nitin kulkarni

In this paper we present the novel method of classification of through hole capacitors into two categories reusable and defective capacitors. Classification of three types of capacitors viz. color coded capacitors, ceramic disc capacitors and electrolyte capacitors has been achieved by applying profile based technique. Proposed method performs well under different background, different scaling, and illumination levels. Proposed method is fast as compared with template matching.

Now a day’s maximum research is going on fuel saving automobile vehicles and battery operated vehicles. In this contest battery plays a vital role for power consumption, efficiency, average or mileage, pickup, charging, discharging time and maximum distance run etc. Hence research is thought on study of battery parameters and its estimation for electrical vehicles. Objectives of this study are to enhance the ability of the automotive industry to simulate and model the product for dynamic and future safety-critical applications. The different active loads like electronic dash board or electronic circuit can be connected to the battery, which will sink constant current from the battery and drives particular load of the electrical car. Through this experimentation estimation of the battery parameters can be done effectively. User of the electrical vehicle will get detail information of the health of the battery. Once idea behind charging and discharging are understand scientifically then equivalent model can be developed and estimation becomes easy. Keywords: Battery parameters, Active load, Electric vehicle, Estimation

Knowing the amount of energy left in a battery compared with the energy when it was full gives the user an indication of how much longer a battery will continue to perform before it needs recharging. The specific gravity of the rechargeable battery is very much important to understand capacity of the battery. This is the customary way of determining the charge condition of lead acid batteries. It depends on measuring changes in the weight of the active chemicals. As the battery discharges the active electrolyte, sulphuric acid, is consumed and the concentration of the sulphuric acid in water is reduced. This in turn reduces the specific gravity of the solution in direct proportion to the state of charge. The actual specific gravity of the electrolyte indicates the state of charge of the rechargeable battery. During discharge, the specific gravity decreases linearly with the ampere-hours discharged. The specific gravity measurements cannot be taken on sealed lead-acid batteries hence open circuit voltage indicates the state of charge (SOC). Determining the state of charge of sealed batteries is under development. In this paper the attempt is made to measure the specific gravity and state of charge (SOC), depth of discharge (DOD) of sealed batteries using terminal voltage [2]. State of Charge is equivalent of a fuel gauge of a battery electric vehicle (BEV), hybrid vehicle (HEV), or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) [1]. The Life expectancy of the battery measured in cycles. The depth of discharge has a major affect on the life expectancy of a battery. The LabVIEW graphical programming environment is used to develop the system for measurement the battery performance parameters of the rechargeable battery. The LabVIEW and MATLAB tool are used to estimate battery performance parameters of the rechargeable battery.

Various experiments that are performed in laboratory require many bulky test and measuring instruments like CRO, signal generator, function generator, multimeters etc. Taking the readings by connecting these instruments limits the expansion of the system and in turn makes the system complex. So there occurs a need of a new system which will make complex system simple and accessible. A fast and effective equivalent circuit model can be proposed and implemented. Here an attempt is made to design and develop a Real Time System for ON-OFF Temperature controller by using LabVIEW and NI USB Data Acquisition (DAQ) card. As the use of computers in data processing, control applications is a trend that one sees in today’s industrial environment and virtual Instrumentation is a current technology that is making a significant impact on today’s industry, education and research, LabVIEW a real time software tool is selected as a good representative of these. Using this technology, data acquisition, experimentation, analysis of readings can be easily done. Keywords: Data acquisition, ON-OFF Temperature Controller, Real time systems, LabVIEW, NI USB DAQ card

Vacuum deposition system is an integral part of fabrication of semiconductor devices and ICs. Operation of such system for the deposition of different materials is a complicated and time consuming process. In addition, the operator should have sufficient skills to handle such delicate system. If operating processes are lengthy or complex and to avoid the complexity we can go to the Human Machine Interface. In this paper, design of Human Machine Interface (HMI) system for vacuum Deposition unit is described. It is very user friendly system and provides a mimic screen to visualize the process. This system can be operated in two modes: a conventional,manual and a totally self operating or automatic mode. This system is supplemented by computer aided instructions ( CAI) for the user.

Many system designers developing electronic systems and products from standard algorithms. For the implementation of such systems may require system level simulators. In this research work the MATLAB tool is used effectively to understand modeling and simulations of different electronic systems. The MATLAB is one of the most common tools used for such demand and also reasonable enough for even individual usages also. This tool becomes more and more popular because of its powerful mathematical computational as well as visualization ability. It comes along with its add-on powerful simulink tools like fuzzy logic, signal processing, neural network etc. Here attempt is made to design electronic circuit which controls the speed of DC motor using analog and digital circuits. The designed electronic circuit has been interfaced effectively with MATLAB tool for controlling the speed of the motor using parallel port of the personal computer. The specific algorithm is planned and software is written for this task. The system blocks can be used to simulate the response of the system. This research work includes different aspects like designing of hardware, software writing and interfacing. In the hardware interfacing of parallel port with designed controller circuit is included whereas in software writing the programs and other driver handling related things are included. For interfacing, interfacing circuit with software and hardware and in the last testing, verification of the complete system. Keywords - Modeling, Simulation, DC Motor, MATLAB

"The aim of the real time automotive battery monitoring system is to prevent the discharge of a car battery beyond the point of restarting the car. This is a common issue that can leave a person stranded and highly inconvenienced. Also, draining a battery drastically reduces the life of a car battery. The developed embedded system will control and monitor different parameters of the rechargeable battery. Such systems are essential for optimum utilization of the battery. This system will be useful for electrical car to understand health condition of the rechargeable battery. It will be easy to take decision of recharging the battery or replace the battery. This embedded system comprises real time microcontroller platform and electrical emulation of sensors and actuators for read, process, monitor, control and stores the acquired data for further analysis. BMS system monitors and controls very important battery parameters. The metric of development and test efficiency is typically consists of factors i.e. cost, duration, safety and feasibility. The BMS is a cheap, simple-to-install and easy-to-use. This BMS is useful in every battery powered systems and vehicle for fuel status. Cars run on lead-acid batteries and so disposal of them is very bad for the environment. It is also costly and time-consuming to get a battery replaced. Finally, running on a bad battery can reduce the life span of the car’s alternator. The BMS is also used for calculating secondary reports and reporting the generated data. The BMS also helps in controlling or balancing battery environment. Keywords: Automotive and Intelligent Instrumentation ; Battery Management System; Lead acid battery; Embedded Systems; State of Charge (SOC) "

Software simulation is not always helpful before actual testing of the system because such simulation doesn’t run in real time with actual analog and digital signals. This dilemma is responsible for adoption of Hardware in the Loop (HIL) simulation and is a standard method for testing any efficient electrical vehicle before final deployment. Hardware in the loop is a real time simulation. It differs from pure real time simulation by the addition of a real component in the loop. In any real time system, small errors in any design of embedded systems are prone to the serious problem. Hence in order to avoid this problem an efficient HIL is used to increase efficiency, improve reliability and safety of systems. In this research work attempt is made to design dc motor simulator for testing of electrical vehicles in HIL setup. This system developed is useful in every battery powered systems and electrical vehicle in finding mileage, fuel status or battery capacity and other specifications. Virtual instrumentation simulator and actual hardware are placed in the loop to monitor and control each other requirements. HIL simulation is achieving a highly realistic simulation of equipment in an operational virtual environment. The actual system is simulated using software or a combination of software and hardware. The idea of HIL testing is similar in concept to rapid prototyping in that part of the system is simulated while connected to the rest of the real system.

Rechargeable batteries like Lithium-ion and Zinc batteries have high levels of energy and power density among other electrochemical batteries such Lead acid battery etc. The high level of energy and power density of these batteries makes them suitable as the energy storage in electric, hybrid electric vehicle, and plug-in vehicles (EV/HEV/PHEV). One of the important requirements in automotive batteries is to monitor their state-of-charge (SOC), state-of-health (SOH), terminal voltage, open circuit voltage and temperature parameters on line. Open circuit voltage, is one of the parameter used for predicting the SOC in the battery, which is not readily available during charge and discharge cycles. Online comparison of the predicted and measured terminal voltage provides a tool for calculating the SOC and SOH. In this research paper attempt is made to design the system for online monitoring of battery performance parameters for battery operated vehicles or plug-in vehicles.

: Hardware in the loop setups is generally used in development and testing of sophisticated and dedicated real time embedded systems. In embedded real time system, small errors in any design of embedded systems prone to the serious problem in a system. In many cases, the most effective way to develop an embedded system is to connect the embedded system to the real plant or system. In other cases, HIL simulation is more efficient. The metric of development and test efficiency is typically consists of factors i.e. cost, duration, safety and feasibility. The ability to design and automatically test sophisticated systems with HIL simulations will reduce development cycle, increase efficiency, and improve reliability and safety of these systems for large number of applications. There are a least three strong reasons for using hardware-in-the-loop simulation for electric vehicles i.e. reduction of development cycle, demand to extensively test control hardware and software in order to meet safety and quality requirements, and need to prevent costly and dangerous failures. Every time software simulation is not useful prior to actual testing of the system, because this simulation does not run on real time mode. Therefore Hardware in the loop (HIL) system is adopted as a standard method for testing any efficient electrical vehicle before final deployment. The hardware in the loop simulations are real time simulations. In this paper work attempt are made to develop the hardware in the loop setup for lead acid rechargeable battery and related different electrical loads. This system comprises real time platform and electrical emulation of sensors and actuators for read, process, monitor, control and stores the acquired data for analysis. This system monitors important battery performance parameters of the battery i.e. Temperature, Terminal voltage, charging/discharging current, ampere-hour, state of charge, depth of discharge and etc. Knowing state of charge, terminal voltage and temperature of the battery is important to understand amount of energy left in the battery. With the help of this knowledge user can get approximate information about mileage and distance could cover by the electrical vehicle. This developed system is useful in every battery powered systems and vehicle in finding mileage, fuel status or battery capacity and other specifications. The battery parameters are monitored in real time situation. Virtual instrumentation software and actual hardware are placed in the loop to monitor and control each other requirements. Keyword: Hardware in the loop, Lead Acid Battery, Battery Performance Parameters, Electric vehicles and Virtual Instrumentation

The current research is focused on optimum utilization of energy sources and renewable energy systems, which is today’s need. On the similar lines the research in automobile industry is also focused on fuel saving automobile vehicles and/or electrically operated vehicles. The rechargeable battery plays an important role in deciding many electrical specifications of the system which works on chargeable or non rechargeable battery. This research paper describes development of intelligent battery health monitoring system for uninterrupted power supply (UPS).The battery performance parameters for the battery operated systems are recorded continuously with this designed experimental setup. The system utilizes a data acquisition card of National Instrumentation (NI) USB 6008 to read battery parameters continuously with the help of signal conditioning section, NI driver and LabVIEW software. The typical hardware part for signal conditioning circuits is designed to sense very high current, voltage and temperature of the rechargeable battery. The software is used effectively for data processing and result display. The designed system monitors battery parameters and provides information regarding rechargeable battery and for understanding how much time battery will give backup for running load. It is also possible to keep continuous track on battery performance parameters and preventive action may be suggested through the developed prototype. Keywords: Battery performance parameters; Real-time monitoring; Data acquisition; Electrical load, Uninterrupted power supply (UPS)

ABSTRACT Toxic gas detection management by sensitive and reversible sensors has become a field of vital importance in environment-conscious modern life. Gases like sulphur dioxide, which are extremely hazardous to respiratory system of human beings, are one of the major exhaust gases in sugar industries; and hence are of large concern. In this context, we report on synthesis of SnO2 nanostructured thin films on glass substrate, synthesized using spray-pyrolysis (at substrate temperature of 250 °C) and low energy laser (KrF, 248 nm, 65 mJ/cm 2 , 3 Hz) annealing (LA) process. The samples have been compared with furnace (600 °C, 2 hours) annealed (FA) thin films. Both the samples exhibit tetragonal rutile structure, with nanoparticulate broad X-ray diffraction signatures for the LA samples. Four probe resistivity measurements show semiconducting behavior for both the samples. Atomic Force microscopy show well-defined rectangular grain growth of the LA film with grain size of ∼100 nm × 120 nm; while the FA samples show similar, but closely spaced grains. Scanning electron micrographs show rough morphology of LA samples, as compared to the smoother films of FA. On subjecting the samples to SO2 environment of 300 ppm and 600 ppm concentration, the LA samples show sensitivity 7 times that of the FA samples. Valence band spectroscopy measurement reveal that laser annealing treatment introduces oxygen defects which results in bending of spectrum towards valence band edge (∼1.1 eV), thereby decreasing the work function. Better control over the nanoparticulate assembly, oxygen vacancies, more and well-defined surface availability for gas moieties to interact with nanoparticles due to laser annealing of the samples, are seen to be the advantages for sensing hazardous gas from industries.

Due to the involvement of shorter time and energy consumption, rapid thermal processing (RTP) technique finds its success in Semiconductor processing. The Al-Si ohmic contact has been formed and the effect of alloying temperatures between 450 degree(s)C and 550 degree(s)C on this contact has been studied. The nature of the contact is probed well by positron lifetime spectroscopy (PLTS). The

Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) technique finds its success in microelectronics due to shorter time and energy cosumption than conventional furnace processing. There is no further impurity redistribution which is of great interest for VLSIs researchers. This is mainly because of shorter time scale. Rapid heating and cooling in the process may give rise to defects. These RTP-induced defects have been first time probed by Positron Annihilation Technique(PAT). Positron annihilation methods have been proved as a powerful tool for studing defects in solids. The increasing interest in technique stems from its defects sensitive and non destructive nature. Positron lifetime measurements on samples silicon dioxide grown by furnace methods and RTA are presented and discussed. The data obtained from PAT gives information regarding nature of defects in material. 1 .

In-situ monitoring of the state of charge (SOC) of a lead acid battery is important to understand the residual electrical energy. Usage of the battery reduces the charge content of the active electrolyte which in turn changes its refractive index. This paper reports a refractometric fiber optic sensor developed for on-line monitoring of SOC. The sensor is designed in such a way that it can be easily fitted in any cell of a lead acid battery. The SOC of the battery is estimated from sensor output. The battery performance parameters of the battery, such as terminal voltage, discharge current, ampere-hour, battery temperature, SOC and depth of discharge using the fiber optic sensor output of the battery are monitored for a given electric load. The data is recorded continuously by a data acquisition card USB 6009 using the Lab VIEW Platform. Concurrently the specific gravity of the active electrolyte is measured using the suck type of acidic hydrometer. The set of experiments are carried out for different discharge currents by varying the electrical load and the SOC of the battery is monitored. After comparing the results for the SOC of the battery with the conventional methods, such as coulomb counting, terminal voltage and acidic hydrometer, it is concluded that the developed sensor output is a direct measure of the SOC of the battery.

Rapid thermal processing (RTP) is of promise as a tool that will reduce the thermal budget presently used in the manufacture of the semiconductor devices. Moreover, due to fast ramp up/ramp down rates and shorter processing times, RTP provides a new tool for investigating defect annealing mechanisms in solids. In the present paper, rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of electron-irradiated silicon probed by a positron lifetime spectrometer (PLTS) is reported. The mechanism of defect recovery under isochronal annealing is discussed in the light of positron trapping rate, defect concentration, IR spectroscopic, and carrier concentration data. RTP (schnelles thermisches Bearbeiten) ist ein vielversprechendes Mittel, um den Energiebedarf bei der Herstellung von Halbleiterbauelementen zu senken. Weiterhin bietet RTP aufgrund der schnellen Heiz- und Kuhlraten und der kurzen Behandlungszeiten ein neues Verfahren zur Untersuchung von Defektausheilprozessen in Festkorpern. Hier wird das schnelle thermische Ausheilen von elektronenbestrahltem Silizium mittels eines Positronenlebensdauerspektrometers untersucht. Der Mechanismus der Defekterholung bei isochronem Ausheilen wird im Licht von Daten uber Positroneneinfangrate, Defektkonzentration, IR-Spektroskopie und Ladungstragerkonzentration diskutiert.

Various experiments that are performed in laboratory require many bulky test and measuring instruments like CRO, signal generator, function generator, multimeters etc. Taking the readings by connecting these instruments limits the expansion of the system and in turn makes the system complex. So there occurs a need of a new system which will make complex system simple and accessible. A fast and effective equivalent circuit model can be proposed and implemented. Here an attempt is made to design and develop a Real Time System for ON-OFF Temperature controller by using LabVIEW and NI USB Data Acquisition (DAQ) card. As the use of computers in data processing, control applications is a trend that one sees in today’s industrial environment and virtual Instrumentation is a current technology that is making a significant impact on today’s industry, education and research, LabVIEW a real time software tool is selected as a good representative of these. Using this technology, data acquisitio...

"The aim of the real time automotive battery monitoring system is to prevent the discharge of a car battery beyond the point of restarting the car. This is a common issue that can leave a person stranded and highly inconvenienced. Also, draining a battery drastically reduces the life of a car battery. The developed embedded system will control and monitor different parameters of the rechargeable battery. Such systems are essential for optimum utilization of the battery. This system will be useful for electrical car to understand health condition of the rechargeable battery. It will be easy to take decision of recharging the battery or replace the battery. This embedded system comprises real time microcontroller platform and electrical emulation of sensors and actuators for read, process, monitor, control and stores the acquired data for further analysis. BMS system monitors and controls very important battery parameters. The metric of development and test efficiency is typically consists of factors i.e. cost, duration, safety and feasibility. The BMS is a cheap, simple-to-install and easy-to-use. This BMS is useful in every battery powered systems and vehicle for fuel status. Cars run on lead-acid batteries and so disposal of them is very bad for the environment. It is also costly and time-consuming to get a battery replaced. Finally, running on a bad battery can reduce the life span of the car’s alternator. The BMS is also used for calculating secondary reports and reporting the generated data. The BMS also helps in controlling or balancing battery environment. Keywords: Automotive and Intelligent Instrumentation ; Battery Management System; Lead acid battery; Embedded Systems; State of Charge (SOC) "

In situ monitoring of the state of charge (SOC) of lead acid battery is important to understand the residual electrical energy. Usage of battery reduces the charge content of the active electrolyte which in turn changes its refractive index. This paper reports refractometric fiber optic sensor developed for on-line monitoring of SOC. The SOC is monitored during discharging phases of the battery using the developed fiber optic sensor probe along with terminal voltage, temperature and depth of discharge using a LABVIEW based data acquisition system. The paper gives the working principle, design and construction details,results and calibration of the fiber optic sensor (FOS) probe. The in situ monitoring capability of the developed FOS is demonstrated in comparison with the contemporary off-line methods of specific gravity and terminal voltage measurements.

Knowing the amount of energy left in a battery compared with the energy when it was full gives the user an indication of how much longer a battery will continue to perform before it needs recharging. The specific gravity of the rechargeable battery is very much important to understand capacity of the battery. This is the customary way of determining the charge condition of lead acid batteries. It depends on measuring changes in the weight of the active chemicals. As the battery discharges the active electrolyte, sulphuric acid, is consumed and the concentration of the sulphuric acid in water is reduced. This in turn reduces the specific gravity of the solution in direct proportion to the state of charge. The actual specific gravity of the electrolyte indicates the state of charge of the rechargeable battery. During discharge, the specific gravity decreases linearly with the ampere-hours discharged. The specific gravity measurements cannot be taken on sealed lead-acid batteries hence...

Software simulation is not always helpful before actual testing of the system because such simulation doesn’t run in real time with actual analog and digital signals. This dilemma is responsible for adoption of Hardware in the Loop (HIL) simulation and is a standard method for testing any efficient electrical vehicle before final deployment. Hardware in the loop is a real time simulation. It differs from pure real time simulation by the addition of a real component in the loop. In any real time system, small errors in any design of embedded systems are prone to the serious problem. Hence in order to avoid this problem an efficient HIL is used to increase efficiency, improve reliability and safety of systems. In this research work attempt is made to design dc motor simulator for testing of electrical vehicles in HIL setup. This system developed is useful in every battery powered systems and electrical vehicle in finding mileage, fuel status or battery capacity and other specification...

Rechargeable batteries like Lithium-ion and Zinc batteries have high levels of energy and power density among other electrochemical batteries such Lead acid battery etc. The high level of energy and power density of these batteries makes them suitable as the energy storage in electric, hybrid electric vehicle, and plug-in vehicles (EV/HEV/PHEV). One of the important requirements in automotive batteries is to monitor their state-of-charge (SOC), state-of-health (SOH), terminal voltage, open circuit voltage and temperature parameters on line. Open circuit voltage, is one of the parameter used for predicting the SOC in the battery, which is not readily available during charge and discharge cycles. Online comparison of the predicted and measured terminal voltage provides a tool for calculating the SOC and SOH. In this research paper attempt is made to design the system for online monitoring of battery performance parameters for battery operated vehicles or plug-in vehicles.

: Hardware in the loop setups is generally used in development and testing of sophisticated and dedicated real time embedded systems. In embedded real time system, small errors in any design of embedded systems prone to the serious problem in a system. In many cases, the most effective way to develop an embedded system is to connect the embedded system to the real plant or system. In other cases, HIL simulation is more efficient. The metric of development and test efficiency is typically consists of factors i.e. cost, duration, safety and feasibility. The ability to design and automatically test sophisticated systems with HIL simulations will reduce development cycle, increase efficiency, and improve reliability and safety of these systems for large number of applications. There are a least three strong reasons for using hardware-in-the-loop simulation for electric vehicles i.e. reduction of development cycle, demand to extensively test control hardware and software in order to meet safety and quality requirements, and need to prevent costly and dangerous failures. Every time software simulation is not useful prior to actual testing of the system, because this simulation does not run on real time mode. Therefore Hardware in the loop (HIL) system is adopted as a standard method for testing any efficient electrical vehicle before final deployment. The hardware in the loop simulations are real time simulations. In this paper work attempt are made to develop the hardware in the loop setup for lead acid rechargeable battery and related different electrical loads. This system comprises real time platform and electrical emulation of sensors and actuators for read, process, monitor, control and stores the acquired data for analysis. This system monitors important battery performance parameters of the battery i.e. Temperature, Terminal voltage, charging/discharging current, ampere-hour, state of charge, depth of discharge and etc. Knowing state of charge, terminal voltage and temperature of the battery is important to understand amount of energy left in the battery. With the help of this knowledge user can get approximate information about mileage and distance could cover by the electrical vehicle. This developed system is useful in every battery powered systems and vehicle in finding mileage, fuel status or battery capacity and other specifications. The battery parameters are monitored in real time situation. Virtual instrumentation software and actual hardware are placed in the loop to monitor and control each other requirements. Keyword: Hardware in the loop, Lead Acid Battery, Battery Performance Parameters, Electric vehicles and Virtual Instrumentation

Many system designers developing electronic systems and products from standard algorithms. For the implementation of such systems may require system level simulators. In this research work the MATLAB tool is used effectively to understand modeling and simulations of different electronic systems. The MATLAB is one of the most common tools used for such demand and also reasonable enough for even individual usages also. This tool becomes more and more popular because of its powerful mathematical computational as well as visualization ability. It comes along with its add-on powerful simulink tools like fuzzy logic, signal processing, neural network etc. Here attempt is made to design electronic circuit which controls the speed of DC motor using analog and digital circuits. The designed electronic circuit has been interfaced effectively with MATLAB tool for controlling the speed of the motor using parallel port of the personal computer. The specific algorithm is planned and software is w...

The high level of energy and power density of Lithium-ion and Zinc batteries amongst electrochemical batteries such Lead acid battery etc. makes them suitable as the energy storage in electric, hybrid electric vehicle, and plug-in vehicles (EV/HEV/PHEV). The battery management system is an electronic system that manages battery. One of the requirements in electrical system is rechargeable battery and its precise management. The Battery management system (BMS) monitors very important battery parameters i.e. state of charge, state of health, coolant flow for air or fluid, ampere hour counting, terminal voltage and flowing current (in and out).Open circuit voltage and integral of discharging current of the battery be used for estimation of SOC and are the function of SOC. The on line measurement and comparison of the predicted and measured terminal voltage and integral of current provides a tool for estimating the SOC and SOH. The BMS is also used for calculating secondary reports and ...