linn. (Moraceae) is commonly known as edible fig. The leaves, roots, fruits and latex of the plant are medicinally used in different diseases. The leaves are claimed to be effective in various inflammatory conditions like painful or swollen piles, insect sting and bites. However, there has been no report on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of F. carica leaves. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of F. carica leaves. Our study validated the traditional claim with pharmacological data. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the drug could be due to the presence of steroids and flavanoids, respectively, which are reported to be present in the drug. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity of the drug could be due to its free radical scavenging activity. Further work is also required to isolate and characterise the active constituents responsible for the anti-inflammatory activities.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 pandemic has had devastating health and socio-economic
implications worldwide. Epidemiologic data indicate that SARS-CoV2 is spread by respiratory droplets and contact.
The lack of acquired human immunity to the virus and the absence of a vaccine, has meant that current management
strategies aimed at virus containment through mask wearing, social distancing and enforced lockdowns. Although
the World Health Organization recommends 1,5 meters distancing to minimize transmission, recent studies have
demonstrated high stability in aerosols and transmission distances up to 10 meters from emission sources .
Health care workers are at particular risk from SARS-CoV-2. At present, no reliable prophylactic therapy exists to
minimize their risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2, and so they rely solely upon hand hygiene and the wearing of
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), which is often in limited supply. Several studies have shown that
the salivary gland and tongue express the ACE2 receptor, suggesting that the oral cavity is a perfect host for the
invasion of COVID. Theoretically, agents that can inhibit viral adhesion and replication within the primary sites of
viral entry (the nasal and oral cavity), may have a role in preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Use of these agents
prophylactically, would be especially beneficial in health care workers, particularly given the delay in results from
viral RNA detection diagnostic test and the fact that many infected patients may have mild or no symptoms of the
virus in the early stages. Two possible substances have been identified as candidate prophylactic agents in the fight
against SARS-CoV-2. Carrageenans are naturally occurring extracts from the Rhodophyceas seaweed. Recently, the
viricidal capacity of carrageenan has been reported, through inhibition of viral- host cell adhesion and early
replication. Iota-carrageenan demonstrates potent antiviral activity in vitro, reducing rhinovirus, herpes simplex
virus and the Japanese encephalitis virus reproduction and their cytopathic effects. Similarly, ivermectin has also
been shown to posess antiviral activity against a whole host of RNA viruses (Zika, dengue, yellow fever, human
immunodeficiency virus type 1). Thus, the combination of both products can provide an extra protection for those at
risk of contagion.
Keywords: COVID-19, Ivermectin, SARS-CoV-2.

The study was therefore design to generate scientific information that are vital for organic farming advocates as it uses natural organic farm inputs in the production of corn. It was conducted because of the insurmountable rising cost of inorganic fertilizers perspective the farmers have to look for alternative measures to sustain the profitability of their farming business by evaluating the efficacy of seaweeds emulsion (Carrageenan) as nutrient supplement to organic fertilizer on glutinous corn production, a study was conducted Emulsion ha-1 arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments have no significant effect on plant height. Application of seaweed emulsion affected the grain development as manifested by longer and heavier corn ear. Higher rates (3-6 li ha-1) proved to more efficient as indicated by the bigger ear, highest yield and ROI of 909.62 percent. The study revealed that 3 tons Organic Fertilizer with liters of seaweed emulsion improved glutinous corn production. Further study is recommended to validate the result and come up with a more reliable conclusion.

AsiaDHRRA is implementing the “Post Yolanda Fund for Local Initiatives” in the Provinces of Eastern Samar, Leyte, and Palawan. It aims to rehabilitate the agricultural farms of the small farmers affected by the Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) in November of 2013.  To help determine the options on development interventions and effective strategies to assist the seaweed growers, AsiaDHRRA commissioned a study with the following objectives: [1] Review of the seaweed industry situation that includes markets, production/technical aspects, logistics, and extension services with a focus on the project sites and the nearby market environs (e.g., Tacloban, Cebu); [2] Assessment of capacities, needs, constraints and potentials of smallholder seaweed growers and their organizations in eight (8) project sites in Eastern Samar and Leyte; and, [3] Preparation of an enterprise/business development intervention plan for the smallholder seaweed growers and their organizations.

The methodology of the study adopted the following activities: [1] Secondary data desk review; [2] Fieldwork involving FGDs and KIIs with smallholder seaweed growers and industry stakeholders; and, [3] Validation and consultation on the preliminary results with the smallholder seaweed growers, NGOs, INGOs and government agencies. The study contains: [1] a brief analytical review of the Philippine seaweed industry; [2] status of raw dried seaweeds and carrageenan production in Eastern Visayas; [3] the seaweed industry in Eastern Samar province; [4] key issues and recommendations; and, [5] proposed development interventions for the Eastern Samar seaweed growers.

To develop the seaweed industry of Eastern Visayas, a number of issues and recommendations were noted in this study specifically on: [a] Yield, Productivity and Income from Seaweed Farming; [b] RDS Consolidation and Trading; [c] Financial Services and Products for Smallholder Seaweed Growers; [d] Extension Services and Government Projects for the Seaweed Industry; [e] Enforcement of RDS Standards; [f] Enterprise Development and Business Advisory Services; and, [g] Value Chain Governance of the Seaweed Industry.

For the Eastern Samar province smallholder seaweed growers, the following development interventions are suggested in this report: [a] Access to Markets; [b] Strengthening, Consolidation / Trading Capacity of Seaweed Producer Organizations; [c] Increasing RDS Production Capacity for the Carrageenan Industry; [d] Production Financing; and, [e] Collaborating with Other Development Partners.

Carrageenophyte red seaweed from Oman, Hypnea bryoides, extracted using three different processes: an aqueous, a mild alkaline, and a more vigorous alkaline extraction was investigated. The resulting extract precipitated by alcohol was subject to chemical and rheological measurements. The total carbohydrate [ranged from 36.78 to 41.65 g/100 g], and ash [39.04 to 43.11 g/100 g] were the most abundant components in H. bryoides and contrary to the two, lipid content was found at a minimum [ranging from 2.95 to 3.38 g/100 g]. Alkali treatment with NaOH allowed complete conversion of kappa (κ) carrageenan form as detected by FTIR analysis. Total yield by alkali treatments gave higher yields (33%) compared with aqueous treatments (12%). However, subsequent aqueous treatment produced mixed carrageenan (μ and κ) with higher molecular weight compared with the alkali treatments which produced single carrageenan form (κ) with molecular weight of 4.1 × 10(5) Da. The effects of thermal history on gel-sol and sol-gel transition were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and rheology on a pure sample and 1.5% κ-carrageenan mixture added with 30 mM KCl. Transition temperatures from DSC and rheology showed comparable results and were in good agreement with those previously reported.

The anti-inflammatory effect of the aqueous fruit pulp extract of Hunteria umbellata K. Schum (Apocynaceae) was evaluated using the carrageenan- and dextran-induced rat paw edema, xylene-induced ear edema and formalin-induced arthritis inflammation tests. Oral administration of the extract produced significant (p < 0.05) antiedematogenic effect with a dose of 500 mg/kg throughout the period of the experiment in the dextran induced paw edema and at the 3 h in the carrageenan model. The extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) exhibited a dose-related and significant (p < 0.01) inhibition of xylene induced ear edema and the effect was similar to that produced by dexamethasone (1 mg/kg). In the chronic inflammation (formalin induced arthritis) the extract did not show any significant anti-inflammatory activity. Oral acute toxicity assays did not show any mortality at 15 g/kg of the plant extract. The results indicate that the aqueous extract of H. umbellata possesses acute inflammatory activi...

Technological operations to produce capsule shells from plant analogs of pharmaceutical gelatin were studied. The following raw materials and components were used in the preparation of capsule shells: plant  hydrocolloids—carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Organoleptic, physical, and chemical characteristics
of the plant analogs of pharmaceutical gelatin from starch was studied. The concentrations of active groups in the solutions of studied plant analogs of pharmaceutical gelatin were determined. By the acidity test of results obtained, it was found that the test samples among plant analogs of pharmaceutical gelatin starch, all the starches samples showed satisfactory characteristics. All the samples of plant analogs of pharmaceutical gelatin from starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carrageenan, and agar and the mass fraction of total quantity of ash based on dry weight did not exceed the rated value. According to the results of the analysis of organoleptic, physical, and chemical properties of the mixture for the production of capsule shells from plant analogs of pharmaceutical gelatin are expedient to use any representative sample of starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, agar, and carrageenan.