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Abstract It is found that the basic mechanisms of biology and physics are remarkably similar. Fifteen fundamental phenomena are listed whose expression in physics and biology have not usually been recognized as being related. In certain... more
Abstract It is found that the basic mechanisms of biology and physics are remarkably similar. Fifteen fundamental phenomena are listed whose expression in physics and biology have not usually been recognized as being related. In certain cases, it was not even realized that the expression in one of the sciences existed. Thus the existence of bosons and fermions in biology and the existence of alternation of generation in physics had not been foreseen. In a sense, the basic content of the natural world appears to be organization. The organized entities of biology and physics are constantly being affected by disorganizing influences. Their design in both structure and function is such that they combat these disorganizing influences in every possible way. We have called this characteristic of their design the antichaos principle. Part of the design includes the effective assimilation of order from the environment. This has been well known in biology, but not in physics. The antichaos principle is the reason for the existence of cells, and for many characteristics of cell structure. A pervasive characteristic of both physics and biology is duality. Thus there is duality in representation domains. The individuality of an organism is expressed both in the genes of its chromosomes and in its structural and functional characteristics. Similarly, the state function of a physical system may be expressed either in the domain of conserved observables or in the configuration domain. Duality is likewise expressed in wave-particle complementarity in physics, and in the biological and physical interpretations of biological activity. Symmetries and conservation laws as well as alternation of generation are further examples of duality in physics and biology. Aging is well known as a biological phenomenon. Aging is associated with disorganization, but there is evidence that it also involves the loss of a youth factor. It appears that rejuvenation, operating through alternation of generation, is likewise a universal phenomenon. Aging and rejuvenation are equally important in biology and physics. The youth factor is not yet clearly defined. In biology it is associated with conjugation and sexual interaction. In physics, it appears to be associated with particle-antiparticle interaction.
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A patient ingested contraband hashish in rubber balloons, as demonstrated on abdominal roentgenograms. One balloon ruptured, and intoxication resulted. This patient developed an unusual and previously unreported sign of transient... more
A patient ingested contraband hashish in rubber balloons, as demonstrated on abdominal roentgenograms. One balloon ruptured, and intoxication resulted. This patient developed an unusual and previously unreported sign of transient pupillary asymmetry. Initial and subsequent x-ray films were used to follow the passage of the "foreign bodies."
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To determine the changes on chest x-ray attributable to the aging process, we evaluated cardiovascular and pulmonary structures on two standard postero-anterior chest x-rays taken at least 10 years apart (M = 16.9 years) in 67 carefully... more
To determine the changes on chest x-ray attributable to the aging process, we evaluated cardiovascular and pulmonary structures on two standard postero-anterior chest x-rays taken at least 10 years apart (M = 16.9 years) in 67 carefully screened healthy men initially aged 23 to 76 years. The aortic knob diameter increased in 79% of subjects. Although mean cardiothoracic ratio increased overall, only 3% of men developed a cardiothoracic ratio greater than .50, and none exceeded .51. Pulmonary abnormalities on initial chest x-ray consisted mainly of hyperinflation (27%) and increased markings (19%), both of which doubled in prevalence during follow-up. Kerley B lines and enlarged pulmonary arteries were rare initially but increased three- to five-fold. The prevalence of these findings did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers. Based on commonly accepted x-ray criteria, chronic obstructive lung disease was suggested in 15% of the initial films and 21% of the final films despite the absence of clinical or spirometric abnormalities.
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A myriad of inflammatory processes may affect the renal parenchyma (Table 19.1). In spite of innumerable clinical and animal studies over the years, a great deal of controversy still exists as to the mechanisms by which renal involvement... more
A myriad of inflammatory processes may affect the renal parenchyma (Table 19.1). In spite of innumerable clinical and animal studies over the years, a great deal of controversy still exists as to the mechanisms by which renal involvement occurs. However, in recent years, significant progress has been made in resolving these conflicts and slowly the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle are beginning to fit together to make possible a more complete understanding of the processes involved. In the sections below, our approach to understanding the mechanisms of these renal infections will first be outlined, followed by our schema of radiologically evaluating these patients.
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Bilateral ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) injury from blunt abdominal trauma is rare, with only seven previously reported cases, all of which were complete avulsions. Early and delayed computed tomography (CT) for visualization of the... more
Bilateral ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) injury from blunt abdominal trauma is rare, with only seven previously reported cases, all of which were complete avulsions. Early and delayed computed tomography (CT) for visualization of the nephrographic and excretory renal phases, respectively, is essential to distinguish parenchymal from collecting system injury. Once UPJ injury is detected by CT, differentiation between laceration and avulsion is mandatory since laceration is treated nonoperatively, whereas avulsion requires surgical repair. In addition to CT, intravenous pyelography (IVP) or retrograde pyelography may be required for full characterization of the injury. Retrograde pyelography may permit better opacification of the ureters than IVP, enabling the urologist to determine whether stent placement is necessary. We report the first case of bilateral UPJ laceration secondary to blunt abdominal trauma and the imaging studies necessary to make the diagnosis.
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We present two cases of myelomatous involvement of the skull. Correlative studies with routine radiography, angiography, and encephaloscintigraphy were performed. The areas of involvement of the skull were confirmed as autopsy. A mixed... more
We present two cases of myelomatous involvement of the skull. Correlative studies with routine radiography, angiography, and encephaloscintigraphy were performed. The areas of involvement of the skull were confirmed as autopsy. A mixed pattern of photon-deficient and photon-abundant lesions was noted. The clinician should be aware of such mixed patterns.
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Using a personal computer and a commercially available "authoring" application, the authors constructed an interactive hypermedia teaching tool for the evaluation and management of renal masses. Through a series of... more
Using a personal computer and a commercially available "authoring" application, the authors constructed an interactive hypermedia teaching tool for the evaluation and management of renal masses. Through a series of questions, images, illustrations, hypertext, and graphical flow charts, the user reviews the spectrum of renal masses, including neoplasms, inflammatory disease, cysts, and "pseudomasses." The various imaging modalities (computed tomography [CT], ultrasound [US], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], and angiography) are illustrated, with selective advantages and disadvantages to each technique highlighted. Selected algorithms for evaluation and treatment of masses are provided. Text, questions, a teaching file, and algorithms form the major sections of the program. Numerous links within and between the major sections of the program, a capacity unique to hypermedia, allow for nonlinear entry into the program, tailored to the individual user. Preliminarily, medical students and residents have responded positively to this hypermedia project. Furthermore, their comments and criticism have provided important feedback for future updates and enhancements.
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Research Interests: Life Sciences, Nuclear medicine, Adolescent, Medicine, Prospective studies, and 15 moreHumans, Ischemia, Female, Male, Perfusion, Lung, Bronchogenic carcinoma, Aged, Lung Injury, Blood Vessel, Pulmonary circulation, Pulmonary Artery, Neoplasm metastasis, Medical and Health Sciences, and lung neoplasms
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X twenty-two month old asymptomatic lilack female was admitted to the hospital because of a suggestion of a 7 cm left upper quadrant mass. The mass was felt on routine physical esamina-tion by some observers hut not by others.... more
X twenty-two month old asymptomatic lilack female was admitted to the hospital because of a suggestion of a 7 cm left upper quadrant mass. The mass was felt on routine physical esamina-tion by some observers hut not by others. ~I'hose who could feel it thought the ...
Research Interests: Medicine, Humans, Ultrasonography, Pancreas, Female, and 5 moreClinical, Infant, Gene Duplication, Clinical Sciences, and Cysts
Computed tomography (CT) plays a significant role in establishing the diagnosis in clinically equivocal cases of renal infection, determining the extent of the disease process, and assessing its complications. Gas, calculi, renal... more
Computed tomography (CT) plays a significant role in establishing the diagnosis in clinically equivocal cases of renal infection, determining the extent of the disease process, and assessing its complications. Gas, calculi, renal parenchymal calcifications, hemorrhage, and masses can be revealed with unenhanced CT. A subsequent study with contrast enhancement is crucial for the complete evaluation of patients with renal infection in order to demonstrate the areas of altered nephrogram that occur as a result of the inflammatory process and to identify complications. In this article we review a spectrum of renal inflammatory disease, with illustrations of the CT findings in representative cases. We also review the role and potential pitfalls of fast scanning techniques that can image a particular phase of the nephrogram in a renal infection. In acute pyelonephritis, enhanced CT scans obtained during the cortical nephrographic phase typically demonstrate solitary or multifocal hypodense areas with obliteration of the corticomedullary differentiation. Delayed images obtained during the excretory phase are frequently more helpful in defining the extent of the disease process, identifying the complications such as renal abscess, and confirming the presence of urinary obstruction than are early images.
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ABSTRACT
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To evaluate the use of helical computed tomography (CT) without contrast material enhancement for prediction of a favorable outcome in ureterolithiasis. CT studies were reviewed in 69 patients with a single ureteral stone not located at... more
To evaluate the use of helical computed tomography (CT) without contrast material enhancement for prediction of a favorable outcome in ureterolithiasis. CT studies were reviewed in 69 patients with a single ureteral stone not located at the ureteropelvic junction. CT findings (tissue rim sign, hydronephrosis, perinephric fat stranding, perinephric fluid collections, and thickening of renal fascia) were graded on a scale of 0-3. Stone diameter and renal parenchymal enlargement were also measured. Twenty-two patients had spontaneous passage, 12 did not respond to conservative treatment, and 35 were lost to follow-up. When the latter 35 patients were excluded, perinephric fat stranding (P = .044) and perinephric fluid collections (P = .021) were graded significantly higher in patients with spontaneous stone passage. Mean stone diameter was significantly larger (P < .001) in patients in whom conservative treatment failed (mean, 7.8 mm) than in patients with spontaneous stone passage (mean, 2.9 mm). The presence of a tissue rim sign and the grade of hydronephrosis, renal fascial thickening, and renal parenchymal enlargement were not significantly different between the two groups. In addition to stone size, the degree of perinephric fat stranding and the presence of perinephric fluid collections are useful ancillary signs for help in predicting the likelihood of stone passage.
Research Interests: Radiology, Forecasting, Treatment Outcome, Adolescent, Medicine, and 15 moreAdipose tissue, Humans, Kidney, Female, Male, Fascia, Follow-up studies, Middle Aged, Adult, Sensitivity and Specificity, Predictive value of tests, Exudates and Transudates, ureteral calculi, Medical and Health Sciences, and Remission Spontaneous
We propose a simple, anatomically based classification of blunt urethral injury as a replacement for currently used classifications, which are not comprehensive, anatomically inconsistent or based on a mixed anatomical/mechanistic... more
We propose a simple, anatomically based classification of blunt urethral injury as a replacement for currently used classifications, which are not comprehensive, anatomically inconsistent or based on a mixed anatomical/mechanistic formula. The latter are difficult to learn and use, and have not been universally adopted. We reviewed most of the currently used general uroradiological, emergency radiological and urological textbooks to define the classification of urethral injuries that is most widely accepted. Most authors use the Colapinto and McCallum classification, modifications thereof or the older surgical classification of urethral injuries, which simply divides such injuries anatomically into anterior and posterior. However, there is little consensus about the best classification and none includes all of the blunt injuries of the urethra. To correct these difficulties we devised a comprehensive and anatomically consistent classification. The proposed classification categorizes blunt urethral trauma as I-posterior urethra intact but stretched (Colapinto and McCallum type I), II-partial or complete pure posterior injury with tear of membranous urethra above the urogenital diaphragm (Colapinto and McCallum type II), III-partial or complete combined anterior/posterior urethral injury with disruption of the urogenital diaphragm (Colapinto and McCallum type III), IV-bladder neck injury with extension into the urethra, IVA-injury of the base of the bladder with periurethral extravasation simulating a true type IV urethral injury and V-partial or complete pure anterior urethral injury. The proposed classification is anatomically valid and includes all of the common types of blunt urethral injuries. Universal adoption of this system should permit comparison of various management/treatment modalities at various institutions.
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ABSTRACT Perforation of the intrathoracic esophagus is a life-threatening condition, in which the mediastinum may become rapidly contaminated along with other nearby vital structures, leading to shock and ultimately death. A rapid and... more
ABSTRACT Perforation of the intrathoracic esophagus is a life-threatening condition, in which the mediastinum may become rapidly contaminated along with other nearby vital structures, leading to shock and ultimately death. A rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial, especially because signs and symptoms are often nonspecific and may mimic other disorders. The most common cause is iatrogenic because of instrumentation of the esophagus. The esophagus also may perforate spontaneously, from trauma arising internal or external to the esophagus, and from operative injury and tumors, both intrinsic and extrinsic. Complications such as fistula, abscess, and pneumonia can result. Plain chest films usually suggest the diagnosis. Contrast esophagography is the standard of diagnosis, often and usually aided by CT scanning. The goal of the diagnostic radiologist is to recommend the appropriate imaging study and effectively diagnose this condition so that treatment may be started within 24 hours of the inciting event, after which time mortality rate significantly increases. The information provided in this article will improve the diagnostic radiologist's ability to provide an early accurate diagnosis of intrathoracic esophageal perforation, which in turn leads to early, often-life-saving treatment.
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... William K. Carlile, MD and; Samuel L. Cohen, MD. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Eastchester Road and Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY 10461. ↵ 1 From the Departments of Radiology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, USPHS, Phoenix Indian... more
... William K. Carlile, MD and; Samuel L. Cohen, MD. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Eastchester Road and Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY 10461. ↵ 1 From the Departments of Radiology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, USPHS, Phoenix Indian Medical Center, Phoenix, Ariz. ...
Research Interests: Radiology, Adolescent, Medicine, Humans, Child, and 15 moreLiver Cirrhosis, Diabetes mellitus, Arizona, Female, Male, Fluorides, Morbidity, Neoplasms, Coccidioidomycosis, Pulmonary Edema, Otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Duodenal Ulcer, Bone Diseases, Medical and Health Sciences, and Biliary Tract Diseases
Radiolabeled microsphere techniques were used to measure renal blood flow (RBF) in rabbit kidneys with 14- to 16-day-old experimentally induced renal tumors. VX-2 carcinoma cells (25 microliters) harvested from carrier animal... more
Radiolabeled microsphere techniques were used to measure renal blood flow (RBF) in rabbit kidneys with 14- to 16-day-old experimentally induced renal tumors. VX-2 carcinoma cells (25 microliters) harvested from carrier animal intramuscular tumors were injected supraselectively into an intralobar artery using fluoroscopically guided transcatheter techniques. Within 2 to 3 weeks, all animals developed localized 10 to 25 mm diameter renal tumors. Renal blood flow was calculated after left ventricular injection of 113Sn-labeled 15 mu diameter microspheres. Blood flow (ml/minute) in tumor-bearing kidneys (26.91 +/- 1.86) was significantly lower (P = less than .05) than in normal controls (49.79 +/- 7.71). The tumor-bearing kidneys were also significantly larger (15.21 +/- 1.27 gm) than control animal kidneys (10.89 +/- 0.071 gm). Analysis of the tumor kidneys showed flow (ml/minute/g) in the tumor-containing sections (1.82 +/- 0.15) and in the actual tumor tissue (0.62 +/- 0.07) to be significantly lower (P = less than .05) than (1) in the nontumor portions of the same kidneys (2.58 +/- 0.28), and (2) in the tumor animals' contralateral nontumor-bearing kidneys (3.22 +/- 0.16), and (3) in normal control animal kidneys (4.54 +/- 0.29). The reduced flow in tumor-bearing kidneys was not an artifact due to arteriovenous shunting, as demonstrated by 99mTc-microsphere studies in four additional tumor-bearing animals. This study has shown that blood flow to the tumor is extremely low compared with nontumor-containing ipsilateral, contralateral, and normal control renal tissue. These results provide important information relative to possible experimental therapeutic research involving embolization or pharmacologic manipulation of the blood supply to potentiate intra-arterial chemotherapy.