margherita ramajoli

The paper analyzes the "company rating", a legal instrument which affects the dynamic of the public procurement market, emphasizing the prospective con-tractor's past performances. The rating is a tool introduced by the Italian public procurement code to allow a better evaluation of candidates and their proposals. If not correctly used, it may generate distortions of the access to the acquisition procedure and of the award decisions. The paper identifies an Italian model of "company rating", only partially inspired by the American one. It is a reward system, relevant both as a selection criterion of the economic operators, and as a contract award criterion. The research examines the potentialities and the limits of this reputational mechanism, within the boundaries of a legal framework which is still in progress, mostly delegated to the Anac guidelines. SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa.-2. Rating reputazionale e diritto dell'Unione europea.-3. Rating re-putazionale ...

In regulated sectors alternative dispute resolution is entrusted to a number of disparate tools: the remedies introduced in the regulated sectors are many and very different from each other, in terms of structure, form, purpose and degree of effectiveness. ADRs meet instance of differentiation, where the alternative nature is understood as proper for the offered protection. The logic of the ADR well harmonizes with the logic of regulation, contributing both to design a new type of law marked by flexibility and consensual intent, useful to regulate long- term relations. In the case of alternative remedies in the regulated sectors pre- vails a kind of dialectic facilitative, in analyzing the reasons of the conflict and the results aimed by the parties, in order to find an innovative solution, suitable to meet parties issues in a long-term perspective. In this way the alternative remedies perform such a function which is not fully coincident with that of judi- cial remedies, since it transcends the individual case. However there is a high risk of losing the advantages inherent in the variety of mechanisms of alterna- tive dispute resolution, if the different forms of protection are not organized in an harmonic system. Both disputes F involving economic operators or between companies and consumers F should be conceived in a real alternative and inte- grated system of protection, valid for each regulated sector. Fundamentals is- sues in the discipline of alternative remedies claim uniform solutions, as for the degree of stability of the decision and for the instruments to ensure compliance, or even in point of information of the various remedies available, or for the mechanisms coordinating various forms of protection and the relationship be- tween alternative remedy and traditional judicial remedy

Il presente saggio intende verificare se la tradizionale distinzione tra atti legislativi, atti regolamentari, atti amministrativi generali e atti amministrativi puntuali rappresenti uno schema ordinatorio adeguato rispetto alla realt\ue0 delle fonti del diritto amministrativo. L\u2019applicazione di criteri distintivi sostanziali (generalit\ue0, astrattezza e novit\ue0) non \ue8 in grado di fornire risposte uniformi e certi, mentre la forma si \ue8 rivelata duttile al punto tale da consentire la creazione di una figura impossibile come il decreto non regolamentare. Inoltre uno stesso atto giuridico \ue8 suscettibile di possedere simultaneamente una pluralit\ue0 contraddittoria di qualificazioni, potendo contenere prescrizioni normative, amministrative generali e amministrative puntuali al tempo stesso. Di fronte alla volubilit\ue0 delle qualificazioni, continua ad essere importante mantenere viva la distinzione tra il previo disporre in generale e in astratto e il concreto provvedere nei singoli casi particolari. Quanto pi\uf9 le prescrizioni dettate dall\u2019amministrazione si avvicinano alla sfera del disporre tipico della norma, tanto pi\uf9 deve farsi sentire la vis attractiva del regime di validit\ue0 della legge; quanto pi\uf9 le prescrizioni si avvicinano alla sfera del provvedere, tanto pi\uf9 deve essere forte la vis attractiva del regime di validit\ue0 del provvedimento amministrativo.This paper aims at verifying if the traditional distinction between laws, regulations, general administrative acts and administrative decisions is an adequate framework in order to represent the existing sources of administrative law. The use of substantial standards (general and abstract nature and innovation) is not able to give uniform and definite answers. The form is also so flexible to admit an impossible figure as the non regulative decree. Moreover the same juridical act can concurrently assume an inconsistent multiplicity of nomenclatures, as it includes rules, general and particular administrative provisions at the same time. Notwithstanding the volubility of the classification it must be stressed the distinction between the general rulemaking and the particular adjudication in single cases. When the provisions get closer to rulemaking, the rules of law invalidity must be applied, when the provisions get closer to adjudication, the rules of administrative decision invalidity must be applied

The paper examines the financial markets in order to demonstrate that the soft regulation if, on the one hand, satisfies general goals, on the other hand, it is a tool only apparently soft. The soft regulation could be defined as \u201ccrypto-hard\u201d. It contains very tight restrictions against regulated parties, with the aggravating circumstance of the impossibility of applying the traditional means of judicial protection. Since the flexible regulation evokes a phenomenon with undefined contours, the first part of this paper primarily aims to differentiate soft regulation in financial markets from other recent regulatory events sui generis, notably by distinguishing between soft regulation and self-regulation. The second part is rather specifically dedicated to the analysis of soft regulation in financial markets and the special bond existing between soft law and soft regulation; the investigation continues considering the relations of complementarity between soft and hard regulation, which leads to a contamination between the two models of regulation. Finally, the paper examines the nature and constraints deriving from flexible regulation provisions in financial markets. In this investigation it must be distinguished whether recipients of the act of soft regulation are the same acting regulators or other regulators, or, instead, the regulated parties. In the conclusive remarks, paradoxically it emerges the soft regulation does not deal with the problem of its effectiveness \u2013despite the absence if sanctions for its violation \u2013, but rather evokes justiciability issues, in terms of judicial protection and remedies

The paper analyzes the \u201ccompany rating\u201d, a legal instrument which affects the dynamic of the public procurement market, emphasizing the prospective con- tractor\u2019s past performances. The rating is a tool introduced by the Italian public procurement code to allow a better evaluation of candidates and their pro- posals. If not correctly used, it may generate distortions of the access to the ac- quisition procedure and of the award decisions. The paper identifies an Italian model of \u201ccompany rating\u201d, only partially inspired by the American one. It is a reward system, relevant both as a selection criterion of the economic operators, and as a contract award criterion. The research examines the potentialities and the limits of this reputational mechanism, within the boundaries of a legal framework which is still in progress, mostly delegated to the Anac guidelines

EnglishThe article highlights the decline of the duty to state reasons both in administrative acts and judicial decisions. Essentially, albeit not exclusively, case law plays a key role in depreciation of the general duty to state reasons for administrative acts. This happens through different manifestations (lack of reasoning, implicit statement of reasons, sufficient or posthumous statement of reasons) and concerns even discretionary administrative acts. Likewise, the duty to state reasons for judicial decisions is going through a process of progressive emptying, both by legislature initiatives and case-law. Even in this case, the phenomenon is general and transversai, covering both administrative courts and civil courts decisions. It has different manifestations, such as simplified statement of reasons or statement of reasons per relationem. The decline of the duty to state reasons leads to a return to the past, when ali that matter was the decision. The statement of reasons rela...

... Keywords: regolazione economica; sindacato giurisdizionale; Autorità di regolazione. MIUR Subject : Settore IUS/10 - Diritto Amministrativo (1707). ISO Language : ita. Issue Date: 2006. Referee: Senza referee. Circulation: Rilevanza internazionale. Type: Capitolo o saggio. ...

Il saggio si propone di esaminare le nuove sfide della regolazione alimentare intrattenendosi sulla necessità, che un “sistema alimentare sostenibile” richiede, di superare la prospettiva di food safety, orientata a garantire la sicurezza igienico sanitaria degli alimenti, e di abbracciare anche quella di food security, tesa ad assicurare a tutti una quantità di cibo sufficiente e a prezzi ragionevoli. Dopo aver illustrato i caratteri della regolazione alimentare, l’Autrice mette in luce il contributo fornito dalla giurisprudenza nell’elaborare il fondamentale “principio di precauzione” e la rilevanza del Green Deal proposto dalla Commissione europea al fine di conseguire il fondamentale obiettivo della sostenibilità alimentare.

1:. La recente apertura nei confronti dei rimedi alternativi pubblicistici. - 2. Processi di trasformazione in atto: la diversa concezione della giurisdizione. - 3. Segue: la diversa concezione del potere amministrativo. - 4. Segue: l'esperienza maturata in alcuni settori di diritto amministrativo speciale: a) nei mercati regolati; b) negli appalti pubblici. - 5. La necessita di una legge quadro e i possibili modelli di ADR pubblicistiche: il riesame su invito, la tutela precontenziosa affidata a un soggetto terzo e la mediazione endoprocessuale.

1. Il giudizio speciale in materia di appalti tra rito accelerato e processo a cognizione sommaria. - 2. Nuova direttiva ricorsi, effettivita della tutela giurisdizionale e sua strumentalita rispetto all' effetto utile della politica europea d'apertura al mercato. - 3. Il nuovo ruolo della fase cautelare come necessaria garanzia della tutella dell' interese sostanziale. - 4. Natura e limiti delle misure cautelari.

1. Il giusto processo come nucleo minimo incomprimibile della giurisdizione.- 2. Il principio di legalita processuale e sue applicazioni.- 3. Il processo amministrativo tra amministrazione contenziosa e giurisdizione.- 4. Le singole garanzie: terzieta e imparzialita del giudice.- 5. Segue: parita tra le parti.- 6. Segue: contraddittorio.- 7. Segue: ragionevole durata del processo.- 8. Alcune considerazioni conclusive.

1. Sindacato accentrato o sindacato diffuso delle norme CEDU. - 2. Obbligo d' interpretazione della norma interna in modo conforme alla CEDU. - 3. La CEDU come norma interposta nei giudizi di costituzionalita delle leggi. - 4. Disapplicazione da parte dei giudici comuni della norma interna contrastante con la CEDU. - 5. " Ius commune " europeo, anarchia decisionale e incondizionato mantenimento dell' identita nazionale.

It is a widespread belief that the public system represents a barrier and a burden for citizens and businesses. This negative perception is supported by factual evidence. However, an adequate training for current or future administrators (intended as the transmission of a true administrative culture, necessary to "make the administration work") could be a good remedy. There is no awareness that the first interpreters and applicators of administrative legislation are the public administrations themselves. This lack of awareness depends partly on the way in which the study of administrative law is traditionally set. In the university classrooms and subsequent post-graduate training, the art of using the rules in the concrete exercise of administrative power (and therefore the relationship between legal texts and administrative action) needs to be taught, without neglecting the linguistic dimension of this relationship.