ABSTRACT The movement of oil spill, its diffusion and hydro-environmental effects have been simulated by developing a 2DH numerical model based on non-linear shallow water Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations using Finite Volume... more
ABSTRACT The movement of oil spill, its diffusion and hydro-environmental effects have been simulated by developing a 2DH numerical model based on non-linear shallow water Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations using Finite Volume Method. The new model deploys the relevant formulations for oil spill processes. Since advection and diffusion of oil pollution play a crucial role in oil spill flow pattern, it is important to choose an appropriate numerical scheme for the transport terms of N-E equations. In this work, a highly-accurate algorithm based on a 4th degree accurate shape function has been used for the advection terms, which is not present in similar models. The solution method is based on the alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme. The equations are then solved by a Penta-Diagonal matrix in each half-time-step. Results from the numerical model are compared with measured values. Reasonable agreement is obtained between predicted and experimental nearshore circulation patterns. Read More: http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/41096(366)188
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Background and Objective: Irisin was identified as a myokine secreted by exercise which plays an important role in energy metabolism and regulation of metabolic diseases such as obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the... more
Background and Objective: Irisin was identified as a myokine secreted by exercise which plays an important role in energy metabolism and regulation of metabolic diseases such as obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks aerobic training on serum levels of irisin in male obese Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 16 adult rats (weight: 250 to 300 g, BMI >30 g/cm2) were divided into two groups: aerobic training with 70 to 75% Vo2max (moderate intensity) and control group. Aerobic training included: eight weeks walking on treadmill (5 sessions/per week for 60 min per session). After the training period, the level of irisin was measured. Statistical techniques for data analysis were paired and independent sample t-test to determine the intraand inter-group comparisons between groups and the level of significance was considered at p<0.05. Results: The serum levels of irisin in the aerobic training group with moderate intensity significantly increased as compared to the control group (t=4.18, p=0.001). In addition, weight in aerobic training significantly reduced. Conclusion: According to the results, eight weeks of aerobic training lead to a significant increase in serum levels of irisin. Moreover, it seems that aerobic training with moderate intensity has led to an increase in theremogenesis, weight loss, and energy expenditure.
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Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases associated with the metabolic syndrome are the major cause of mortality in all over the world. We evaluated the effect of eight weeks combined training on some insulin resistance markers in... more
Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases associated with the metabolic syndrome are the major cause of mortality in all over the world. We evaluated the effect of eight weeks combined training on some insulin resistance markers in middle-aged men. Materials and Methods: In this semi experimental study, 24 sedentary healthy middle aged men (age: 63.45±2.15 years, BMI: 24.10±2.5 kg/m2) with convenience sampling method, participated in this study. They were randomly categorized into two groups of 12 individuals: experimental and control. In the trained group, the volunteers undertook 8 weeks by 3 days/week take part in combiand training. The aerobic program training included: 20 mins duration with 60-70 HRR per session and the resistance training program was performed with 70 1RM. Before and after the 8 weeks combined training, blood samples were taken and the concentrations of leptin, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance concentrations were determined. Data are analyzed using repeated measure test. P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The levels of the leptin, insulin, glucose, insulin resistance and body fat percentage in experimental group were improved significantly(P<0.05), Changes in average of two groups in levels of leptin, glucose, insulin resistance, body fat percentage had a significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion: Reduced leptin and insulin resistance level following combined exercises training might improve cardiovascular risk in middle-aged men.
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Purpose: Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of mortality in all over the world. We evaluated the effect of eight weeks combined training on some cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary healthy middle aged men. Methods: 24... more
Purpose: Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of mortality in all over the world. We evaluated the effect of eight weeks combined training on some cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary healthy middle aged men. Methods: 24 sedentary healthy, middle aged male subjects (age: 63.4±2.1 years, BMI: 23.1±2.5 kg/m2) participated in this study. Subject were randomly assigned to training (T, n=12) and control (C, n=12) groups. T group, underwent one training session per day, 3 days/week, for 8 weeks. Training program included both aerobic and resistance exercise. Aerobic training consisted in 20 min running on a treadmill at 60-70% HRR for each session. Resistance training consisted in 10 movement stations e.g., leg flex-extension-press, squat, lat pull, chest press, cross arm, biceps-triceps with halter and sit up in 2 sets with 10 repetitions that performed at 70% 1RM. Before and after combined aerobic/resistance training, all subject underwent body fat assessment and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX). Venous blood samples were also drawn for determination of plasma levels of adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and homocysteine. Data were analyzed using repeated measure test (ANOVA). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Plasma levels of IL-6, homocysteine and body fat were significantly reduced and adiponectine was significantly increased in T, whereas all the variables did not change significantly in C. Vo2max increase significantly only in T group (20.41±2.93 vs 23.25±2.00) and in control group (19.91±2.84 vs 20.08±3.20). Conclusion: Combined aerobic/resistance exercise training program by reducing plasma levels of IL-6 and homocysteine and increasing adiponectin levels might result in an improvement cardiovascular risk in middle-aged healthy subjectKEY WORDS: Adiponectine, Homocysteine, Resistance training, Aerobic training
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ABSTRACT Background and Objective: The results of researches have shown that heavy and prolonged exercise increases the risk of upper respiratory tract infection in athletics. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 6 month... more
ABSTRACT Background and Objective: The results of researches have shown that heavy and prolonged exercise increases the risk of upper respiratory tract infection in athletics. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 6 month aerobic exercise on the levels of serum immunoglobulin in untrained middle-aged women. Materials and Methods: For this study, nineteen healthy female middle-aged personnel of Ferdowsi university of Mashhad were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental (11 people) and control (8 people) groups. The exercise protocol included aerobic exercise training lasting for 6 months and 3 sessions per week and every session lasted for 60 minutes and with an intensity of 55-65 percent of heart rate reserve. Blood samples were taken and serum immunoglobulin (IgA, IgM, and IgG) were measured before and after 6 month aerobic training period. For comparison of means within and between groups, paired-samples t test and independent t-test were used, respectively at a significance level of p&lt;0.05. Results: The findings showed that the level of serum immunoglobulin G in middle-aged women reduced significantly. However, the levels of immunoglobulin M and A during this period did not significantly change. Conclusion: It is concluded that intensity and duration of exercise affect the performance of the immune system and increase the risk of infection. Researchers believed that long and intensive exercises weaken the immune system while moderate and short exercises make this system strengthened.
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Objective(s) : Fasting during the month of Ramadan is a religious obligation and belief for healthy adult Muslims. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of Ramadan Fasting and physical activity on 'Blood... more
Objective(s) : Fasting during the month of Ramadan is a religious obligation and belief for healthy adult Muslims. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of Ramadan Fasting and physical activity on 'Blood Hematological-Biochemical Parameters'. Materials and methods: In this study, twenty-six healthy males in two experimental groups were compared in two different instances before and after the training period. The groups which were selected by convenience sampling method were divided into two non-active fasting (n=13) and active fasting (n=13) groups. For comparison purposes between groups, paired and independent sample t-test was performed, respectively, after ensuring their normality within a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: HDL-C increased significantly in both active and non-active fasting groups, Moreover, amount of hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell count (RBC), TC, LDL, VLDL, LDL/HDL and TC/ HDL decreased significantly. Amount of hemoglobin (Hgb) and glucose reduced significantly in the active-fasting group. The variation of the means between the groups in the Hgb index and LDL/HDL were statistically significant. Conclusion: Fasting during the month of Ramadan by regular physical activity caused positive alterations in Hematological-Biochemical Index. These changes may be due to the alterations in diet, biology response of the body to the starving and physical activity during this month.
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Purpose: So far, about the affect of fasting and physical activities on Myostatin and follistatin levels of athletics have not do a particularly studies. The aim of this study was investigated the effects of fasting with regular physical... more
Purpose: So far, about the affect of fasting and physical activities on Myostatin and follistatin levels of athletics have not do a particularly studies. The aim of this study was investigated the effects of fasting with regular physical activity training on serum Myostatin and Follistatin levels in elite wrestlers. Methods: Nine elite male wrestlers with an average age of 22.55±1.87 years which were selected by convenience sampling method to take part in this semi-experimental study. The wrestlers participated in selected training for a period of one month consisting of six days a week and include two sessions’ wrestlers training, a special technical review session, a session of aerobic exercise and resistance training. Blood samples were taken once before the first day, on the second week, on the fourth week and two weeks after fasting month. For within-group mean difference repeated measures test were used. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results: the result show that weight during Ramadan reduced significantly. However, the levels of serum Myostatin and follistatin also (12 and 10.33 percent respectively) reduced but not significant. Conclusion: According to this result, the levels of serum Myostatin and follistatin also reduced but not significant. Season, intensity, duration, exercise and fitness athletes are the factors that affect on Myostatin and follistatin. Despite the differences in the results of different studies, researchers believe that resistance training lead to reduce the levels of serum Myostatin and follistatin which can reduce muscle atrophy and increase hypertrophy.
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Irisin is a hormone that is offered to be a hopeful remedial target in obesity and type 2 diabetes. It has received striking attention recently, whereas, the interactions between exercise training and irisin are still unclear. Therefore,... more
Irisin is a hormone that is offered to be a hopeful remedial target in obesity and type 2 diabetes. It has received striking attention recently, whereas, the interactions between exercise training and irisin are still unclear. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the impacts of exercise interventions on circulating irisin in adults. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Scopus up to July 15, 2021. Twenty-four studies, which assessed a total of 921 participants were included and analyzed using a random-effects model to estimate weighted mean differences (MD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Overall, data revealed that exercise training significantly increased circulating irisin (MD: 0.01, 95 % CI: 0.00, 0.01, p = 0.005), and declined insulin (MD: -2.09, 95 % CI: -2.81, -1.37, p < 0.00001), glucose (MD: -12.89, 95 % CI: -16.52, -9.26, p < 0.00001), and insulin resistance (MD: -0.89, 95 % CI: -1.15, -0.62, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis revealed that irisin raised significantly when resistance training (p = 0.04) and combined training (p = 0.002) were applied, and for the type 2 diabetes and prediabetes (p = 0.002 for both) groups. Moreover, subgroup analysis by the type of intervention demonstrated that insulin reduced when aerobic training (p < 0.00001) and combined training (p = 0.0003) were employed, but glucose and HOMA-IR reduced after all three types of exercise training. These findings demonstrate that exercise interventions may produce ameliorations in circulating irisin. Further long-term studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Background The interaction between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality stems from the progressive nature of inflammation underpinning both diseases. Exercise training is considered an effective... more
Background The interaction between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality stems from the progressive nature of inflammation underpinning both diseases. Exercise training is considered an effective treatment strategy for T2DM and cardiometabolic diseases. Objective The current systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of exercise training on inflammatory and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in patients with T2DM. Data sources Electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to January 2022. We used random effects models to estimate weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Study selection Twenty-five RCTs were included ( N = 1257 participants; mean age = 52 years). Included studies had moderate to good overall methodological quality (TESTEX = 9 (range 7–13). Results Meta-analysis indicated that exercise training significantly increased adiponectin and decreased fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein ( ps ≤ 0.05). Subgroup analysis by type of training indicated that aerobic exercise had the most consistent beneficial effects as compared to other types of exercise training; however, there was high heterogeneity among studies. Conclusion Different types of exercise training increase adiponectin levels and decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP, as well as fasting insulin and insulin resistance markers in patients with T2DM. However, these effects were not beneficial for more commonly measured cardiometabolic risk factors (i.e., lipid profiles). Additional relevant clinical trials are required to confirm these results. Trial registration This systematic review and meta-analysis was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022307396).
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Introduction: One of the most important inflammatory cytokines that may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is resistin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks aerobic training on Resistin... more
Introduction: One of the most important inflammatory cytokines that may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is resistin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks aerobic training on Resistin levels and cardio respiratory fitness in sedentary middle-aged women. Materials and Methods: 21 healthy elderly women were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to control (n=11) and experimental (n=10). The program training include: 60 min per session, 3 times per week for 8 weeks participate in aerobic exercise with 50-70 HRR. Pre and post of aerobic exercise, resistin levels and cardio respiratory fitness evaluated. The average and standard deviation of data were calculated after checking the noremal distribution using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Homogeneity of variance method and then examined by comparison of means within and between means groups Paired-Samples and Independent t-test was used respectively. Statistical significance was assigned at P < 0.05 for all analysis. Results: Eight weeks aerobic exercise lead to reduce of resistin levels in elderly women. Amount of cardio respiratory fitness increased significantly. The variations of between groups in weight, BMI and Vo2max have differences. Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic training resulted in improved levels of resistin and cardio respiratory fitness in middle-aged women and it can help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval, aerobic, and resistance training, and spirulina supplement consumption on the levels of Uncoupling Protein-1 (UCP1), Transient Receptor Potential... more
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval, aerobic, and resistance training, and spirulina supplement consumption on the levels of Uncoupling Protein-1 (UCP1), Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV1) and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) in the white adipose tissue of diabetic rats. A total of 42 male rats with diabetes type II were randomly assigned into seven groups as follows: aerobic training (n=6), resistance training (n=6), interval training (n=6), aerobic training combined with supplementation (n=6), resistance training combined with supplementation (n=6), interval training combined with supplementation (n=6) and control (n=6) groups. The training groups carried out the training (8 weeks/5 days) on a rodent treadmill and ladder. The paired sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were employed for data analysis. The three kinds of training, with and without supplementation, significantly reduced mass, glucose,...
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Background: Structured exercise as part of lifestyle modification plays an important role in the improvement of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, its effectiveness has been shown to vary. This systematic review with... more
Background: Structured exercise as part of lifestyle modification plays an important role in the improvement of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, its effectiveness has been shown to vary. This systematic review with meta-analysis investigated the effects of exercise on liver function and insulin resistance markers in patients with NAFLD. Methods: Six electronic databases were searched using terms related to exercise and NAFLD up to March 2022. Data were analyzed using a random-effects model to estimate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval. Results: The systematic search identified 2583 articles, of which a total of 26 studies met the inclusion criteria and were eligible. Exercise training had a moderate effect on reducing ALT (SMD: −0.59, p = 0.01) and small effects on reducing AST (SMD: −0.40, p = 0.01) and insulin (SMD: −0.43, p = 0.02). Significant reductions in ALT were found following aerobic training (SMD: −0.63, p < 0.01) and...
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Objective: Wrestling is a fast-paced activity in which resistance training is essential to improve athlete performance. We evaluated the effect of comparison of the effect of eight weeks resistance training with two patterns of pyramidal... more
Objective: Wrestling is a fast-paced activity in which resistance training is essential to improve athlete performance. We evaluated the effect of comparison of the effect of eight weeks resistance training with two patterns of pyramidal and inverse pyramidal on bio-motor ability, Anthropometrical and skill profile of freestyle wrestlers. Methods: In this semi experimental study, 24 male freestyle wrestlers were randomly assigned into two groups [pyramidal (n=12) and inverse pyramidal endurance (n=12)]. The pyramidal and inverse pyramidal resistance training included (8 weeks, 3 times per a week, 60 minutes per session). Bio-motor ability, Anthropometrical and skill profile were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Paired and independent sample t-test were used to compare within and between-group means and the results were tested at the significant level P<0.05. Results: Training lead to changes on weight, body mass index, body fat percent, maximum power into pyramid...
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Objective: The 3000-meter run is one of the most popular events among endurance and semi-endurance track runnings. Due to its special conditions, aerobic and anaerobic energy production systems can be used at the same time. The aim of the... more
Objective: The 3000-meter run is one of the most popular events among endurance and semi-endurance track runnings. Due to its special conditions, aerobic and anaerobic energy production systems can be used at the same time. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of resistance and endurance trainings on physiological and functional factors and record of elite runners. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 22 male elite runners were randomly assigned into the two groups of resistance (n=11) and endurance (n=11) trainings. The resistance and endurance trainings programe was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 55-60 minutes. Physiological and functional factors were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for within-group and between-group comparisons considering the significant level at P<0.05. Results: The training led to significant improvement in heart rate, blood pressure, muscle stre...
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Background The interaction between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality stems from the progressive nature of inflammation underpinning both diseases. Exercise training is considered an effective... more
Background The interaction between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality stems from the progressive nature of inflammation underpinning both diseases. Exercise training is considered an effective treatment strategy for T2DM and cardiometabolic diseases. Objective The current systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of exercise training on inflammatory and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in patients with T2DM. Data sources Electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to January 2022. We used random effects models to estimate weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Study selection Twenty-five RCTs were included ( N = 1257 participants; mean age = 52 years). Included studies had moderate to good overall methodological quality (TESTEX = 9 (range 7–13). Results Meta-analysis i...
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Background and Objective: The synthesis of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in adipose tissue plays an important role in providing resistance and prevention of fat accumulation, weight gain and obesity. This study was done to evaluate the... more
Background and Objective: The synthesis of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in adipose tissue plays an important role in providing resistance and prevention of fat accumulation, weight gain and obesity. This study was done to evaluate the effect of eight weeks aerobic training with moderate and high intensities on serum levels of Irisin and UCP1 white adipose tissue in obese male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 adult obese male Wistar rats (weight: 250 to 300 gr, BMI>30g/cm2) were randomly assigned into three groups including moderate aerobic training intensity, high intensity aerobic training and control group. The aerobic exercise training was included 8 weeks (5 sessions/per-week for 60 min per session). All training groups carried out aerobic training with 28 m/min (moderate intensity), aerobic training with 34 m/min (high intensity) on treadmill. 48 hours after the training period, the level of UCP1 and Irisin protein was measured. Results: The level of UCP-1 in adi...