The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations strive to maximize development needs, whi... more The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations strive to maximize development needs, while minimizing environmental deterioration, without jeopardizing the needs of future generations. Nevertheless, due to urbanization, the escalating trend in natural-resource use, particularly electricity and water, is currently a crucial challenge for sustainable development. One of the promising options is the smart home, which is an extension of building automation with smart characteristics in monitoring, analyzing, controlling, and cloud computing with networked smart devices. Due to the lack of appropriate infrastructure and conscious consumption, its global adoption in the construction industry remains low. We present a technical feasibility of a multi-functional experimental smart home to support the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations in terms of water and energy conservation. The layered architecture of the cloud platform with an application program interface enab...
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2022
Industrial 4.0 technology of cyber-physical system enables real-time monitoring, sensing and actu... more Industrial 4.0 technology of cyber-physical system enables real-time monitoring, sensing and actuating of physical machinery for predictive maintenance that replaces the conventional labor-intensive approach. This paper presents the design and development of a universal, cost-effective and internet of thing (IoT)-based proof-of-concept prototype universal cyberphysical system (UniCPS) with a cloud platform with an open and modularbased design of three-tier system architecture. The prototype demonstrates promising precision and accuracy for predictive maintenance on a pilot use case with MAPE of 3.77%, and average RMSE of 0.50. Besides, real-time visualization and detection of anomaly were also demonstrated with a cloudbased solution. The maintenance alert sent out by the actuator serves to notify the authorized personnel immediately for corrective action. As an extension to this work, a wireless sensor network can be incorporated in future work to acquire various data from diverse locations to overcome the limitations of sensor data.
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2022
Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) breaks down the aggregated electrical
consumption data into i... more Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) breaks down the aggregated electrical consumption data into individual appliances. The feedback of disaggregated data to the consumers enables awareness and behaviour change to conserve electricity, consequently reducing CO2 emissions to the environment. However, the limited literature regarding the impact of NILM and Kuznets hypothesis (EKC) analysis on CO2 emissions reduction has restricted policymakers in developing effective mitigation measures. This work aims to assess the impact of NILM-based based energy efficiency (EE) on environmental improvement. The combined approach of scenario simulation and EKC analysis was adopted to gauge the effectiveness of NILM that leads to sustainable development. The monotonically increase relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth in Malaysia without peaking beyond 2030 implies that the current mitigation measures and policies imposed may not effectively cope with the future power demands for sustainable development. NILM-based EE measures could be a great potential for reducing CO2 emissions by 10.2%. The inverted-U curves and reduced turning points of environmental degradation from the income level of USD 20,063.36 to USD 16,305.19. Therefore, NILM approach can accelerate sustainable development with lower environmental deterioration. The work may beneficial to policymakers to analyse the impact and effectiveness of mitigation measures quantitatively.
Received Mar 17, 2021 Revised May 27, 2021 Accepted Jun 10, 2021 Nonintrusive load monitoring (NI... more Received Mar 17, 2021 Revised May 27, 2021 Accepted Jun 10, 2021 Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) based energy efficiency can conserve electricity by creating awareness with the behaviour change and shrinking CO2 emissions to the environment. However, the lack of effective models and strategies is problematic for policymakers to forecast quantitatively CO2 emissions. This paper aims to study the impact of NILM on CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Firstly, the predictive models were established based on Malaysia open data from 1996 to 2018. After that, scenario simulations were conducted to predict CO2 emissions and NILM impact on environmental degradation in 2019-2030. The results revealed that a 12% reduction in electricity consumption due to NILM could contribute to a 10.2% shrinkage of the total CO2 emissions. The result also statistically confirmed Malaysia to achieve a 45% reduction of CO2 intensity in 2030. With NILM, the carbon reduction can be further enhanced to 60.2%. The outc...
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2022
Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) breaks down the aggregated electrical consumption data into i... more Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) breaks down the aggregated electrical consumption data into individual appliances. The feedback of disaggregated data to the consumers enables awareness and behaviour change to conserve electricity, consequently reducing CO2 emissions to the environment. However, the limited literature regarding the impact of NILM and Kuznets hypothesis (EKC) analysis on CO2 emissions reduction has restricted policymakers in developing effective mitigation measures. This work aims to assess the impact of NILM-based based energy efficiency (EE) on environmental improvement. The combined approach of scenario simulation and EKC analysis was adopted to gauge the effectiveness of NILM that leads to sustainable development. The monotonically increase relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth in Malaysia without peaking beyond 2030 implies that the current mitigation measures and policies imposed may not effectively cope with the future power dem...
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Industrial 4.0 technology of cyber-physical system enables real-time monitoring, sensing and actu... more Industrial 4.0 technology of cyber-physical system enables real-time monitoring, sensing and actuating of physical machinery for predictive maintenance that replaces the conventional labor-intensive approach. This paper presents the design and development of a universal, cost-effective and internet of thing (IoT)-based proof-of-concept prototype universal cyber-physical system (UniCPS) with a cloud platform with an open and modular-based design of three-tier system architecture. The prototype demonstrates promising precision and accuracy for predictive maintenance on a pilot use case with MAPE of 3.77%, and average RMSE of 0.50. Besides, real-time visualization and detection of anomaly were also demonstrated with a cloud-based solution. The maintenance alert sent out by the actuator serves to notify the authorized personnel immediately for corrective action. As an extension to this work, a wireless sensor network can be incorporated in future work to acquire various data from divers...
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Industrial 4.0 technology of cyber-physical system enables real-time monitoring, sensing and actu... more Industrial 4.0 technology of cyber-physical system enables real-time monitoring, sensing and actuating of physical machinery for predictive maintenance that replaces the conventional labor-intensive approach. This paper presents the design and development of a universal, cost-effective and internet of thing (IoT)-based proof-of-concept prototype universal cyber-physical system (UniCPS) with a cloud platform with an open and modular-based design of three-tier system architecture. The prototype demonstrates promising precision and accuracy for predictive maintenance on a pilot use case with MAPE of 3.77%, and average RMSE of 0.50. Besides, real-time visualization and detection of anomaly were also demonstrated with a cloud-based solution. The maintenance alert sent out by the actuator serves to notify the authorized personnel immediately for corrective action. As an extension to this work, a wireless sensor network can be incorporated in future work to acquire various data from divers...
Current modern cities are equipped with sensors generating huge amounts of data waiting to be tap... more Current modern cities are equipped with sensors generating huge amounts of data waiting to be tapped for “smart” decision making such as smart grid, smart transportation, smart buildings and smart healthcare. However, these data are not readily analyzable due to the heterogeneity of data types and formats from “vertical silos” smart city systems. In this paper, the existing related work in progress of smart city data sharing and integration are enumerated and the key technical challenges and limitations are identified and highlighted. We propose a bottom-up publish/subscribe data sharing and integration model to overcome the technical challenges and limitations in cross-domain integration of smart city data. A data representation scheme and Application Programming Interface (API) based prototype application are currently under development. The proposed model shows a promising prospect for facilitating smart city data sharing and extraction, transformation and loading when fully impl...
2019 IEEE International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Application (ICSIMA), 2019
Issues of energy crisis and global warming push implementation of energy efficiency policies and ... more Issues of energy crisis and global warming push implementation of energy efficiency policies and programs as important mitigation efforts, particularly at consumer level. Load monitoring (LM) serves to furnish real-time feedback consumption information for the measures of efficient energy management strategies. Conventional LM is intrusive (ILM) which is costly and time-consuming in hardware installation. Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) option, on the other side, is relatively cheaper, ease of installation, and good scalability in commercialization values. The demand control of this approach has the potential of 20% energy-saving. In this paper, we discuss the fundamental stages of typical NILM framework and giving a taxonomy of appliance models with device signatures. We highlight main use-cases and formulate the challenges of future research directions, particularly the use of cloud computing and smart meters in NILM to unlock new seamless services for smart home and smart gri...
The need for savings in ship fuel consumption has led to the proliferation of various cloud-based... more The need for savings in ship fuel consumption has led to the proliferation of various cloud-based service-oriented approach towards predicting and optimizing ship operation. However, majority of the cloud-based services are generally designed for general purpose prediction where ship owners do not have the liberty to select and customize machine learning algorithms and parameters that they desire to experiment with for their specific datasets. In this paper, the feasibility of a novel Do-It-Yourself (DIY) approach towards performing predictive modeling and analytics of ship fuel consumption based on out-of-the-box cloud-based Azure Machine Learning (ML) Studio tool sets is demonstrated. The POC system implementing multiple regression model (MLR) model may provide insight into ship operational fuel consumption based on historical operational IoT data collected from ships operated under various operational parameters. The derived predictive model is validated with coefficient of deter...
Air conditioner is an essential appliance to provide human comfort environment for individual nee... more Air conditioner is an essential appliance to provide human comfort environment for individual needs. For a tropical country, Malaysia has temperature fluctuation between 29 ˚C to 34 ˚C and humidity in range of 70% to 90%, air conditioner is essentially used to achieve user comforts particularly thermal comfort. However, satisfying the needs of human comfort by using air conditioner often cause the over-consumption of energy due to lack of use of intelligent and efficient control. The traditional air conditioners are typically run at constant and fixed speed has limited options to control conditioned air temperature at reduced energy consumption and achieving human thermal comfort of conditioned space. In this study, the physical parameters of Fanger’s model and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) are used to design an innovative air conditioner controller, which is adaptively controlled by fuzzy logic to drive both fan and cooler speed by taking consideration of cooling effect of air flow var...
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2021
Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) based energy efficiency can conserve electricity by creating ... more Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) based energy efficiency can conserve electricity by creating awareness with the behaviour change and shrinking CO2 emissions to the environment. However, the lack of effective models and strategies is problematic for policymakers to forecast quantitatively CO2 emissions. This paper aims to study the impact of NILM on CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Firstly, the predictive models were established based on Malaysia open data from 1996 to 2018. After that, scenario simulations were conducted to predict CO2 emissions and NILM impact on environmental degradation in 2019-2030. The results revealed that a 12% reduction in electricity consumption due to NILM could contribute to a 10.2% shrinkage of the total CO2 emissions. The result also statistically confirmed Malaysia to achieve a 45% reduction of CO2 intensity in 2030. With NILM, the carbon reduction can be further enhanced to 60.2%. The outcomes provide valuable references and supporting evidence for poli...
The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations strive to maximize development needs, whi... more The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations strive to maximize development needs, while minimizing environmental deterioration, without jeopardizing the needs of future generations. Nevertheless, due to urbanization, the escalating trend in natural-resource use, particularly electricity and water, is currently a crucial challenge for sustainable development. One of the promising options is the smart home, which is an extension of building automation with smart characteristics in monitoring, analyzing, controlling, and cloud computing with networked smart devices. Due to the lack of appropriate infrastructure and conscious consumption, its global adoption in the construction industry remains low. We present a technical feasibility of a multi-functional experimental smart home to support the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations in terms of water and energy conservation. The layered architecture of the cloud platform with an application program interface enab...
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2022
Industrial 4.0 technology of cyber-physical system enables real-time monitoring, sensing and actu... more Industrial 4.0 technology of cyber-physical system enables real-time monitoring, sensing and actuating of physical machinery for predictive maintenance that replaces the conventional labor-intensive approach. This paper presents the design and development of a universal, cost-effective and internet of thing (IoT)-based proof-of-concept prototype universal cyberphysical system (UniCPS) with a cloud platform with an open and modularbased design of three-tier system architecture. The prototype demonstrates promising precision and accuracy for predictive maintenance on a pilot use case with MAPE of 3.77%, and average RMSE of 0.50. Besides, real-time visualization and detection of anomaly were also demonstrated with a cloudbased solution. The maintenance alert sent out by the actuator serves to notify the authorized personnel immediately for corrective action. As an extension to this work, a wireless sensor network can be incorporated in future work to acquire various data from diverse locations to overcome the limitations of sensor data.
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2022
Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) breaks down the aggregated electrical
consumption data into i... more Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) breaks down the aggregated electrical consumption data into individual appliances. The feedback of disaggregated data to the consumers enables awareness and behaviour change to conserve electricity, consequently reducing CO2 emissions to the environment. However, the limited literature regarding the impact of NILM and Kuznets hypothesis (EKC) analysis on CO2 emissions reduction has restricted policymakers in developing effective mitigation measures. This work aims to assess the impact of NILM-based based energy efficiency (EE) on environmental improvement. The combined approach of scenario simulation and EKC analysis was adopted to gauge the effectiveness of NILM that leads to sustainable development. The monotonically increase relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth in Malaysia without peaking beyond 2030 implies that the current mitigation measures and policies imposed may not effectively cope with the future power demands for sustainable development. NILM-based EE measures could be a great potential for reducing CO2 emissions by 10.2%. The inverted-U curves and reduced turning points of environmental degradation from the income level of USD 20,063.36 to USD 16,305.19. Therefore, NILM approach can accelerate sustainable development with lower environmental deterioration. The work may beneficial to policymakers to analyse the impact and effectiveness of mitigation measures quantitatively.
Received Mar 17, 2021 Revised May 27, 2021 Accepted Jun 10, 2021 Nonintrusive load monitoring (NI... more Received Mar 17, 2021 Revised May 27, 2021 Accepted Jun 10, 2021 Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) based energy efficiency can conserve electricity by creating awareness with the behaviour change and shrinking CO2 emissions to the environment. However, the lack of effective models and strategies is problematic for policymakers to forecast quantitatively CO2 emissions. This paper aims to study the impact of NILM on CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Firstly, the predictive models were established based on Malaysia open data from 1996 to 2018. After that, scenario simulations were conducted to predict CO2 emissions and NILM impact on environmental degradation in 2019-2030. The results revealed that a 12% reduction in electricity consumption due to NILM could contribute to a 10.2% shrinkage of the total CO2 emissions. The result also statistically confirmed Malaysia to achieve a 45% reduction of CO2 intensity in 2030. With NILM, the carbon reduction can be further enhanced to 60.2%. The outc...
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2022
Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) breaks down the aggregated electrical consumption data into i... more Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) breaks down the aggregated electrical consumption data into individual appliances. The feedback of disaggregated data to the consumers enables awareness and behaviour change to conserve electricity, consequently reducing CO2 emissions to the environment. However, the limited literature regarding the impact of NILM and Kuznets hypothesis (EKC) analysis on CO2 emissions reduction has restricted policymakers in developing effective mitigation measures. This work aims to assess the impact of NILM-based based energy efficiency (EE) on environmental improvement. The combined approach of scenario simulation and EKC analysis was adopted to gauge the effectiveness of NILM that leads to sustainable development. The monotonically increase relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth in Malaysia without peaking beyond 2030 implies that the current mitigation measures and policies imposed may not effectively cope with the future power dem...
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Industrial 4.0 technology of cyber-physical system enables real-time monitoring, sensing and actu... more Industrial 4.0 technology of cyber-physical system enables real-time monitoring, sensing and actuating of physical machinery for predictive maintenance that replaces the conventional labor-intensive approach. This paper presents the design and development of a universal, cost-effective and internet of thing (IoT)-based proof-of-concept prototype universal cyber-physical system (UniCPS) with a cloud platform with an open and modular-based design of three-tier system architecture. The prototype demonstrates promising precision and accuracy for predictive maintenance on a pilot use case with MAPE of 3.77%, and average RMSE of 0.50. Besides, real-time visualization and detection of anomaly were also demonstrated with a cloud-based solution. The maintenance alert sent out by the actuator serves to notify the authorized personnel immediately for corrective action. As an extension to this work, a wireless sensor network can be incorporated in future work to acquire various data from divers...
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Industrial 4.0 technology of cyber-physical system enables real-time monitoring, sensing and actu... more Industrial 4.0 technology of cyber-physical system enables real-time monitoring, sensing and actuating of physical machinery for predictive maintenance that replaces the conventional labor-intensive approach. This paper presents the design and development of a universal, cost-effective and internet of thing (IoT)-based proof-of-concept prototype universal cyber-physical system (UniCPS) with a cloud platform with an open and modular-based design of three-tier system architecture. The prototype demonstrates promising precision and accuracy for predictive maintenance on a pilot use case with MAPE of 3.77%, and average RMSE of 0.50. Besides, real-time visualization and detection of anomaly were also demonstrated with a cloud-based solution. The maintenance alert sent out by the actuator serves to notify the authorized personnel immediately for corrective action. As an extension to this work, a wireless sensor network can be incorporated in future work to acquire various data from divers...
Current modern cities are equipped with sensors generating huge amounts of data waiting to be tap... more Current modern cities are equipped with sensors generating huge amounts of data waiting to be tapped for “smart” decision making such as smart grid, smart transportation, smart buildings and smart healthcare. However, these data are not readily analyzable due to the heterogeneity of data types and formats from “vertical silos” smart city systems. In this paper, the existing related work in progress of smart city data sharing and integration are enumerated and the key technical challenges and limitations are identified and highlighted. We propose a bottom-up publish/subscribe data sharing and integration model to overcome the technical challenges and limitations in cross-domain integration of smart city data. A data representation scheme and Application Programming Interface (API) based prototype application are currently under development. The proposed model shows a promising prospect for facilitating smart city data sharing and extraction, transformation and loading when fully impl...
2019 IEEE International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Application (ICSIMA), 2019
Issues of energy crisis and global warming push implementation of energy efficiency policies and ... more Issues of energy crisis and global warming push implementation of energy efficiency policies and programs as important mitigation efforts, particularly at consumer level. Load monitoring (LM) serves to furnish real-time feedback consumption information for the measures of efficient energy management strategies. Conventional LM is intrusive (ILM) which is costly and time-consuming in hardware installation. Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) option, on the other side, is relatively cheaper, ease of installation, and good scalability in commercialization values. The demand control of this approach has the potential of 20% energy-saving. In this paper, we discuss the fundamental stages of typical NILM framework and giving a taxonomy of appliance models with device signatures. We highlight main use-cases and formulate the challenges of future research directions, particularly the use of cloud computing and smart meters in NILM to unlock new seamless services for smart home and smart gri...
The need for savings in ship fuel consumption has led to the proliferation of various cloud-based... more The need for savings in ship fuel consumption has led to the proliferation of various cloud-based service-oriented approach towards predicting and optimizing ship operation. However, majority of the cloud-based services are generally designed for general purpose prediction where ship owners do not have the liberty to select and customize machine learning algorithms and parameters that they desire to experiment with for their specific datasets. In this paper, the feasibility of a novel Do-It-Yourself (DIY) approach towards performing predictive modeling and analytics of ship fuel consumption based on out-of-the-box cloud-based Azure Machine Learning (ML) Studio tool sets is demonstrated. The POC system implementing multiple regression model (MLR) model may provide insight into ship operational fuel consumption based on historical operational IoT data collected from ships operated under various operational parameters. The derived predictive model is validated with coefficient of deter...
Air conditioner is an essential appliance to provide human comfort environment for individual nee... more Air conditioner is an essential appliance to provide human comfort environment for individual needs. For a tropical country, Malaysia has temperature fluctuation between 29 ˚C to 34 ˚C and humidity in range of 70% to 90%, air conditioner is essentially used to achieve user comforts particularly thermal comfort. However, satisfying the needs of human comfort by using air conditioner often cause the over-consumption of energy due to lack of use of intelligent and efficient control. The traditional air conditioners are typically run at constant and fixed speed has limited options to control conditioned air temperature at reduced energy consumption and achieving human thermal comfort of conditioned space. In this study, the physical parameters of Fanger’s model and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) are used to design an innovative air conditioner controller, which is adaptively controlled by fuzzy logic to drive both fan and cooler speed by taking consideration of cooling effect of air flow var...
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2021
Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) based energy efficiency can conserve electricity by creating ... more Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) based energy efficiency can conserve electricity by creating awareness with the behaviour change and shrinking CO2 emissions to the environment. However, the lack of effective models and strategies is problematic for policymakers to forecast quantitatively CO2 emissions. This paper aims to study the impact of NILM on CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Firstly, the predictive models were established based on Malaysia open data from 1996 to 2018. After that, scenario simulations were conducted to predict CO2 emissions and NILM impact on environmental degradation in 2019-2030. The results revealed that a 12% reduction in electricity consumption due to NILM could contribute to a 10.2% shrinkage of the total CO2 emissions. The result also statistically confirmed Malaysia to achieve a 45% reduction of CO2 intensity in 2030. With NILM, the carbon reduction can be further enhanced to 60.2%. The outcomes provide valuable references and supporting evidence for poli...
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Papers by Keh Kim Kee
consumption data into individual appliances. The feedback of disaggregated
data to the consumers enables awareness and behaviour change to conserve
electricity, consequently reducing CO2 emissions to the environment.
However, the limited literature regarding the impact of NILM and Kuznets
hypothesis (EKC) analysis on CO2 emissions reduction has restricted
policymakers in developing effective mitigation measures. This work aims
to assess the impact of NILM-based based energy efficiency (EE) on
environmental improvement. The combined approach of scenario simulation
and EKC analysis was adopted to gauge the effectiveness of NILM that
leads to sustainable development. The monotonically increase relationship
between environmental degradation and economic growth in Malaysia
without peaking beyond 2030 implies that the current mitigation measures
and policies imposed may not effectively cope with the future power
demands for sustainable development. NILM-based EE measures could be a
great potential for reducing CO2 emissions by 10.2%. The inverted-U curves
and reduced turning points of environmental degradation from the income
level of USD 20,063.36 to USD 16,305.19. Therefore, NILM approach can
accelerate sustainable development with lower environmental deterioration.
The work may beneficial to policymakers to analyse the impact and
effectiveness of mitigation measures quantitatively.
consumption data into individual appliances. The feedback of disaggregated
data to the consumers enables awareness and behaviour change to conserve
electricity, consequently reducing CO2 emissions to the environment.
However, the limited literature regarding the impact of NILM and Kuznets
hypothesis (EKC) analysis on CO2 emissions reduction has restricted
policymakers in developing effective mitigation measures. This work aims
to assess the impact of NILM-based based energy efficiency (EE) on
environmental improvement. The combined approach of scenario simulation
and EKC analysis was adopted to gauge the effectiveness of NILM that
leads to sustainable development. The monotonically increase relationship
between environmental degradation and economic growth in Malaysia
without peaking beyond 2030 implies that the current mitigation measures
and policies imposed may not effectively cope with the future power
demands for sustainable development. NILM-based EE measures could be a
great potential for reducing CO2 emissions by 10.2%. The inverted-U curves
and reduced turning points of environmental degradation from the income
level of USD 20,063.36 to USD 16,305.19. Therefore, NILM approach can
accelerate sustainable development with lower environmental deterioration.
The work may beneficial to policymakers to analyse the impact and
effectiveness of mitigation measures quantitatively.