In this paper, a multiband frequency selective surface (FSS) by using a hexagonal-shaped closed ring resonator (CRR) has been presented. The FSS unit cell consists of dual hexagonal shaped annular rings of independently different... more
In this paper, a multiband frequency selective surface (FSS) by using a hexagonal-shaped closed ring resonator (CRR) has been presented. The FSS unit cell consists of dual hexagonal shaped annular rings of independently different diameters that supports multiple resonances. This structure is imprinted on a low-cost thin FR-4 dielectric surface. The proposed FSS shows more than 99% absorption in the frequency band of C-band, X-band, and Ku-band having quad resonant frequencies. The proposed structure is a polarization-independent structure. The effect on Radar cross-section (RCS) of the designed FSS structure has also been investigated. The results suggests that the proposed FSS structure design can be advantageously used in different electromagnetic interference/compatibility (EMI/ EMC) and stealth applications having added features of being compact, polarization and angle insensitive.
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Stealth applications require that an absorber should not only provide wide absorption bandwidth, but should also be as thin as possible. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to develop an efficient microwave absorber with lower... more
Stealth applications require that an absorber should not only provide wide absorption bandwidth, but should also be as thin as possible. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to develop an efficient microwave absorber with lower thickness (t < 1.5 mm) along with effective absorption bandwidth for reflection loss (RL) < −10 dB. The goal has been achieved with the application of fractal FSS (FFSS) sandwiched between the optimized layers of microwave absorbing composites (MACs). The higher iterated Sierpinski carpet FFSS sandwiched MAC has been designed using Ansoft HFSS and experimentally verified. The numbers of MAC layers are restricted up to only two layers as per the feasibility for its successful practical implementation. The design process encompasses the proper optimization of MAC layer thickness and FFSS dimension that minimize at the same time the RL over a specified range of frequencies. The Sierpinski carpet FFSS sandwiched double layer MAC (t = 1.5 mm) shows a strongest RL of −14.5 dB at 11.3 GHz with −10 dB absorption bandwidth of 3.0 GHz. The obtained result reflects the potential of FFSS sandwiched MAC for distinct EM applications.
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The bandwidth-thickness tradeoff of single layer microwave wave absorber has become challenge for researchers. This paper presents experimental results of thin broadband multilayer microwave wave absorbing structures using magnetic... more
The bandwidth-thickness tradeoff of single layer microwave wave absorber has become challenge for researchers. This paper presents experimental results of thin broadband multilayer microwave wave absorbing structures using magnetic ceramic based nano-composites for absorption at X-band. A genetic algorithm (GA) based approach has been used to optimize thickness of different material layers and selection of suitable material to ensure minimum reflection. The parameters optimized through genetic algorithm have been simulated through Ansoft High Frequency structural simulator (HFSS) and experimentally verified through Absorption Testing device (ATD). It has been found that the peak value of reflection loss is −24.53 dB for 1.3 mm absorber layer coating thickness, which shows the effectiveness of absorber for various applications..
Research Interests: Computer Science, Materials Science, Microwave, Genetic Algorithm, Electromagnetic Fields and Microwave Techniques, and 5 moreBroadband, Nanocomposite, Advanced Composite Materials Applications in Electronics Devices, Microwave Absorption in Magnetoelectric Materials, and Microwave absorbing materials
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Potential radar absorbing material (RAM) for suppressing electromagnetic (EM) wave over a range of oblique angles of incidence are needed in many applications. In this article, an attempt is being made to build cost-effective and... more
Potential radar absorbing material (RAM) for suppressing electromagnetic (EM) wave over a range of oblique angles of incidence are needed in many applications. In this article, an attempt is being made to build cost-effective and efficient RAM using the EM characterization of microwave heat-treated (MHT) electronic waste followed by an EM mixing model-assisted analytical approach. The robust and facile top-down fabrication technique is employed for the development of heterogeneous composites, which are further subjected to microwave heat treatment at distinct power wattages. The magneto-dielectric spectrographic analysis of samples is carried out in the range of 8.2 to 12.4 GHz. The Debye parameters are optimized and succeeded to obey EM property of the synthesized samples. Jaya's algorithm is adopted for the optimal design of single and dual-layer RAMs at normal and oblique angle incidence based on the constitutive EM parameters under certain restrictive conditions. The embraced MHT method prompts an improvement in microstructure coherency that further increases absorption bandwidth (BW). As a result, a 2.1 mm thick single layer RAM achieves a minimum reflection coefficient (RC) of −17.1 dB at 10.3 GHz with a 100% BW below −10 dB threshold. The groundbreaking findings are obtained by performing a three-fold study of dual-layer RAMs, culminating a minimum RC of −47.8 dB at 11.8 GHz with a layer thickness of 1.8 mm. This article shows that the microwave heat-treated composites have enormous potential in the development of lightweight and broadband RAMs for stealth applications.
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In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in the quest for low-cost pragmatic microwave absorbing structures (MAS) to deplete electromagnetic (EM) waves. To strengthen electronic waste (e-waste) treatment and explore broadband... more
In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in the quest for low-cost pragmatic microwave absorbing structures (MAS) to deplete electromagnetic (EM) waves. To strengthen electronic waste (e-waste) treatment and explore broadband absorber structure, two diverse MASs are proposed and modelled with the magneto-dielectric properties of e-waste composite. The investigation of proposed structures is carried out in 8.2 to 12.4 GHz (i.e., X-band). The thin and wideband multilayered MAS is optimized with the help of multi-objective Jaya’s optimization algorithm. As an outcome, a reflection coefficient (RC) of -13.8 dB is achieved in 2.3mm thick grid type MAS at 10.4GHz exhibiting a -10dB bandwidth of 3.6 GHz. Furthermore, a biased square empty cavitation structure yields much better recognizable outcomes, accomplishing 100% BW with a coating thickness of 2.0mm. These optimized MASs are also examined against various oblique angles of incidence. The full-wave simulation is utilized for the validation of optimized results and both are found in good agreement with each other. The addition of a square air gap in the structure regulates the composite EM characteristics at a higher frequency. It demonstrates that the cavitation approach has magnificent advantages for the creation of wideband, lightweight, and low expense MASs for the stealth technology.
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With the advent of 5G communication systems, the problem of electromagnetic interference (EMI) has become more severe and needs to be curbed. This work aims to propose an analytical method for the design and development of an... more
With the advent of 5G communication systems, the problem of electromagnetic interference (EMI) has become more severe and needs to be curbed. This work aims to propose an analytical method for the design and development of an electromagnetic (EM) shielding structure for 5G mobile communication applications. An efficient teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) embedded Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) approach is used to optimize the FSS parameters in order to achieve the required shielding characteristics. The proposed structure has a minimum 10dB shielding effectiveness (SE) bandwidth of 1.0 GHz band with a 3.5 GHz central frequency. Moreover, the designed shielding structure works well for oblique incidence till 70circ. TLBO embedded ECM model results are verified with the frequency-domain solver of Computer Simulation Studio (CST) software and a quite good agreement is noticed among TLBO and CST results.
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It is a very difficult job to design a cost-effective and efficient microwave absorber for low observable applications. The simultaneous achievement of minimum absorber thickness with wide absorption bandwidth (RC ≤ −10 dB) is the main... more
It is a very difficult job to design a cost-effective and efficient microwave absorber for low observable applications. The simultaneous achievement of minimum absorber thickness with wide absorption bandwidth (RC ≤ −10 dB) is the main concern of this study. This target is achieved by the application of electronic waste (E-waste) composite and metamaterial structure at X-band. A critical analysis of microwave absorption properties of the absorber is carried out by the application of a split-ring resonator (SRR), ring, plus, and square patch geometries. The effect of E-waste composite layer thickness, layer position, conducting geometry dimensions is carried out in order to achieve an optimal microwave absorber. E-waste absorber loaded with SRR geometry is found to possess interesting microwave absorption properties in terms of wide absorption bandwidth and lower thickness.
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Fractal frequency selective surface (FFSS) based advanced electromagnetic (EM) structures play a significant role in microwave absorbing applications. The incorporation of chip resistors with FFSS further enhances the absorption... more
Fractal frequency selective surface (FFSS) based advanced electromagnetic (EM) structures play a significant role in microwave absorbing applications. The incorporation of chip resistors with FFSS further enhances the absorption characteristics. But the optimization of such chip resistor loaded FFSS geometry based on its shape, size, iteration level, resistance values, and substrate properties is very much required for an efficient microwave absorbing structure (MAS). Therefore, in this work, an effort has been made toward the design and analysis of a chip resistor loaded Minkowski loop FFSS based wideband MAS. The main aim of this work is to obtain –10 dB absorption bandwidth using FFSS based MAS in the range of 2–18 GHz. An optimal MAS is found to accomplish more extensive peak reflection coefficient (RC) value of –23.1 dB at a frequency of 12.2 GHz with a wide bandwidth of 11.1 GHz (5.5–16.6 GHz). The broadband absorption has mainly resulted from the strong EM resonance. The obtained result reflects the potential of lumped resistor loaded FFSS geometry based MASs for distinct practical EM applications.
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In this work, a proactive attempt is made for numerical and experimental investigation of frequency-dependent dielectric characteristics of a new kind of electronic waste-derived heterogeneous composites. The fabrication of the samples of... more
In this work, a proactive attempt is made for numerical and experimental investigation of frequency-dependent dielectric characteristics of a new kind of electronic waste-derived heterogeneous composites. The fabrication of the samples of these composites is accomplished by adopting a robust and inexpensive top-down fabrication strategy. The dielectric characterization of samples is carried out using a waveguide measurement method in the range of 8.2 to 12.4 GHz (X-band). Besides, the Double Debye model (DDM) parameters are evaluated to track the experimentally measured dielectric properties of the samples. The meta-heuristic Jaya's algorithm is organized for effective assessment of design variables for the single-layer structure under specific restrictive conditions. The proficient consistent value of the real part of permittivity is observed to be 27.1 at X-band, while a maximum dielectric loss tangent of 0.43 is achieved at 8.2 GHz. The proposed work reveals that electronic waste composites have an enormous capacity in the development of lightweight and broadband stealth structures.
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Microwave absorbing materials and structures have been widely utilized in aeronautic applications and platform. Improving the working absorption bandwidth of traditional microwave absorbing materials (MAMs) has greatly challenged the... more
Microwave absorbing materials and structures have been widely utilized in aeronautic applications and platform. Improving the working absorption bandwidth of traditional microwave absorbing materials (MAMs) has greatly challenged the scientists due to the restriction of the available material parameters. Therefore, in this paper an attempt has been made to develop a broadband absorber using synthesized ferrite nanocomposite and periodic frequency selective surface (FSS) in X-band frequency range. The effect of two different kinds of substrates (i.e., conventional FR4 and synthesized ferrite nanocomposite) has been studied over microwave absorption characteristics of FSS loaded composite str…
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The simultaneous achievement of multiband absorption, polarisation-insensitive, and angularly stable absorber is a difficult job. Therefore, in this article, an efficient single-layered absorber is designed, critically analysed,... more
The simultaneous achievement of multiband absorption, polarisation-insensitive, and angularly stable absorber is a difficult job. Therefore, in this article, an efficient single-layered absorber is designed, critically analysed, fabricated, and experimentally validated. The proposed model incorporates eight sectors loaded a circle inside the square. The four discrete absorption peaks are observed at 4.4 GHz, 6.0 GHz, 14.1 GHz, and 16.0 GHz manifesting absorption intensities of 94%, 84%, 82%, and 92%, respectively. Parametric studies have been also exercised to investigate the influence of discrete geometrical design variables on the proposed absorber. The proposed structure is symmetrical in geometry, consequence in polarisation-independent behaviour. The absorption mechanism is also explained by analysing the surface current, electric field, and magnetic field distributions. Besides, the complex electromagnetic parameters are extracted to realise the absorption phenomenon. Addition...
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In the exploration of broadband radar absorbing structure (RAS), a new kind of multilayer gradient perforated RAS constituted of magnetic iron metal (Fe) and silicon carbide (SiC) is examined utilizing a top-down fabrication technique and... more
In the exploration of broadband radar absorbing structure (RAS), a new kind of multilayer gradient perforated RAS constituted of magnetic iron metal (Fe) and silicon carbide (SiC) is examined utilizing a top-down fabrication technique and metaheuristic grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm. The investigation of proposed structures and magneto-dielectric study of samples is carried out in 8.2 to 12.4 GHz (i.e., X-band). Distinct single and multilayered RASs are optimized using the GWO algorithm under certain restrictive conditions. In addition, the GWO algorithm is reinforced with a fitness function to acquire maximum bandwidth below -10dB threshold (RC≤-10 dB) in various oblique angles of incidence with a minimum coating thickness (t≤2.0 mm). Among all investigated RASs, triple-layer gradient perforated structure (TLGPS) is found to be effective which fulfills the lightweight, broadband, and angular stable behavior of an efficient absorber. TLGPS has considerably exhibited the conc...
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The achievement of an efficient, high gain, and miniaturized antenna is a very challenging task for the scientific community. Such a contradiction is handled by investigating microstrip patch antenna coupled with a new hybrid metamaterial... more
The achievement of an efficient, high gain, and miniaturized antenna is a very challenging task for the scientific community. Such a contradiction is handled by investigating microstrip patch antenna coupled with a new hybrid metamaterial (MM) superstrate constituted of two distinct kinds of frequency selective surfaces (FSSs). In this work, the primary and proposed microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are optimized and critically analyzed. An optimal MM configuration is found to possess a gain of 7.2 dB with a very thin superstrate layer, which reflects its potential for practical applications.
In this work, both planar and conformal novel electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding structures with customized properties are developed using a unique coupling of frequency-selective surface (FSS) and magnetic substrate. A hybrid... more
In this work, both planar and conformal novel electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding structures with customized properties are developed using a unique coupling of frequency-selective surface (FSS) and magnetic substrate. A hybrid equivalent circuit model (ECM) blended whale optimization (WO) technique is offered in the quest of customized shielding of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$C$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Ku$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-bands using a simple FSS geometry. The proposed structure is designed to shield <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$C$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Ku$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-bands with a fractional bandwidth of 66.67%, 66.67%, 66.67%, 50.2%, and 40.50%, respectively. The frequency-dependent complex dielectric permittivity (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\epsilon '$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$j\epsilon ''$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and complex magnetic permeability (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu '$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$j\mu ''$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of ferrite are measured using a waveguide measurement setup at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band. The measured electromagnetic parameters are utilized in the modeling of planar and conformal ferrite-based frequency-selective shielding structures. An optimal ferrite coupled FSS shielding structure is fabricated, and its performance is evaluated using a non-destructive free-space microwave measurement setup. The measured results are found in congruence with the full-wave simulation and WO results. Besides, the conformal configuration of the proposed shielding structure is peculiarly investigated for inward and outward curved shielding structures for different values of radius of curvature. The proposed technique is intended to achieve a customized, simple, wideband, polarization-insensitive, and angular stable structure in the desired frequency regime, thus verifying the potential of the aforementioned technique for shielding applications.
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The requisition of cost-effective practical microwave absorbing material (MAM) to deplete electromagnetic (EM) waves has garnered much interest in current times. Aimed at reinforcing the electronic waste (e-waste) management and in the... more
The requisition of cost-effective practical microwave absorbing material (MAM) to deplete electromagnetic (EM) waves has garnered much interest in current times. Aimed at reinforcing the electronic waste (e-waste) management and in the exploration of broadband absorber structure, a compositional variation of the hazardous printed circuit board and zinc-carbon battery cell (Zn-C) is investigated using a facile top-down fabrication technique. The dielectric analysis of samples is carried out in the range of 8.2–12.4 GHz (i.e., X-band) using a waveguide-based microwave measurement technique. A 1.7-mm-thick single-layer absorber achieves a minimum reflection coefficient (RC) of − 24.9 dB at 10.8 GHz with a 2.7 GHz bandwidth (BW) below − 10 dB threshold. Furthermore, the enhancement in absorption BW is accomplished by adding an array of periodic air cavities (grid-type structure) which results in an increase of BW below − 10 dB threshold. Moreover, the integration of planar structure with a grid-type structure imparts more prominent results and acquires 4.0 GHz BW below − 10 dB threshold with 1.7-mm coating thickness. In addition, the influence of the oblique angle of incidence is also investigated for optimized structures. The reliability of the obtained results has been verified by the finite-integration technique via the 3D modeling and EM analysis in computer simulation technology. The inclusion of air gap in the absorbers standardize the EM properties of the composite and result in impedance matching at a higher frequency. The results obtained demonstrate the practicability of the suggested structure and proved to be cutting-edge technology for researchers. It reveals that the e-waste composites have enormous potential in the development of lightweight, broadband, and cost-effective MAM for stealth applications.
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An equivalent circuit model backed deep neural network (DNN) is introduced to develop a broadband frequency selective surface (FSS). Shielding effectiveness (SE) and resonant frequency are inputs and shielding structure parameters are the... more
An equivalent circuit model backed deep neural network (DNN) is introduced to develop a broadband frequency selective surface (FSS). Shielding effectiveness (SE) and resonant frequency are inputs and shielding structure parameters are the outputs of the DNN. Moreover, three different configurations of DNN are investigated to get a minimum mean square error of 2.99 × <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{-6}$</tex-math></inline-formula> between targeted and observed outputs. The size of FSS is 0.30<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _0$</tex-math></inline-formula> × 0.30<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _0$</tex-math></inline-formula> and the total thickness of the shielding structure is only 0.1 mm. The variation in resonance frequency is only 0.08 GHz when the angle of incidence changes from <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\theta$</tex-math></inline-formula> = <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0^\circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{80}^\circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> for transverse electric polarization. Furthermore, a fractional bandwidth of 80<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\%}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is achieved with a resonance at 10 GHz. The broad shielding bandwidth, ultrathin, polarization-insensitivity, wide angular stability attained by using a new, very simple, and miniaturized geometry are a few key features of the proposed structure. The results obtained from DNN are validated using full-wave simulation and by measurement of the fabricated prototype. SE performance concurs well among all demonstrate the effectiveness of the aforementioned technique for electromagnetic interference shielding application.
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ABSTRACT Currently a wide range of materials are used for radar wave absorption. But, it is still a very challenging task to develop a thin radar wave absorber that operates for a wide range of frequencies. The main objective of this work... more
ABSTRACT Currently a wide range of materials are used for radar wave absorption. But, it is still a very challenging task to develop a thin radar wave absorber that operates for a wide range of frequencies. The main objective of this work was to achieve good absorption with wide bandwidth corresponds to reflection loss (RL) ≤ - 10 dB for lower thickness (≤ 2.0 mm) by developing ferrite-graphene (FG) composites. A critical study has been carried out by varying the composition of FG to obtain wideband absorption with lower thickness. The effective complex dielectric permittivity (ε&#39;, ε&#39;&#39;) and effective complex magnetic permeability (μ&#39;, μ&#39;&#39;) of composites were measured using transmission/reflection waveguide method in the range of 8.2 to 12.4 GHz. These measured ε&#39;, ε&#39;&#39;, μ&#39;, and μ&#39;&#39; values have been used for the design of single and double layer absorber. The increasing G content in FG composites resulted in a reduction of thickness and wide absorption bandwidth. Further, multilayer approach is adopted to enhance the radar wave absorption with broad bandwidth at a lower absorber layer thickness. The double layer absorber shows a strong RL of - 55.28 dB at 10.2 GHz with broad bandwidth of 3.1 GHz in the frequency range of 8.6 to 11.7 GHz. The multi-layering approach facilitated to attain a lower absorber layer thickness of 1.7 mm. Findings provide an effective and feasible way to develop thin and broadband absorber which may be utilized for stealth applications.
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ABSTRACT The development of thin microwave absorber coatings that operates for a wide range of frequencies is still a challenging task. This work presents an interesting technique blending fractal frequency selective surface (FSS) with... more
ABSTRACT The development of thin microwave absorber coatings that operates for a wide range of frequencies is still a challenging task. This work presents an interesting technique blending fractal frequency selective surface (FSS) with synthesized single and two layer coatings comprising of optimized micron (80-90 µm) and nano (20-30 nm) sized Ti particles based Fe3O4 (80 - 100 nm) composites. The main objective of this study is to achieve good absorption with wide bandwidth corresponds to reflection loss (RL) ≤ - 10 dB for less coating thickness (≤ 1.5 mm). Waveguide measurements are carried out to obtain the complex permittivity and permeability values of Fe3O4-Ti based heterogeneous composites. These measured complex permittivity and permeability values are used for design of double layer composite absorbers, where the suitable composite selection, layer preferences as well as thickness of layers are optimized using genetic algorithm (GA). The fractal geometry based FSSs designed using iterated function system (IFS), are embedded with single layer and double layer composite absorbers to examine their effect over absorption. A double layer composite coating with Sierpinski gasket fractal FSS shows a strong RL of -35.57 dB at 9.5 GHz with broad bandwidth of 4.2 GHz in the range of 8.2 to 12.4 GHz and total coating thickness is only 1.4 mm. Findings provide an effective and feasible way to develop thin and broadband absorber coatings for various practical microwave absorption applications.
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ABSTRACT Very few literatures are available on the utilization of natural waste composite materials for radar wave absorption. The main objective of this paper was to achieve good absorption with wide bandwidth corresponds to reflection... more
ABSTRACT Very few literatures are available on the utilization of natural waste composite materials for radar wave absorption. The main objective of this paper was to achieve good absorption with wide bandwidth corresponds to reflection loss (RL) ≤ −10 dB for less absorber layer thickness (≤2.0 mm) for a cost-effective production of radar wave absorber. In this study, mineral dust and beach sand-based waste composite material is critically analyzed for its application as broadband radar wave absorber in the frequency range of 8.2–12.4 GHz. A multilayer approach is applied for obtaining the good absorption, where thickness of different layers is optimized by genetic algorithm. The effective absorption bandwidth for two- and three-layer composite absorber is 3.5 and 2.8 GHz for the optimized thickness 1.9 and 1.8 mm, respectively. The two-layer absorber possesses measured RL of −27.20 dB at 10.8 GHz and for a three-layer absorber, RL reaches up to −32.58 dB at 11.2 GHz. The measured RL values agree quite well with the calculated ones, which show the effectiveness of absorber for various practical EM wave absorption applications.
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ABSTRACT It is still very challenging job for researchers to provide a low cost broadband radar absorbing material. Therefore, in this paper, a novel cost effective sugarcane-beach sand based natural waste material has been explored to... more
ABSTRACT It is still very challenging job for researchers to provide a low cost broadband radar absorbing material. Therefore, in this paper, a novel cost effective sugarcane-beach sand based natural waste material has been explored to acts as an excellent radar wave absorber with reflection loss (RL)