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The goal of the Trade Knowledge Network (TKN) is to foster long-term capacity to address the complex issues of trade and sustainable development. TKN is an initiative of the International Institute for
Regional trade agreements: building peace or promoting conflict?
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Promoting conflict or building peace?
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edited by D. Jensen and S. Lonergan. It is one of 6 edited books on Post-‐Conflict Peacebuilding and Natural Resource Management (for more information, see www.environmentalpeacebuilding.org). The full book... more
edited by D. Jensen and S. Lonergan. It is one of 6 edited books on Post-‐Conflict Peacebuilding and Natural Resource Management (for more information, see www.environmentalpeacebuilding.org). The full book can be ordered from Routledge at
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Estimates of the potential number of 'climate changemigrants' vary hugely. In order to persuade policymakers ofthe need to act and to provide a sound basis for appropriateresponses, there is an urgent need for better analysis,... more
Estimates of the potential number of 'climate changemigrants' vary hugely. In order to persuade policymakers ofthe need to act and to provide a sound basis for appropriateresponses, there is an urgent need for better analysis, betterdata and better predictions.
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Library has French version: Changements climatiques et la politique etrangere : exploration des options de meilleure integration
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Kenya is famous for its world-class wildlife viewing. Nineteen percent of Kenya’s land area is protected through a network of more than 220 national parks, reserves and private and community conservancies. However, the country is also... more
Kenya is famous for its world-class wildlife viewing. Nineteen percent of Kenya’s land area is protected through a network of more than 220 national parks, reserves and private and community conservancies. However, the country is also changing rapidly as a result of population growth, infrastructure development, extractive industries and agricultural expansion. This is leading to multiple, overlapping demands for the limited—and fixed—amount of land available in the country. This research aims to understand the economic and social factors that are driving political decisions on the allocation, or removal, of protected areas in Kenya. This will help to identify points of leverage to influence political decisions in support of conservation. This research employs a political economy analysis approach informed by expert interviews and case studies to map the stakeholders involved in decision making and understand the various factors that help drive decisions around conservation outcomes...
Since independence, the self-governing nations of Melanesia Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Solomon Islands, Fiji and Vanuatu have been the recipients of a steady flow of foreign aid. Between 1995 and 1999 average per capita aid to Melanesia... more
Since independence, the self-governing nations of Melanesia Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Solomon Islands, Fiji and Vanuatu have been the recipients of a steady flow of foreign aid. Between 1995 and 1999 average per capita aid to Melanesia was US$73, three times that to Sub-Saharan Africa and 35 times aid to India. Yet aid in Melanesia seems to be failing to achieve many of its goals. The Melanesian countries are amongst the poorest in the Pacific. There is considerable inequality of wealth and power, governments often fail to provide even basic services and corruption is rife. Moreover, in recent years, a belt of independent nations in the Melanesian Pacific has experienced civil war, coups and political instability. Previously considered relatively secure, this group of countries has become known as an ‘arc of instability’. The causes of political instability in Melanesia are complex and often have their roots in colonial times. They include; ethnic fragmentation, a lack of national...
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... China Alec Crawford Oli Brown Van Yang ... As such, the environmental challenge of China's recent economic growth carries security implications for China as well as its global neighbours. Environmental degradation is likely to... more
... China Alec Crawford Oli Brown Van Yang ... As such, the environmental challenge of China's recent economic growth carries security implications for China as well as its global neighbours. Environmental degradation is likely to keep pace with China's economic development. ...
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The interlacing trends of climate change, population growth, rising consumption, large infrastructure projects and environmental degradation may lead to greater numbers of people displaced in future. This is particularly likely if these... more
The interlacing trends of climate change, population growth, rising consumption, large infrastructure projects and environmental degradation may lead to greater numbers of people displaced in future. This is particularly likely if these trends occur in the context of inadequate responses from governments and the international community to build the resilience of countries and communities to these changes. The most commonly cited figure is that there could be as many as 200 million people displaced for environmental reasons by 2050.
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Climate change will become an increasingly important driver of migration in the coming decades. Altered rainfall patterns, rising sea levels and more frequent natural disasters are likely to compromise the “carrying capacity” of large... more
Climate change will become an increasingly important driver of migration in the coming decades. Altered rainfall patterns, rising sea levels and more frequent natural disasters are likely to compromise the “carrying capacity” of large areas of the world, exacerbating existing problems of food and water security in marginal areas. Estimates of the number of people at risk vary considerably; one oft-quoted source suggests that by 2050, as many as 200 million people could be displaced (Myers, 2005). This is a daunting figure; exceeding the current global migrant population of 192 million (IOM, 2007).
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Over the last 15 years regional trade agreements (RTAs) have become defining features of the modern economy and a powerful force for globalisation. As of July 2007 more than 380 RTAs had been notified to the World Trade Organization (WTO)... more
Over the last 15 years regional trade agreements (RTAs) have become defining features of the modern economy and a powerful force for globalisation. As of July 2007 more than 380 RTAs had been notified to the World Trade Organization (WTO) of which nearly 205 were active (see Table 1.1 for a list of selected RTAs). 1 All but one WTO member, Mongolia, are engaged in an RTA of one sort or another (Crawford and Fiorentino 2005: 1). The example of the European Union (EU) as an economically successful trade agreement and peaceful political arrangement has much to offer the world. While the EU is the product of a unique political and economic landscape, other RTAs also have the potential to build peace and prosperity. However, RTAs can also be divisive and exclusive, and their terms can embed regional tensions and power imbalances. Particularly when negotiated between countries of differing economic power, trade agreements can exert powerful leverage on the political stability of the econo...
A massively important book in our new age of conflict that makes clear the links between international trade policy, aid and conflict and war over the control of resources such as oil, water, timber and diamonds. Presents vital strategies... more
A massively important book in our new age of conflict that makes clear the links between international trade policy, aid and conflict and war over the control of resources such as oil, water, timber and diamonds. Presents vital strategies for using trade and aid to prevent the likelihood of armed conflict and to assist in nation building, such as the reconstruction of Afghanistan and Iraq. Iraq, Afghanistan, Darfur. All resonate loudly on the international stage, exposing and illustrating the intractable links between global security, war and conflict, the control over natural resources be they oil, water, timber or conflict diamonds and the deployment of aid money and the manipulation of international trade policies. This volume, written by leading authorities from across the globe, introduces the linkages between trade, aid and security, and exposes how inappropriate or misused trade and aid policy can and do undermine security and contribute to violence and the disintegrati...
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The International Institute for Sustainable Development contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and assessment, and... more
The International Institute for Sustainable Development contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and assessment, and natural resources management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and better dialogue between North and South.
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... However, environmental concerns can also present opportunities for dialogue; non-military mechanisms for ... rights and participation in decision-making; and enhancing livelihoods productivity and diversity. ... 12 Switzer, J. and... more
... However, environmental concerns can also present opportunities for dialogue; non-military mechanisms for ... rights and participation in decision-making; and enhancing livelihoods productivity and diversity. ... 12 Switzer, J. and Crawford, A. of IISD, “Managing the environment to ...
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Version anglaise dans la bibliotheque: Climate change and foreign policy : an exploration of options for greater integration
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What is the effect on smallholder farmers of the rapid spread of supermarketing of food in developing countries? IFPRI believes that small holders may either find farming more profitable than ever before or be forced out of farming... more
What is the effect on smallholder farmers of the rapid spread of supermarketing of food in developing countries? IFPRI believes that small holders may either find farming more profitable than ever before or be forced out of farming altogether. Berdegué, Julio, Fernando Balsevich, Luis Flores, Denise Mainville andThomas Reardon. 2003, Food Safety in Food Security and Food Trade Case study: Supermarkets and quality and safety standards for produce in Latin America, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2 pages Abstract: Food safety standards that developed countries impose on developing-country exports have sometimes created a barrier to access. But in Latin America local supermarket standards affect regional producers far more than those standards set by foreign supermarkets. This paper looks at how Latin American supermarkets have set about introducing safety and quality standards in the region. Food safety standards that developed countries impose on developing-country expo...
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Environmental degradation and the exploitation of natural resources are recognized as important drivers of violence between and within states, contributing to poverty and state failure. This paper charts our evolving understanding of the... more
Environmental degradation and the exploitation of natural resources are recognized as important drivers of violence between and within states, contributing to poverty and state failure. This paper charts our evolving understanding of the complex relationship between environmental change and security, a debate that has developed considerably since the UN Conference on the Human Environment, held in Sweden in 1972. It attempts to outline the major theoretical approaches and to arrive at some conclusions as to what we do know about environment and security. Finally, the paper makes some suggestions for practical policies that can ensure environmental management is supportive of both peace and sustainable development. 1 This paper draws on a paper written by Jason Switzer and Alec Crawford of IISD for the OECD CPDC, “Managing the environment to prevent conflict and build peace: A review of research and development agency experience,” February 2005.
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As science has revealed the speed and scope of climate change, we have begun to realize that it holds potentially serious implications for international security. Climate change—by redrawing the maps of water availability, food security,... more
As science has revealed the speed and scope of climate change, we have begun to realize that it holds potentially serious implications for international security. Climate change—by redrawing the maps of water availability, food security, disease prevalence, and coastal boundaries—could increase forced migration, raise tensions, and trigger new conflicts.
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Climate change refers generally to persistent, identifiable change in the state of the climate in terms of average conditions and/or variability. Such changes may be stimulated by natural processes or through alteration of the composition... more
Climate change refers generally to persistent, identifiable change in the state of the climate in terms of average conditions and/or variability. Such changes may be stimulated by natural processes or through alteration of the composition of the atmosphere due to human activities such as energy use and forest clearance (also referred to as anthropogenic climate change). Widespread concern among physical scientists about the potential global impacts of anthropogenic climate change on sea level, land and sea ice, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events first emerged in the 1980s. Keywords: development; farming; political economy; poverty; regional development; sustainability
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This paper looks at why the environmental aspect of the study of migration and refugees has been neglected. It proposes a definition of population movements induced by environmental factors, before concentrating on climate aspects by... more
This paper looks at why the environmental aspect of the study of migration and refugees has been neglected. It proposes a definition of population movements induced by environmental factors, before concentrating on climate aspects by providing a synthesis of ...
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Acknowledgements From its inception this report has benefited from a great deal of support and advice. We are grateful to many reviewers who provided invaluable advice and comments on successive drafts of the paper: We are also immensely... more
Acknowledgements From its inception this report has benefited from a great deal of support and advice. We are grateful to many reviewers who provided invaluable advice and comments on successive drafts of the paper: We are also immensely grateful to staff at the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs who helped to define and direct the project, provided invaluable comments on successive drafts of the report and gave us complete editorial freedom to express potentially controversial perspectives. In this context we stress that the terminology, analysis and conclusions in the report do not necessarily express official Danish policy or terminology. Our consultations in the region were greatly facilitated with the help of skilfully shepherded the report through to publication. Last, but not least, our warm thanks to Loulia Kochaji, who provided invaluable research and logistical support. Summary The Levant—made up of Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt...
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CHAPTER 7 Migration and Climate Change Lykke Andersen, Lotte Lund, and Dorte Verner Estimates of the number of global climate change migrants by the year 2050 range widely, from 25 million to 1 billion people. The range of esti-mates... more
CHAPTER 7 Migration and Climate Change Lykke Andersen, Lotte Lund, and Dorte Verner Estimates of the number of global climate change migrants by the year 2050 range widely, from 25 million to 1 billion people. The range of esti-mates illustrates the difficulty of forecasting ...